Outline of wine

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 137.22.163.243 (talk) at 05:35, 25 November 2019 (→‎Types of wine: Spelling correction). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

See also: Glossary of wine terms
A glass of white wine and another of red wine.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to wine:

Wine – alcoholic beverage typically made of fermented grape juice.[1] The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.[2] Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast. Yeast consumes the sugars found in the grapes and converts them into alcohol.[1] Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are used depending on the type of wine being produced.

What type of thing is wine?

  • Drink – liquid which is specifically prepared for human consumption. In addition to fulfilling a basic need, drinks form part of the culture of human society.

What is wine made of?

Wine includes the following ingredients:

  • Ethanol – the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is also a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs.
  • Fermented grape juice – what wine is made from
    • Fermentation – catalyst function that turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation yeast interact with sugars in the juice to create ethanol, commonly known as ethyl alcohol.
    • Grape – non-climacteric fruit that grows on the perennial and deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or used for making jam, juice, jelly, vinegar, wine, grape seed extracts, raisins, and grape seed oil.
    • Juice – the liquid that is naturally contained in fruit or vegetable tissue.

Types of wine

Wine styles

  • Amber wine – Amber wine gets its name from its deep orange color. This wine is made by leaving white wine grapes in contact with the skins, stems, and seeds during fermentation.[3]
  • Aromatized wine
  • Dessert wine –
  • Fortified wine – Fortified wine is a wine that has had a distilled spirit added to it in order to end fermentation, help preservation, or influence flavor. The addition of additional ethanol kills yeast, leaving a wine that is high in sugar and alcohol content.[4]
  • Fruit wine – Fruit wine is a fermented alcoholic beverage made from a variety of base ingredients and can be made from virtually any plant matter that can be fermented. The fruits used in winemaking are fermented using yeast and aged in wood barrels to improve the taste and flavor quality.[5]
  • Ice wine – Ice wine is a type of dessert wine made from frozen grapes. Grapes are frozen on the vine around 20 °F (-7 °C), and late crushed in a grape press. The sugars in the grape do not frozen, thus creating wine with higher sugar concentrations. Ice wine production is risky because many grapes do not survive the cold temperatures—resulting in ice wines being generally expensive.[6]
  • Mead – Mead is an alcoholic beverage that is created by fermenting honey with water and other ingredients including fruits, grains, spices, or hops.[7] The alcoholic content of the drink ranges from 3.5% ABV[8] to over 20%. The defining characteristic of the drink is that the majority of the drink’s fermentable sugar comes from honey.[8]
  • Red wine –
  • Rosé – Rosé is a style of wine that is made by juicing red grapes and allowing them to macerate for a short period to give the juice a pinkish hue. The maceration step only lasts two to three days and after that, the skins are removed, and the juice is allowed to ferment. Provence, France is the region that is most famous for the best rosés in the world.[9]
  • Sparkling wine – Sparkling wine is made by fermenting wine twice. During the second fermentation, the wine is aged with lees at the bottom of the wine barrel. While the wine is being aged, the autolysis of yeast occurs which gives the wine the sparkling component.[10]
  • Straw wine – Straw wines are made from a centuries-old method of laying grapes out on straw mats for long periods to be dehydrated by the sun. The dehydration results in more concentrated flavors and sugars in the grapes, leading to typically sweeter wines. They are often paired with desserts, fruit, and charcuterie, or served as an aperitif.[11]
  • Table wine –
  • White wine –

Grape varieties

Grape varieties – below are some examples of grape varieties from which wine is made, arranged by variety:

International varieties

White

  • Chardonnay –
  • Chenin blanc –
  • Gewürztraminer –
  • Muscat –
  • Riesling –
  • Sauvignon blanc – As of 2018, Sauvignon Blanc is the eighth most widely grown grape variety in the world, covering 299,000 acres of land globally.[12] It is produced from green skin grapes that can grow in a range of climates. Sauvignon Blanc is typically crisp with high acidity. It also has a high pyrazine concentration, leading to grassy or herbal characteristics. Warmer climates often produce Sauvignon Blanc that have more fruity characteristics, such as grapefruit, passionfruit, and guava.[13]

