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{{Infobox gene}}
{{Infobox gene}}


'''Insulin-like growth factor 1''' ('''IGF-1'''), also called '''somatomedin C''', is a [[hormone]] similar in [[tertiary structure|molecular structure]] to [[insulin]] which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has [[Anabolism|anabolic]] effects in adults.
'''Insulin-like growth factor 1''' ('''IGF-1'''), also called '''somatomedin C''', is a [[hormone]] similar in [[tertiary structure|molecular structure]] to [[insulin]] which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has [[Anabolism|anabolic]] effects in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tahimic |first=Candice G. T. |last2=Wang |first2=Yongmei |last3=Bikle |first3=Daniel D. |date=2013 |title=Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton |url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2013.00006/abstract |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=4 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2013.00006 |issn=1664-2392 |pmc=PMC3563099 |pmid=23382729}}</ref>


IGF-1 is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''IGF1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid2982726">{{cite journal | vauthors = Höppener JW, de Pagter-Holthuizen P, Geurts van Kessel AH, Jansen M, Kittur SD, Antonarakis SE, Lips CJ, Sussenbach JS | display-authors = 6 | title = The human gene encoding insulin-like growth factor I is located on chromosome 12 | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–160 | year = 1985 | pmid = 2982726 | doi = 10.1007/BF00293288 | s2cid = 5825276 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6358902">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jansen M, van Schaik FM, Ricker AT, Bullock B, Woods DE, Gabbay KH, Nussbaum AL, Sussenbach JS, Van den Brande JL | display-authors = 6 | title = Sequence of cDNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor I precursor | journal = Nature | volume = 306 | issue = 5943 | pages = 609–611 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6358902 | doi = 10.1038/306609a0 | s2cid = 4336584 | bibcode = 1983Natur.306..609J }}</ref> IGF-1 consists of 70 [[amino acid]]s in a single chain with three intramolecular disulfide bridges. IGF-1 has a molecular weight of 7,649 [[Dalton (unit)|dalton]]s.<ref name="pmid632300">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE | title = The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 253 | issue = 8 | pages = 2769–2776 | date = April 1978 | pmid = 632300 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40889-1 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In dogs, an ancient mutation in IGF1 is the primary cause of the [[Toy dog|toy]] phenotype.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Callaway E | title = Big dog, little dog: mutation explains range of canine sizes | journal = Nature | volume = 602 | issue = 7895 | pages = 18 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35087254 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-022-00209-0 | s2cid = 246359754 | bibcode = 2022Natur.602...18C }}</ref>
IGF-1 is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''IGF1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid2982726">{{cite journal | vauthors = Höppener JW, de Pagter-Holthuizen P, Geurts van Kessel AH, Jansen M, Kittur SD, Antonarakis SE, Lips CJ, Sussenbach JS | display-authors = 6 | title = The human gene encoding insulin-like growth factor I is located on chromosome 12 | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–160 | year = 1985 | pmid = 2982726 | doi = 10.1007/BF00293288 | s2cid = 5825276 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6358902">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jansen M, van Schaik FM, Ricker AT, Bullock B, Woods DE, Gabbay KH, Nussbaum AL, Sussenbach JS, Van den Brande JL | display-authors = 6 | title = Sequence of cDNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor I precursor | journal = Nature | volume = 306 | issue = 5943 | pages = 609–611 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6358902 | doi = 10.1038/306609a0 | s2cid = 4336584 | bibcode = 1983Natur.306..609J }}</ref> IGF-1 consists of 70 [[amino acid]]s in a single chain with three intramolecular disulfide bridges. IGF-1 has a molecular weight of 7,649 [[Dalton (unit)|dalton]]s.<ref name="pmid632300">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE | title = The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 253 | issue = 8 | pages = 2769–2776 | date = April 1978 | pmid = 632300 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40889-1 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In dogs, an ancient mutation in IGF1 is the primary cause of the [[Toy dog|toy]] phenotype.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Callaway E | title = Big dog, little dog: mutation explains range of canine sizes | journal = Nature | volume = 602 | issue = 7895 | pages = 18 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35087254 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-022-00209-0 | s2cid = 246359754 | bibcode = 2022Natur.602...18C }}</ref>

