Indonesian Army

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Indonesian Army
Logo Indonesian Army.jpg
Active 1945 – present
Country Indonesia
Type Army
Size 233,000(regular)[1]
Part of Indonesian National Armed Forces
Motto Kartika Eka Paksi
(Sanskrit, lit:"Unmatchable Bird with Noble Goals")
Engagements Indonesian Independence
Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation
East Timor Invasion
Counter-insurgency in Aceh
Counter-insurgency in Maluku
Free Papua Movement
Commanders
Indonesian Army Chief of Staff General Pramono Edhie Wibowo
(30 June 2011-present)

The Indonesian Army (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat, TNI–AD), the land component of the Indonesian Armed Forces, has an estimated strength of 328,517 regular personnel.[citation needed] The force's history began in 1945 when the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR) "Civil Security Forces" served as paramilitary and police.

Since the nation's independence struggle, the Indonesian Army has been involved in many operations involving foreign powers such as the incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, and the annexation of East Timor, as well as with internal operations in Aceh and Maluku. Like the Indonesian military as a whole, it has been involved in numerous human rights violations, especially in West Papua, East Timor and Aceh.[2][3]

The Indonesia Army comprises the headquarters and associated units, the military area commands, a strategic reserve command KOSTRAD, a special forces command Kopassus, and other formations and units. The force has grown over the years; in July 1976 the army was estimated to consist of 180,000 personnel, one armoured cavalry brigade, part of Kostrad (one tank battalion, plus support units), 14 infantry brigades (90 infantry, 1 para, 9 artillery, 11 anti-aircraft, and 9 engineer battalions) of which three of the brigades were in Kostrad, two airborne brigades totaling six battalions, also part of Kostrad, one independent tank battalion, 7 independent armoured cavalry battalions, and four independent para-commando battalions.[4]

Contents

[edit] Military Area Commands

Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008
The Military Area Commands (Kodam) as of 2007
RM-70 rocket launchers, Indonesia has seven units, which are spread throughout Indonesia

The Armed Forces' military districts were created by General Soedirman, following the model of the German Wehrkreise system. The system was later ratified in Surat Perintah Siasat No.1, signed by General Soedirman in November 1948.

From 1946 to 1952, the Army had been organised into numerous divisions. These were consolidated in 1951, and then eliminated in 1952. From 1952 to 1958-59, the Army was organised into seven Tentara & Teritoriums. In August 1958, the Indonesian Army reorganised its territorial commands. There were to be sixteen Kodams from that point in time, which retained earlier divisional titles; the Siliwangi Division, for example, became Kodam VI/Siliwangi.[5]

A reorganization in 1985 made significant changes in the army chain of command. The four multiservice Regional Defense Commands (Kowilhans) and the National Strategic Command (Kostranas) were eliminated from the defense structure, re-establishing the Military Area Command (Kodam), or regional command, as the key organization for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services.[6] The chain of command flowed directly from the ABRI commander in chief to the ten Kodam commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands.

The Kodams incorporate provincial and district commands each with a number of infantry battalions, sometimes a cavalry battalion, artillery, or engineers.[7] Some have Raider battalions attached. Currently there are 12 Military Area Commands, and these are:

[edit] Operational Commands

Indonesian Army HQ in Jakarta. The statue is of Sudirman
  • Special Forces Command (Kopassus), est 5,530 divided is composed of five groups, Grup 1/Parakomando (Para Commando), Grup 2/Parakomando (Para Commando), Pusat Pendidikan Pasukan Khusus (Training), Grup 3/Sandhi Yudha (Combat Intelligence), SAT 81/Penanggulangan Teror (Counter-terrorism); plus the Presidential Guard (Paspampres) and headquarters. Each group is headed by a Colonel and all groups are para-commando qualified. Of note is the unusual nature of Group IV, possibly also called "Sandhy Yudha," which consists of select members from Groups I, II, and III. The duties of these specially trained personnel include attacking behind enemy lines (Infiltration tactics). Group IV also, reportedly[who?], works with the Joint Intelligence Unit on interrogations, and carries out clandestine operations around the country.
  • Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), is the Indonesian Army's Strategic Reserve Command. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has around 40,000 troops.[11] It also supervises operational readiness among all commands and conducts defense and security operations at the strategic level in accordance with policies of the TNI commander.
    • Infantry Division 1 Kostrad, with 13th Infantry Brigade and the 17th Airborne Brigade, plus Field Artillery Regiment 2
    • 2nd Division, with 6th and 9th Infantry, and the 18th Airborne Brigades, plus a field artillery regiment
    • 3rd Airborne Infantry Brigade, Ujung Pandang (ex-Kopassus 3rd Group)[12]
    • KOSTRAD also commands several combat service support units such as combat engineers.
  • Army Aviation Command The army had its own small air arm that performs liaison and limited transport duties. It operates 100 aircraft in several helicopter and aircraft squadrons composed mostly of light aircraft and small transports, such as the IPTN produced CN-235.

