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Penghu

Coordinates: 23°35′N 119°35′E / 23.583°N 119.583°E / 23.583; 119.583
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Penghu Islands
澎湖縣
County
Penghu County
Flag of Penghu Islands
Flag
Coat of arms of Penghu Islands
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 23°35′N 119°35′E / 23.583°N 119.583°E / 23.583; 119.583
CountryRepublic of China (Taiwan)
ProvinceTaiwan Province (streamlined)
SeatMagong City
Largest cityMagong
Boroughs1 city, 5 rural townships
Government
 • County MagistrateChen Kuang-fu (DPP)
Area
 • Total141.052 km2 (54.460 sq mi)
 • Rank22 of 22
Population
 (December 2014)
 • Total101,758
 • Rank21 of 22
 • Density720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (National Standard Time)
Websitewww.penghu.gov.tw
Symbols
BirdSmall Skylark (Alauda gulgula)
FlowerFirewheel (Gaillardia pulchella)
TreeChinese Banyan (Ficus microcarpa)
Penghu Islands
Traditional Chinese澎湖群島
Simplified Chinese澎湖群岛
PostalPescadores Islands
Penghu Island
Traditional Chinese澎湖島
Simplified Chinese澎湖岛
Penghu County
Traditional Chinese澎湖縣
Simplified Chinese澎湖县
Penghu

The Penghu or Pescadores Islands are an archipelago of 90 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait. The largest city is Magong, located on the largest island, which is also named Magong. Covering an area of 141 square kilometers (54 sq mi), the archipelago collectively forms Penghu County of the Republic of China (Taiwan), and is the second smallest county, after Lienchiang.

Name

The traditional English name of the islands, the Pescadores, comes from the Portuguese name Ilhas dos Pescadores ("Fishermen Islands"). The Modern European Portuguese pronunciation is [pɨʃkɐˈðoɾɨʃ] but, in English, it is typically closer to Classical Portuguese's: /ˌpɛskəˈdɔːrɪz, -iːz/. The islands have also been called Pehoe from the Minnan name Phêⁿ-ô·.[1]

Pescadores was also the name given by the Spanish expedition of Hernando de Grijalva in 1537 to the Micronesian atoll Kapingamarangi.

History

Finds of fine red cord-marked pottery indicate that Penghu was visited by people from southwestern Taiwan around 5,000 years ago, though not settled permanently.[2]

Han Chinese from southern Fujian began to establish fishing communities on the islands in the 9th and 10th centuries,[2] and representatives were intermittently stationed there by the Southern Song and Yuan governments from around 1170.[3]

Wang Dayuan gave a detailed first-hand account of the islands in his Daoyi Zhilüe (1349).[4]

Ming dynasty

Further information: Sino–Dutch conflicts

In the 15th century, the Ming ordered the evacuation of the islands as part of their maritime ban. When these restrictions were removed in the late 16th century, legal fishing communities were re-established on the islands. These fishermen worshipped at the Mazu Temple that gave Magong its name and themselves gave rise to the Portuguese and English name Pescadores.[3] The Ming established a military presence in 1603.[5]

At this time, the Dutch East India Company was trying to force China to open a port in Fujian to Dutch trade and expel the Portuguese from Macau.[6][7][8] When the Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622, they seized Penghu, built a fort there, and threatened raids on Chinese ports and shipping unless the Chinese allowed trading with them on Penghu and that China not trade with Manila.[9] In response, the Chinese governor of Fujian demanded that the Dutch withdraw from Penghu to Taiwan, where the Chinese would permit them to engage in trade.[10][11] The Dutch continued to raid the Fujian coast between October 1622 and January 1624 to force their demands, but were unsuccessful.[12] In 1624, the new governor of Fujian sent a fleet of 40–50 warships with 5,000 troops to Penghu and expelled the Dutch, who moved to Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan.[13][14]

Qing dynasty

For a period in the mid-17th century, Taiwan and the archipelago were ruled by the Koxinga kingdom (Kingdom of Tungning), which was overthrown by the Qing dynasty in 1683 after the Battle of Penghu.

The Penghu archipelago was captured by the French in March 1885, in the closing weeks of the Sino-French War, and evacuated four months later. The Pescadores Campaign was the last campaign of Admiral Amédée Courbet, whose naval victories during the war had made him a national hero in France. Courbet was among several French soldiers and sailors who succumbed to cholera during the French occupation of Penghu. He died aboard his flagship Bayard in Makung harbour on 11 June 1885.[15]

Empire of Japan

Hōko Prefecture Government building

Towards the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, having defeated the Qing in northern China, Japan sought to ensure that it obtained Penghu and Taiwan in the final settlement. In March 1895, the Japanese defeated the Chinese garrison on the islands and occupied Makung. The Japanese occupation of Penghu, with its fine harbor, gave the Imperial Japanese Navy an advanced base from which their short-range coal-burning ships could control the Taiwan Straits and thus prevent more Chinese troops from being sent to Taiwan. This action persuaded the Chinese negotiators at Shimonoseki that Japan was determined to annex Taiwan, and, after Penghu, Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula had been ceded to Japan in the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki in April, helped to ensure the success of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in May.[16]

Penghu County was then called the Hōko Prefecture by the Japanese government of Taiwan. During World War II, Makō (Makung) was a major base for the Imperial Japanese Navy and the embarkation point for the invasion of the Philippines.