Red

  • Cabernet Franc – Cabernet Franc is a grape that is used to make light to medium body red wines with less tannins than Cabernet Sauvignon. It is a parent of both Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, and carmenère.[14]
  • Cabernet Sauvignon – Cabernet Sauvignon is the mix of the red Cabernet Franc grape and the white Sauvignon Blanc grape. This wine is a very full-body, durable red that can be found mostly in France, more specifically the Bordeaux region. The Cabernet Sauvignon has become one of the most popular wines on earth now and is consumed everywhere around the world.
  • Merlot – Merlot, or "The Little Blackbird", is the second most popular red grape in America. This wine is considered a very elegant wine, a soft and ripe red, and is recommended to people who are first-time red wine drinkers, as it is smooth and easy to drink. The wine has a plummy taste with hints of chocolate.
  • Pinot noir –
  • Syrah/Shiraz –

Regional varieties

White

Red

Wine by country and region

Main articles: List of wine-producing countries and List of wine-producing regions

Classification Systems

Classification of wine

Wine industry

Wine professions and qualifications

Wine packaging

Trends and impacts

Wine production

Wine selecting

Wine in culture

Wine and health

Wine and health

History of wine

History of wine

By period

  • Neolithic Period – The earliest marks of viticulture can be traced back to Georgia, where archaeologists found grape pips similar to those of vitis vinifera sativa from as early as the 6th millennium B.C. Wine production during this period was most likely done through the use of kvevri, large earthenware pottery used for fermentation and storage.[18]
  • Ancient Greece and wine – The ancient Greeks pioneered new methods of viticulture and wine production which they shared with early winemaking communities in what are now France, Italy, Austria and Russia, as well as others through trade and colonization.
  • Ancient Rome and wine –
  • Champagne Riots –
  • Ancient Scandinavia – The Ancient Scandinavians produced a grog that was an alcoholic mixture of grains, honey, herbs, fruits, and occasionally even grape wine. Grog has been dated to the years 1500-200 BC, and Ancient Greek and Roman texts have dismissed grog as "barley rotted in water" rather than actual wine.[19]

By region

Organizations and institutions

Publications

Other

Persons influential in the field of wine

Wine personalities

Wine scholars

Wine-related films and television

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Mauseth, James D. (2013). Plants & people (1st ed.). Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 366. ISBN 9780763785505. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  2. ^ Johnson, H. (1989). Vintage: The Story of Wine. Simon & Schuster. pp. 11–6. ISBN 0-671-79182-6.
  3. ^ Wakawaka, Hawk. "Understanding orange wines 2: Georgian amber wines; pheasant's tears rkatsiteli, vinoterra kisi". Hawk wakawaka wine reviews. Retrieved 5/2/2019. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ Jackson, Ron (2000). Wine Science (Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 609–619. ISBN 9780123790620.
  5. ^ Kosseva, Maria; Joshi, V.K.; Panesar, P.S. (2017). Science and Technology of Fruit Wine Production. Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-800850-8.
  6. ^ Puckette, Madeline. "Ice Wine, You're So Fine". winefolly.com. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  7. ^ Template:Cite Fitch, Edward (1990). Rites of Odin. St. Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 290. ISBN 9780875422244.
  8. ^ a b Template:Lichine, Alexis. Alexis Lichine’s New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 328.
  9. ^ Staff, Vinepair. "What is Rose Wine?". vinepair.com. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  10. ^ Torresi, Sara; Maria, Frangipane; Gabriele, Anelli (1 December 2011). "Biotechnologies in sparkling wine production. Interesting approaches for quality improvement: A review". Food Chemistry. 129 (3): 1232–1241. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.006.
  11. ^ "The Last Straw". turkeyflat.com. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  12. ^ Karlsson, Per & Britt (24 January 2018). "The Top Ten Grape Varieties In The World". Forbes. Forbes. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  13. ^ "Your Guide to Sauvignon Blanc". Wine Enthusiast. Wine Enthusiast. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Cabernet Franc". Winemag. Wine Enthusiast. Retrieved 05/07/19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  15. ^ MacNeil, Karen (13 Oct 2015). The Wine Bible (Revised Second ed.). New York: Workman Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 9780761180838.
  16. ^ Santos-Buch, Greig. "The Essential Guide to Malbec Food Pairing". Winetraveler. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  17. ^ Liu, Shuxun; Liu, Enchao; Zhu, Baoqing; Chai, Bowen; Liu, Ruojin; Gao, Qiong; Zhang, Bolin (January 2018). "Impact of maceration time on colour-related phenolics, sensory characteristics and volatile composition of mulberry wine". Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 124 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1002/jib.476.
  18. ^ [1]
  19. ^ [2]

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_wine&oldid=927855344"