Revision as of 09:17, 13 February 2024

IGF1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesIGF1, IGF-I, IGF1A, IGFI, MGF, insulin like growth factor 1, IGF
External IDsOMIM: 147440; MGI: 96432; HomoloGene: 515; GeneCards: IGF1; OMA:IGF1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3479

16000

Ensembl

ENSG00000017427

ENSMUSG00000020053

UniProt

P05019

P05017

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000618
NM_001111283
NM_001111284
NM_001111285

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000609
NP_001104753
NP_001104754
NP_001104755

NP_001104744
NP_001104745
NP_001104746
NP_001300939
NP_034642

Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 102.4 – 102.48 MbChr 10: 87.69 – 87.77 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has anabolic effects in adults.[5]

IGF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene.[6][7] IGF-1 consists of 70 amino acids in a single chain with three intramolecular disulfide bridges. IGF-1 has a molecular weight of 7,649 daltons.[8] In dogs, an ancient mutation in IGF1 is the primary cause of the toy phenotype.[9]

IGF-1 is produced primarily by the liver. Production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). Most of IGF-1 is bound to one of 6 binding proteins (IGF-BP). IGFBP-1 is regulated by insulin. IGF-1 is produced throughout life; the highest rates of IGF-1 production occur during the pubertal growth spurt.[10] The lowest levels occur in infancy and old age.[11][12]

A synthetic analog of IGF-1, mecasermin, is used in children for the treatment of growth failure.[13]

Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a metabolite of hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). It has a cyclic structure, lipophilic nature, and is enzymatically stable which makes it a more favourable candidate for manipulating the binding-release process between IGF-1 and its binding protein, thereby normalising IGF-1 function.

Synthesis and circulation

See also: Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § IGF-1 signaling

The polypeptide hormone IGF-1 is synthesized primarily in the liver upon stimulation by growth hormone (GH). It is a key mediator of anabolic activities in numerous tissues and cells, such as growth hormone-stimulated growth, metabolism and protein translation.[14] Due to its participation in the GH-IGF-1 axis it contributes among other things to the maintenance of muscle strength, muscle mass, development of the skeleton and is a key factor in brain, eye and lung development during fetal development.[15]

A deficiency of IGF-1 is associated with the increased risks of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, diabetes type 2, as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.[14][16] Studies have shown the importance of the GH-IGF-1 axis in directing development and growth, where mice with a IGF-1 deficiency had a reduced body- and tissue mass, meanwhile mice with an excessive expression of IGF-1 had an increased mass.[16]

The levels of IGF-1 in the body vary throughout life, depending on age, where peaks of the hormone is generally observed during puberty and the postnatal period. After puberty, when entering the third decade of life, there is a rapid decrease in IGF-1 levels due to the actions of GH. Between the third and eight decade of life, the IGF-1 levels decrease gradually, but unrelated to functional decline.[15] However, protein intake is proven to increase IGF-1 levels.[17]

3-d model of IGF-1

Mechanism of action

See also: Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis

IGF-1 is a primary mediator of the effects of growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone is made in the anterior pituitary gland, is released into the blood stream, and then stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1. IGF-1 then stimulates systemic body growth, and has growth-promoting effects on almost every cell in the body, especially skeletal muscle, cartilage, bone, liver, kidney, nerve, skin, hematopoietic, and lung cells. In addition to the insulin-like effects, IGF-1 can also regulate cellular DNA synthesis.[18]

