Indonesian Army

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Indonesian Army
Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat
Lambang TNI AD.png
Indonesian Army insignia
Active 1945 – present
Country Indonesia
Type Army
Size 233,000(regular)[1]
Part of Indonesian National Armed Forces
Motto Kartika Eka Paksi
(Sanskrit, lit:"Unmatchable Bird with Noble Goals")
Engagements Indonesian Independence
Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation
East Timor Invasion
Counter-insurgency in Aceh
Counter-insurgency in Maluku
Free Papua Movement
Commanders
Indonesian Army Chief of Staff General Moeldoko
(22 May 2013-present)
Insignia
Army Aviation Roundel Roundel Indonesia army aviation.svg

The Indonesian Army (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat, TNI–AD), the land component of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, has an estimated strength of 233,000 regular personnel.[1]The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR) "Civil Security Forces" first emerged as a paramilitary and police corps.

Since the nation's independence movement, the Indonesian Army has been involved in multifaceted operations ranging from the incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, to the annexation of East Timor, as well as internal counter-insurgency operations in Aceh Maluku and Papua. The army's operations have not been without controversy; it has been periodically associated with human rights violations, particularly in West Papua, East Timor and Aceh.[2][3]

The Indonesia Army is composed of a headquarters, 12 military area commands, a strategic reserve command KOSTRAD, a special forces command Kopassus, and various adjunct units. The size of the Army has expanded over the years; in July 1976 the Army was estimated to consist of solely 180,000 personnel.[4]

Indonesian soldiers
Soldiers of the Indonesian Army

Contents

Military Area Commands

Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008

The Armed Forces' operational sections were established by General Soedirman, following the model of the German Wehrkreise system. The system was later codified in Surat Perintah Siasat No.1, signed into doctrine by General Soedirman in November 1948.

The Army's structure underwent various reorganizations throughout its early years. From 1946 to 1952, the Army was organised into set divisions. These were further consolidated in 1951, and then dispersed in 1952. From 1952 to 1958-59, the Army was organised into seven Tentara & Teritoriums. In August 1958, the Indonesian Army reconsolidated its territorial command. There were then established sixteen Kodams, which retained earlier divisional titles; the Siliwangi Division, for example, became Kodam VI/Siliwangi.[5]

The Military Area Commands (Kodam) as of 2007
RM-70 rocket launchers, Indonesia has seven units, which are spread throughout the country

A reorganization in 1985 made significant changes in the army chain of command. The four multiservice Regional Defense Commands (Kowilhans) and the National Strategic Command (Kostranas) were eliminated from the defense structure, re-establishing the Military Area Command (Kodam), or regional command, as the key organization for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services.[6] The chain of command flowed directly from the ABRI commander in chief to the ten Kodam commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands.

The Kodams incorporate provincial and district commands each with a number of infantry battalions, sometimes a cavalry battalion, artillery, or engineers.[7] Some have Raider battalions attached. Currently there are 12 Military Area Commands, and these are:

Indonesian soldiers with weapons

Operational Commands

Indonesian Army HQ in Jakarta. The statue is of Sudirman
  • Special Forces Command (Kopassus), est 5,530 divided is composed of five groups, Grup 1/Parakomando (Para Commando), Grup 2/Parakomando (Para Commando), Pusat Pendidikan Pasukan Khusus (Training), Grup 3/Sandhi Yudha (Combat Intelligence), SAT 81/Penanggulangan Teror (Counter-terrorism); plus the Presidential Guard (Paspampres) and headquarters.[10] Each group is headed by a Colonel and all groups are para-commando qualified. Of note is the unusual nature of Group IV, possibly also called "Sandhy Yudha," which consists of select members from Groups I, II, and III. The duties of these specially trained personnel include attacking behind enemy lines (Infiltration tactics). Group IV also, reportedly[who?], works with the Joint Intelligence Unit on interrogations, and carries out clandestine operations around the country.
  • Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), is the Indonesian Army's Strategic Reserve Command. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has around 40,000 troops.[11] It also supervises operational readiness among all commands and conducts defense and security operations at the strategic level in accordance with policies of the TNI commander.
    • Infantry Division 1 Kostrad, with 13th Infantry Brigade and the 17th Airborne Brigade, plus Field Artillery Regiment 2
    • 2nd Division, with 6th and 9th Infantry, and the 18th Airborne Brigades, plus a field artillery regiment
    • 3rd Airborne Infantry Brigade, Ujung Pandang (ex-Kopassus 3rd Group)[12]
    • KOSTRAD also commands several combat service support units such as combat engineers.
  • Army Aviation Command (id:Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat) The army had its own small air arm that performs attack, liaison and transport duties. It operates 100 aircraft in three helicopter and aircraft squadrons composed mostly of light aircraft and small transports, such as the IPTN produced CN-235.
    • Squadron 11 Heli Serbu (light assault) (Semarang, Jawa Tengah)
    • Squadron 21 Sena (support) (Pondok Cabe, Jakarta)
    • Squadron 31 Heli Serbu (heavy assault squadron)(Semarang, Jawa Tengah)

Equipment

Small arms and infantry weapons

Name Origin Type Caliber Notes
Pindad P1/P2[13]  Indonesia Semi-automatic pistol 9x19mm Local copy of the Browning Hi-Power. Approximately 30,000 P1s and 2,000 P2s manufactured.
Springfield M1911  Indonesia Semi-automatic pistol .45 ACP
SIG Sauer P226  Switzerland Semi-automatic pistol 9x19mm For use by Kopassus.
T91  Republic of China Assault Riffle 7.62x39mm for use by TNI-AL KORPS MARINIR (Indonesian Marine Corps
Pindad PM2[13]  Indonesia Submachine gun 9x19mm
MP5 series  Germany Submachine gun 9x19mm Used by special forces
AK-47[13]  Soviet Union Assault rifle 7.62x39mm
Pindad SS1[13]  Indonesia Assault rifle 5.56x45mm Based on the FN FNC
Pindad SS2[13]  Indonesia Assault rifle 5.56x45mm Modernized SS1.
M16[13]  United States Assault rifle 5.56x45mm
G36[14]  Germany Assault rifle 5.56x45mm Used by special forces
Pindad SPR-1[13]  Indonesia Sniper rifle 7.62x51mm
Pindad SPR-3[13]  Indonesia Sniper rifle 7.62x51mm
Pindad SPR-2[13]  Indonesia Anti-materiel rifle 12.7x99mm
Pindad SM3  Indonesia Light machine gun 5.56x45mm Locally produced version of the FN Minimi.
Pindad SM2[13]  Indonesia General purpose machine gun 7.62x51mm Locally produced version of the FN MAG.
Pindad SMB-QCB  Indonesia Heavy machine gun 12.7x99mm Locally produced version of the CIS 50MG.
Name Origin Type Notes
M203 grenade launcher 'Pindad SPG1'  Indonesia Under barrel grenade launcher First locally produced grenade Launcher.
M79 grenade launcher  United States Single-shot grenade launcher
AT-13 Metis M  Russia Anti tank missile launchers
AT-5 Sprandel  Russia Anti tank missile launchers
MBT LAW  Sweden Anti tank missile launchers .[15][16][17]
C90-CR (M3)  Spain Anti tank rocket launchers
PF-89  China Anti tank rocket launcher
M80 Rocket Launcher[18] Yugoslavia Shoulder-fired missile