Republic of China

In the Cairo Declaration of 1943, the United States, the United Kingdom and China stated it to be their purpose that "all the territories that Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Formosa and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China". On 26 July 1945, the three governments issued the Potsdam Declaration, declaring that "the terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out". However, the United States and the United Kingdom regard the aforementioned documents as merely wartime statements of intention with no binding force in law. Following the surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur issued General Order No. 1, which directed Japanese forces to surrender to the Allied Powers and facilitate the occupation of Japanese territories by the Allied Powers. In the Treaty of San Francisco, signed in 1951 and coming into effect in 1952, Japan renounced sovereignty over Taiwan and Penghu, but left their final disposition unsettled. The archipelago has been administered by the Republic of China since 1945.

Boat people from Vietnam who were taken in by Taiwan's ships in the South China Sea were sent to the Pescadores.[17]

On 25 May 2002, China Airlines Flight 611, a Boeing 747-200 aircraft flying from Taipei to Hong Kong, disintegrated and exploded over the Islands. The wreckage slammed into the Taiwan Strait, a couple of miles off the coast. All 225 passengers and crew on board were killed.[18]

Climate

Climate data for Penghu (normals 1981–2010, extremes 1897–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.6
(83.5) 		29.5
(85.1) 		30.8
(87.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.9
(96.6) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.2
(95.4) 		35.1
(95.2) 		35.3
(95.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		36.7
(98.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.3
(66.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		26.0
(78.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		30.6
(87.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.7
(87.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		26.3
(79.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.5
(74.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		20.9
(69.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		21.6
(70.9)
Record low °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		7.2
(45.0) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.5
(50.9) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.2
(66.6) 		15.0
(59.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		7.2
(45.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.5
(0.69) 		50.7
(2.00) 		59.5
(2.34) 		88.3
(3.48) 		118.3
(4.66) 		153.9
(6.06) 		157.7
(6.21) 		181.0
(7.13) 		112.7
(4.44) 		28.4
(1.12) 		21.2
(0.83) 		24.2
(0.95) 		1,013.4
(39.91)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.0 7.2 8.9 9.4 9.7 10.1 7.7 8.8 6.8 2.2 3.6 4.1 83.5
Average relative humidity (%) 79.7 82.2 82.1 82.7 83.6 85.9 84.8 85.0 80.9 76.8 77.3 77.4 81.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 111.5 94.7 125.2 148.8 179.3 200.4 264.8 240.4 213.8 189.9 139.1 123.3 2,031.2
Source: Central Weather Bureau[19]

Government

Penghu County Hall
Main article: Penghu County Government

Penghu County is administered by Penghu County Government headed by Magistrate Chen Kuang-fu of the Democratic Progressive Party and headquartered at the Penghu County Hall.

Administrative divisions

Main article: administrative divisions of Taiwan
Subdivisions of Penghu County

Penghu County is divided into 1 city and 5 rural townships. It is further divided into 97 villages. Together with Lienchiang County, Penghu County has no urban township. The county seat is located at Magong City where it houses the Penghu County Hall and Penghu County Council.

Type Name Chinese Taiwanese Hakka English translation
City Magong City 馬公市 Má-king Mâ-kûng Originally Mazu Temple (媽宮)
Rural
townships 		Huxi 湖西鄉 Ô͘-sai Fù-sî Lake West / West of Penghu
Baisha 白沙鄉 Pe̍h-soa Pha̍k-sâ White Sand
Xiyu 西嶼鄉 Sai-sū Sî-yí Western Isle
Wang'an 望安鄉 Bāng-oaⁿ Mong-ôn Hope Safe (網垵)
Qimei 七美鄉 Chhit-bí Tshit-mî Seven Beauties (大嶼)

The main islands of Magong City/Huxi Township, Baisha Township, and Xiyu Township are the three most populous islands and are connected via bridges. Two shorter bridges connect Huxi and Baisha. The Penghu Great Bridge connecting Baisha and Xiyu is the longest bridge in Taiwan.

Politics

The county elects a single representative to the Legislative Yuan. In the 2016 Republic of China legislative election, this seat was won by the Democratic Progressive Party with 55.4% of the vote.[20]

Political dispute

Despite the controversy over the political status of Taiwan, both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China agree that Penghu is a county in (their own respective) "Taiwan Province" (Taiwan Province, Republic of China and Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China). However, geographically, the island of Taiwan does not include Penghu, although it is closer to Taiwan than mainland China. Thus, Penghu is listed separately from "Taiwan" in some contexts, e.g. the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu (the official WTO name for the Republic of China) in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Cairo Declaration, and the Treaty of San Francisco (see above).