IGF-1 binds to at least two cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases: the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), and the insulin receptor. Its primary action is mediated by binding to its specific receptor, IGF1R, which is present on the surface of many cell types in many tissues. Binding to the IGF1R initiates intracellular signaling. IGF-1 is one of the most potent natural activators of the AKT signaling pathway, a stimulator of cell growth and proliferation, and a potent inhibitor of programmed cell death .[19][20] The IGF-1 receptor seems to be the "physiologic" receptor because it binds IGF-1 with significantly higher affinity than insulin receptor does. IGF-1 activates the insulin receptor at approximately 0.1 times the potency of insulin. Part of this signaling may be via IGF1R/Insulin Receptor heterodimers (the reason for the confusion is that binding studies show that IGF1 binds the insulin receptor 100-fold less well than insulin, yet that does not correlate with the actual potency of IGF1 in vivo at inducing phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and hypoglycemia).[medical citation needed]

IGF-1 binds and activates its own receptor, IGF-1R, through the cell surface expression of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase's (RTK's)[21] and further signal through multiple intracellular transduction cascades. IGF-1R is the critical role-playing inducer in modulating the metabolic effects of IGF-1 for cellular senescence and survival. At a localized target cell, IGF-1R elicits the mediation of paracrine activity. After its activation the initiation of intracellular signaling occurs inducing a magnitude of signaling pathways. An important mechanistic pathway involved in mediating a cascade affect a key pathway regulated by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and its downstream partner, mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin).[21] Rapamycin binds with the enzyme FKBPP12 to inhibit the mTORC1 complex. mTORC2 remains unaffected and responds by up-regulating AKT, driving signals through the inhibited mTORC1. Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (EIF4E) by mTOR suppresses the capacity of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (EIF4EBP1) to inhibit EIF4E and slow metabolism.[22] A mutation in the signaling pathway PI3K-AKT-mTOR is a big factor in the formation of tumors found predominantly on skin, internal organs, and secondary lymph nodes (Kaposi sarcoma).[23] IGF-1R allows the activation of these signaling pathways and subsequently regulates the cellular longevity and metabolic re-uptake of biogenic substances. A therapeutic approach targeting towards the reduction of such tumor collections could be induced by ganitumab. Ganitumab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed antagonistically against IGF-1R. Ganitumab binds to IGF-1R, preventing binding of IGF-1 and the subsequent triggering of the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway; inhibition of this pro-survival pathway may result in the inhibition of tumor cell expansion and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis.[citation needed]

Insulin-like growth factor 1 has been shown to bind and interact with all seven IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs): IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGFBP3, IGFBP4, IGFBP5, IGFBP6, and IGFBP7.[medical citation needed] Some IGFBPs are inhibitory. For example, both IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-5 bind IGF-1 at a higher affinity than it binds its receptor. Therefore, increases in serum levels of these two IGFBPs result in a decrease in IGF-1 activity.[medical citation needed]

Metabolic effects

As a major growth factor, IGF-1 is responsible for stimulating growth of all cell types including cancer cells and causing significant metabolic effects.[24] One important metabolic effect of IGF-1 is its ability to signal cells that sufficient nutrients are available for cells to undergo hypertrophy and cell division.[25] These signals also enable IGF-1 to inhibit cell apoptosis and increase the production of cellular proteins.[25] IGF-1 receptors are ubiquitous, which allows for metabolic changes caused by IGF-1 to occur in all cell types.[24] IGF-1's metabolic effects are far-reaching and can coordinate protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism in a variety of different cell types.[24] The regulation of IGF-1's metabolic effects on target tissues is also coordinated with other hormones such as growth hormone and insulin.[26]

Related growth factors

IGF-1 exists within the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling system. The system consists of three ligands (insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2, 2 tyrosine kinase receptors (insulin receptor and IGF-1R receptor) and six ligand binding proteins (IGFBP 1-6).[27] It plays an essential role in proliferation, survival, regulation of cell growth and affects almost every organ system in the body.[28]

Similarly to IGF-1, IGF-2 is mainly produced in the liver. After release into circulation it stimulates growth and cell proliferation. IGF-2 is thought to be a fetal growth factor, as it is essential for a normal embryonic development and is highly expressed in embryonic and neonatal tissues.[29]