Fighting vehicles

Model Type Quantity Acquired Notes
France AMX-13 Light tank 300 Including self-propelled artillery variants. To be upgraded
United KingdomFV101 Scorpion 90 Light tank 100
GermanyMarder 1A3 IFV/Light tank - 50 With the assistance of German Rheinmetall, PT Pindad will make the production line from the early stages until finished.[19][20][21]
GermanyLeopard 2A4 Main battle tank - 40 With approximately U.S. $ 287 million, Indonesia purchased 40 units of the Leopard 2A4, Leopard 2 Revolution 63 units and 10 units supporting Leopard 2 tanks.[22][23]
GermanyLeopard 2 Revolution[24] Main battle tank - 61 With approximately U.S. $ 287 million, Indonesia purchased 40 units of the Leopard 2A4, Leopard 2 Revolution 63 units and 10 units supporting Leopard 2 tanks.[25][26]
Model Type Quantity Acquired Notes
FranceAMX-VTT Armoured Personnel Carrier 200
South KoreaK21 Infantry Fighting Vehicle 22
RussiaBMP-3 Infantry Fighting Vehicle
FranceVéhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB) Armoured Personnel Carrier 46 14 were originally supplied. Another 32 were acquired in 2006 for the Indonesian peacekeeping mission in Lebanon.[27]
United KingdomAlvis Stormer Armoured Personnel Carrier ~70 Includes the armoured personnel carrier, command post, ambulance, recovery, logistics and bridge laying variants.[28]
IndonesiaPindad Panser Armoured Personnel Carrier 154[29] 2008–2010 20 units were received in February 2009,[30] 40 were received in July 2009[31] while another 33 were received in Jan 2010.[32]
Pindad Panser APR-1V Armoured Personnel Carrier 14 2004 Early predecessor to the Pindad PS-3. Based on a commercial Isuzu truck chassis. Follow on orders cancelled following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
Model Type Quantity Acquired Notes
FV601 Saladin Armoured Car 69
Ferret[citation needed] Armoured Car 55
Cadillac Gage Scout Armoured Car 26 1983
BTR-40[citation needed] Armoured Car 100-130 1963–1965 Locally modified from armoured personnel carrier to armoured reconnaissance variants.[33]

Utility and logistics vehicles

Model Type Quantity Acquired Notes
M151 MUTT Light utility vehicle
Renault Sherpa 2 Light utility vehicle 30 July 2011 Announced in July 2011[34]
Land Rover LWB Light utility vehicle
Steyr Puch Haflinger 700 AP Light utility vehicle
Nissan Q4W73 Light truck
DAF YA400 Transport truck
Unimog Medium truck
Isuzu Elf[35] Medium truck
Steyr 680M Medium truck
Bedford MK Light truck
Steyr 17M29 Medium truck
Cakra FAV Fast attack vehicle

Artillery and Air Defence Systems

Model Type Quantity Acquired Notes
Brazil ASTROS II unknown calibre Multiple rocket launcher 0 36 Ordered in 2012, 2 battalions, 18 launchers each[36]
Indonesia NDL-40 Multiple rocket launcher 50 77 mm rockets. Built by PTDI
Bofors 40 mm[citation needed] Anti-aircraft artillery
France Nexter CAESAR 155mm Self-propelled howitzer 2 35 Ordered in 2012, 2 battalions, 18 guns each[37][38]
76 mm mountain gun M48 76mm Mountain gun unknown number To be replaced
Russia 57 mm AZP S-60 57mm Anti-aircraft artillery 256
Switzerland Oerlikon Skyshield[39] 35mm Anti-aircraft artillery unknown
Switzerland Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon[39] 35mm Anti-aircraft artillery unknown .[40]
M101 howitzer & KH 178 105mm[41] Towed artillery 54
Singapore FH-2000[41] Towed artillery 8
Soviet Union ZUR-23-2KG 23 mm Towed artillery 14 .[42]
China Giant Bow I 23 mm Towed artillery 18 .[43]
Poland POPRAD ( a version of Grom (missile) in KOBRA V-SHORAD air defense system[44]) Short Ranged Surface-to-air missile 155[45]
China TD-2000B Surface-to-air missile unknown .[46][47]
United Kingdom Rapier missile Surface-to-air missile 120 Not operational, to be replaced due to service life
United Kingdom Starstreak (missile)[48] surface-to-air missile unknown
Sweden RBS-70 Surface-to-air missile 45 .[49][50][51]
France Mistral Surface-to-air missile, MANPADS unknown .[52]
China QW-3[39] Surface-to-air missile, MANPADS unknown .[46]