Economy

Due to its restricted geography, fisheries have been the main industry for Penghu.[21] The Agriculture and Fisheries Bureau of the Penghu County Government governs matters related to agriculture and fisheries in Penghu. In 2016, the bureau placed a ban on the harvesting of sea urchins due to their declining population. However, the ban was lifted in 2017 but catches are limited only to those species larger than 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter.[22]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1985 102,282—    
1990 95,932−6.2%
1995 90,937−5.2%
2000 89,496−1.6%
2005 91,785+2.6%
2010 96,918+5.6%
2015 102,304+5.6%
Source:"Populations by city and country in Taiwan". Ministry of the Interior Population Census.

Education

National Penghu University of Science and Technology

Education-related matters in Penghu County are administered under the Education Department of the Penghu County Government. The county houses the National Penghu University of Science and Technology.

Energy

Chienshan Power Plant

Penghu is powered by the Chienshan Power Plant, a 140 MW diesel-fired power plant commissioned in 2001, and the Hujing Power Plant on Table Island. On 24 December 2010, the Taiwan-Penghu Undersea Cable Project of Taipower was approved by the Executive Yuan to connect the electrical grid in Taiwan Island to Penghu.[23]

Under a wind power development project approved in 2002 by the Executive Yuan, the ROC government plans to set up a total of 200 wind turbines in Penghu within 10 years. However, only 14 turbines have been set up as of 2015. On 1 October 2015, Taipower announced the construction of another 11 new wind turbines across the island, of which 6 will be constructed in Huxi Township and 5 in Baisha Township.[24]

The current total desalination capacity of the county to provide clean water to its residents is 15,500 m3 per day. To reduce its groundwater use, in November 2015 the county secured a contract of building an additional desalination plant with 4,000 m3 capacity per day, construction of which is expected to be completed by May 2018.[25]

Tourism

Original 1908 memorial to the cruiser Matsushima pictured. Modern park memorial in Magong City, Penghu, Taiwan.
Double-Heart of Stacked Stones

The Penghu National Scenic Area was established in the early 1990s, comprising most of the islands and islets of the archipelago. Tourism has since become one of the main sources of income of the county.

Historical sites include Central Street, Mazu Temple, Four-eyed Well, Penghu Reclamation Hall, Qimei Lighthouse, Siyu Eastern Fort, Jinguitou Fortress and Siyu Western Fort. Museums in the county are Chuwan Crab Museum, Ocean Resources Museum, Chang Yu-sheng Memorial Museum and Penghu Living Museum. Other attractions in the county include the Double-Heart of Stacked Stones, Little Taiwan, Whale Cave, Xiaomen Geology Gallery and South Penghu Marine National Park.[26]

Since 1 January 2015, tourists from Mainland China can directly apply for the Exit & Entry Permit upon arrival in Penghu. This privilege also applies to Kinmen and the Matsu Islands as a means to boost tourism in the outlying islands of Taiwan.[27]

Transport

Qimei Airport

Penghu is served by Magong Airport in Magong City and Qimei Airport in Qimei Township. Both airports opened in 1977.

Magong Harbor hosts ferry connections with Kaohsiung, Tainan, Chiayi and Kinmen.

See also

Notes

References

Citations

  1. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "Explanatory Notes". Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. p. 546. OCLC 644323041. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b "Penghu Reclamation Hall". Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Wills (2006), p. 86.
  4. ^ Thompson (1964), pp. 167–168.
  5. ^ Wills (2006), p. 87.
  6. ^ Cooper (1979), p. 658.
  7. ^ Freeman (2003), p. 132.
  8. ^ Thomson (1996), p. 39.
  9. ^ Shepherd (1993), p. 49.
  10. ^ Covell (1998), p. 70.
  11. ^ Wright (1908), p. 817.
  12. ^ Wills (1998), pp. 368–369.
  13. ^ Wills (1998), p. 369.
  14. ^ Wills (2010), p. 70.
  15. ^ Loir (1886), pp. 291–317.
  16. ^ Takekoshi (1907), pp. 80–82.
  17. ^ KAMM, HENRY (5 August 1981). "DESPITE PERILS AFLOAT, VIETNAMESE CONTINUE TO FLEE". The New York Times. CAMP ONE MAKUNG, Pescadores, Aug. 1.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  18. ^ Barron, Lisa (28 May 2002). "China Airlines safety record in the spotlight". Cable News Network LP, LLLP. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Climate". Central Weather Bureau.
  20. ^ "2016 The 14th Presidential and Vice Presidential Election and The 9th Legislator Election".
  21. ^ http://island.giee.ntnu.edu.tw/ISISA2004/ISISA8/107%204-2-C-4%20Liu%20Yin%20Yuh.pdf
  22. ^ Chen, Chi-ching; Lin, Ko (11 May 2017). "Ban on sea urchin harvesting temporarily lifted in Penghu". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  23. ^ "Taiwan power company-Taipower Events". Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Taipower to help build Penghu into low-carbon county".
  25. ^ "Penghu chief seeks support for desalination plant expansion".
  26. ^ http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201605290018.aspx
  27. ^ "Annual ridership on Kinmen-Fujian ferry services tops 1.5 million".

Works cited

Further reading

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