A splice variant of IGF-1 sharing an identical mature region, but with a different E domain is known as mechano-growth factor (MGF).[30]

Disorders

Laron dwarfism

Patients with severe primary insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency (IGFD), called Laron syndrome, may be treated with either IGF-1 alone or in combination with IGFBP-3.[31] Mecasermin (brand name Increlex) is a synthetic analog of IGF-1 which is approved for the treatment of growth failure.[31]

Rare diseases characterized by inability to make or respond to IGF-1 produce a distinctive type of growth failure. One such disorder, termed Laron dwarfism does not respond at all to growth hormone treatment due to a lack of GH receptors. The FDA has grouped these diseases into a disorder called severe primary IGF deficiency. Patients with severe primary IGFD typically present with normal to high GH levels, height below 3 standard deviations (SD), and IGF-1 levels below 3 SD. Severe primary IGFD includes patients with mutations in the GH receptor, post-receptor mutations or IGF mutations, as previously described. As a result, these patients cannot be expected to respond to GH treatment.

People with Laron syndrome have very low rates of cancer and diabetes.[32] Notably people with untreated Laron syndrome also never develop acne.[33]

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a syndrome that results in the anterior pituitary gland producing excess growth hormone (GH). A number of disorders may increase the pituitary's GH output, although most commonly it involves a tumor called pituitary adenoma, derived from a distinct type of cell (somatotrophs). It leads to anatomical changes and metabolic dysfunction caused by both an elevated GH and elevated IGF-1 levels.[34] High level of IGF-1 in acromegaly is related to an increased risk of some cancers, particularly colon cancer and thyroid cancer.[35]

Cancer

A mutation in the signalling pathway PI3K-AKT-mTOR is a factor in the formation of tumors found predominantly on skin, internal organs, and secondary lymph nodes (Kaposi sarcoma).[23]

Use as a diagnostic test

IGF-1 levels can be measured in the blood in 10-1000 ng/ml amounts.[36] As levels do not fluctuate greatly throughout the day for an individual person, IGF-1 is used by physicians as a screening test for growth hormone deficiency and excess in acromegaly and gigantism.

Interpretation of IGF-1 levels is complicated by the wide normal ranges, and marked variations by age, sex, and pubertal stage. Clinically significant conditions and changes may be masked by the wide normal ranges. Sequential measurement over time is often useful for the management of several types of pituitary disease, undernutrition, and growth problems.

Causes of elevated IGF-1 levels

Health effects

Cancer

It has been suggested that consumption of IGF-1 in dairy products could increase cancer risk, particularly prostate cancer.[42][43] However, a 2018 review by the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) concluded that there is "insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions as to whether exposure to dietary IGF-1 is associated with an increased incidence of cancer in consumers".[43] Certain dairy processes such as fermentation are known to significantly decrease IGF-1 concentrations.[44]

Mortality

A 2022 review found that both high and low levels of IGF‐1 increase mortality risk, whilst a mid‐range (120–160 ng/ml) is associated with the lowest mortality.[45]

Other

Increased IGF-1 levels are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and ischaemic stroke.[46][47][48]

Clinical trials

Recombinant protein

Several companies have evaluated administering recombinant IGF-1 in clinical trials for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,[49] severe burn injury and myotonic muscular dystrophy.

Results of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of IGF-1 in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes showed reduction in hemoglobin A1C levels and daily insulin consumption.[medical citation needed] However the sponsor discontinued the program due to an exacerbation of diabetic retinopathy,[50] coupled with a shift in corporate focus towards oncology.

Two clinical studies of IGF-1 for ALS were conducted and although one study demonstrated efficacy the second was equivocal,[medical citation needed] and the product was not submitted for approval to the FDA.

History of name

In the 1950s IGF-1 was called "sulfation factor" because it stimulated sulfation of cartilage in vitro,[51] and in the 1970s due to its effects it was termed "nonsuppressible insulin-like activity" (NSILA).

See also

References

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