Aircraft

Aircraft Type Versions In service[53] Notes
Aero Commander Utility helicopter 680 3
Bell 47 utility helicopter 47G 10
Bell UH-1 Iroquois utility helicopter UH-1D 10
United StatesCanada Bell 412 Utility helicopter 412
412SP
412EP		 14
14
10[54][55]		 Built under license by PTDI
Britten-Norman Islander utility transport BN-2A 1 Possibly not operational
Spain CASA C-212 Aviocar tactical transport 4 Fully tranfer to produce on PTDI
United States Cessna 310 Utility helicopter 4
C-47 Skytrain tactical transport 2 Possibly not operational
Germany Eurocopter Bo 105 Utility helicopter 30 Built under license by PTDI
Russia Mil Mi-17 Hip-H transport & light attack helicopter Mi-17-V5 16
Russia Mil Mi-35 Hind Attack helicopter Mi-35 Hind-F 8 [56]
Schweizer 300 utility helicopter 300C 6

List of Army Chief of Staffs

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b IISS Military Balance 2012, 248. Figure may have not been updated by IISS since 2006 at least.
  2. ^ Schwarz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s Allen & Unwin ISBN 1-86373-635-2, p 215
  3. ^ Hill-Smith, Charlie (2009) Strange Birds in Paradise: A West Papuan Story
  4. ^ IISS, The Military Balance 1976-77, p.55, ISBN 0-900492-98-8
  5. ^ Ken Conboy, Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces, Equinox Publishing, Jakarta/Singapore, 2003, p.79
  6. ^ Library of Congress Country Study, Indonesia, November 1992, Organization of the Armed Forces
  7. ^ The Military Balance 2006, International Institute for Strategic Studies
  8. ^ a b Huxley 1997, p.39
  9. ^ BBC, RI Military Area Commander Files Complaint Over Political Candidates, January 2009
  10. ^ For further authoritative details on Kopassus, see Ken Conboy (2003) KOPASSUS Inside Indonesia's Special Forces, Equinox Publishing, ISBN 979-95898-8-6.
  11. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2008, 382.
  12. ^ Independent status of 3rd Airborne Infantry Brigade is as reported in Tim Huxley, 'Indonesia's armed forces face up to new threats,' Jane's Intelligence Review, January 1997, p.40
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "TNI Angkatan Darat - Situs Resmi TNI Angkatan Darat" (in Indonesian). 19 March 2011. 
  14. ^ "Kopassus & Kopaska - Specijalne Postrojbe Republike Indonezije" (in Croatian). Hrvatski Vojnik Magazine. Retrieved 2010-06-12. 
  15. ^ http://pertahananbangsa.blogspot.com/2012/11/tni-ad-membeli-atgm-nlaw-dan-atgm.html
  16. ^ http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/01/indonesia-akan-beli-senjata-anti-tank.html
  17. ^ "TNI-AD Uji Terima Roket Anti Tank NLAW". March 21, 2013. 
  18. ^ ANNUAL REPORT ON THE TRANSFERS OF CONTROLLED GOODS IN 2008 - Serbia, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 24 September 2010 
  19. ^ http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/09/tank-marder-1a3-model-tank-medium-pindad.html
  20. ^ Marder, Lapis Baja One Stop Services
  21. ^ "Beli 114 tank Leopard, Indonesia dapat 50 tank". May 15, 2013. 
  22. ^ Kemhan Akui Kontrak Pembelian Leopard Telah Diteken
  23. ^ "Approves Sale of Tanks to Indonesia". May 08, 2013. 
  24. ^ http://www.military-today.com/tanks/revolution.htm
  25. ^ "Tank Leopard Tiba pada Oktober 2013". April 19, 2013. 
  26. ^ "Germany Approves Indonesian Purchase of 100 Leopard 2 Tanks and 50 Marder Infantry Fighting Vehicles". May 05, 2013. 
  27. ^ "TNI defends purchase of 32 armored vehicles". The Jakarta Post. 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
  28. ^ "Stormer - Light Armoured Vehicles - Jane's Land Forces". Jane's Information Group. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009. 
  29. ^ "PINDAD DELIVERS 40 UNITS OF 6x6 ARMOURED PERSONNEL CARRIER TO DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE" (Press release). Pindad. August 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2011. 
  30. ^ "First made-in-Indonesia APCs handed to Army". The Jakarta Post. 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
  31. ^ "TNI to receive 40 new armored vehicles". The Jakarta Post. 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
  32. ^ "Pindad Serahkan 33 Panser". Media Indonesia. 2010-01-13. Retrieved 010-01-13. 
  33. ^ BTR-40 series of wheeled armoured vehicles
  34. ^ http://www.renault-trucks-defense.com/en/news/renault-trucks-defense-receive-new-orders-from-indonesia.html
  35. ^ "Kemhan dan Isuzu Bahas Pengadaan Truk Militer". April 04, 2013. 
  36. ^ Indonesia Ordered 36 Astros II Rocket Systems
  37. ^ http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/140000/nexter%E2%80%99s-caesar-sp-gun-to-enter-indonesian-service.html
  38. ^ http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/11/indonesia-sign-contract-for-37-caesar.html
  39. ^ a b c http://indonesia-oslo.no/air-force-orders-anti-aircraft-weapons/
  40. ^ Songsong Kedatangan PSU Baru, Korpaskhas akan Kirim Personil untuk Berlatih di Swiss
  41. ^ a b http://pussenarmed.kodiklat-tniad.mil.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=57
  42. ^ http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/04/zur-23-2kg.html
  43. ^ http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/04/giant-bow-i.html
  44. ^ http://www.armyrecognition.com/indo_defence_2010_news_pictures_video_actualites/bumar_at_indodefence_2010_with_kobra_short-range_modular_air_defence_system_820.51_kb_polish_poland.html
  45. ^ http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/Indonesia-Indonesia.html
  46. ^ a b http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/04/rudal-cina-warisan-jenderal-djoko.html
  47. ^ Uji terima ulang Sista Hanud Terintegrasi TD-2000B Rudal Meriam
  48. ^ http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/11/rudal-starstreak-indonesia.html
  49. ^ http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/12/rbs-70-rudal-pencegat-supersonik-jarak.html
  50. ^ http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/04/radar-giraffe_17.html
  51. ^ Saab AB Tawarkan Giraffe AMB dan RBS-70NG kepada TNI AD
  52. ^ http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/10/mistral-komodo-akan-memperkuat-arhanud.html
  53. ^ "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15, 2007.
  54. ^ PTDI Serahkan 4 Helikopter Bell 412EP untuk TNI AD
  55. ^ "PT DI Serahkan 6 Helikopter Bersenjata ke TNI AD". March 16, 2013. 
  56. ^ http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/indonesia/index.php
  57. ^ "Sore ini SBY Lantik Letjen Moeldoko Sebagai KSAD". Mei 22, 2013. 

External links

Portal icon Indonesia portal
Indonesian Army (TNI-AD)
TNI-AD
Territorial Command
Operational Command
Indonesian Army (TNI–AD)
Special Forces (Kopassus)
Strategic Reserve (Kostrad)
Indonesian Navy (TNI–AL)
Marine Corps (KorMar)
Frogman Commando (Kopaska)
Marine Reconnaissance Battalion (Taifib)
Special Forces (Denjaka)
Indonesian Air Force (TNI–AU)
Special Forces (Paskhas)
Bravo Detachment (Den Bravo 90)
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