[edit] Equipment

[edit] Infantry weapons and equipment

[edit] Small arms

Name Origin Type Caliber Notes
Pindad P1/P2[13]  Indonesia Semi-automatic pistol 9x19mm Local copy of the Browning Hi-Power. Approximately 30,000 P1s and 2,000 P2s manufactured.
Colt M1911  United States Semi-automatic pistol .45 ACP
SIG Sauer P226  Switzerland Semi-automatic pistol 9x19mm For use by Kopassus.
Pindad PM2[13]  Indonesia Submachine gun 9x19mm
MP5 series  Germany Submachine gun 9x19mm Used by special forces
AK-47[13]  Soviet Union Assault rifle 7.62x39mm
Pindad SS1[13]  Indonesia Assault rifle 5.56x45mm Based on the FN FNC
Pindad SS2[13]  Indonesia Assault rifle 5.56x45mm Modernized SS1.
M16[13]  United States Assault rifle 5.56x45mm
Pindad SPR-1[13]  Indonesia Sniper rifle 7.62x51mm
Pindad SPR-3[13]  Indonesia Sniper rifle 7.62x51mm
Pindad SPR-2[13]  Indonesia Anti-materiel rifle 12.7x99mm
Pindad SM3  Indonesia Light machine gun 5.56x45mm Locally produced version of the FN Minimi.
Pindad SM2[13]  Indonesia General purpose machine gun 7.62x51mm Locally produced version of the FN MAG.
Pindad SMB-QCB  Indonesia Heavy machine gun 12.7x99mm Locally produced version of the CIS 50MG.

[edit] Grenade and rocket systems

Name Origin Type Quantity Notes
Pindad SPG1  Indonesia Under barrel grenade launcher First locally produced grenade Launcher.
M79  United States Single-shot grenade launcher
AT-13 Metis M  Russia Anti tank missile launchers
M80 Rocket Launcher[14]  Yugoslavia Shoulder-fired missile

[edit] Tanks

Model Origin Type Quantity Acquired Notes
Leopard 2A6  Germany Main Battle Tank 0 100 - 150 100 Units is on order as confirmed by General Pramono Edy Wibowo [15][16]
AMX-13  France Light tank 300 To be upgraded
FV101 Scorpion 90  United Kingdom Light tank 85

[edit] Armoured Personnel Carrier

Model Origin Type Quantity Acquired Notes
AMX-VTT  France Armoured Personnel Carrier 200
K21  South Korea Infantry Fighting Vehicle 22
BMP-3  Russia Infantry Fighting Vehicle
VAB  France Armoured Personnel Carrier 46 14 were originally supplied. Another 32 were acquired in 2006 for the Indonesian peacekeeping mission in Lebanon.[17]
Alvis Stormer  United Kingdom Armoured Personnel Carrier ~70 Includes the armoured personnel carrier, command post, ambulance, recovery, logistics and bridge laying variants.[18]
Pindad APS-3  Indonesia Armoured Personnel Carrier 154[19] 2008–2010 20 units were received in February 2009,[20] 40 were received in July 2009[21] while another 33 were received in Jan 2010.[22]
Pindad APR-1V  Indonesia Armoured Personnel Carrier 14 2004 Early predecessor to the Pindad PS-3. Based on a commercial Isuzu truck chassis. Follow on orders cancelled following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

[edit] Armoured Car

Model Origin Type Quantity Acquired Notes
FV601 Saladin  United Kingdom Armoured Car 69
Ferret[citation needed]  United Kingdom Armoured Car 55
Cadillac Gage Scout  United States Armoured Car 26 1983
BTR-40[citation needed]  Soviet Union Armoured Car 100-130 1963–1965 Locally modified from armoured personnel carrier to armoured reconnaissance variants.[23]

[edit] Utility, Support, and Logistics vehicles

Model Origin Type Quantity Acquired Notes
M151 MUTT  United States Light utility vehicle
Renault Sherpa 2  France Light utility vehicle 30 July 2011 Announced in July 2011[24]
Land Rover LWB  United Kingdom Light utility vehicle
Steyr Puch Haflinger 700 AP  Austria Light utility vehicle
Nissan Q4W73  Japan Light truck
DAF YA400  Netherlands Transport truck
Unimog  Germany Medium truck
Steyr 680M  Austria Medium truck
Bedford MK  United Kingdom Light truck
Steyr 17M29  Austria Medium truck
Cakra FAV  Indonesia Fast attack vehicle


[edit] Artillery and Air Defence Systems

Model Origin Type Quantity Acquired Notes
BM-30 Smerch  Russia 300mm Multiple rocket launcher 0 12 On order-TBD
NDL-40  Indonesia Multiple rocket launcher 50 77 mm rockets. Built by PTDI
Bofors 40 mm[citation needed]  Sweden Anti-aircraft artillery
M48  Yugoslavia 76mm Mountain gun unknown number To be replaced
57 mm AZP S-60  Russia 57mm Anti-aircraft artillery 256
M101 howitzer & KH 178 105mm [25]  United States /  South Korea Towed artillery 54
FH-2000[25]  Singapore Towed artillery 8
POPRAD ( a version of Grom (missile) in KOBRA V-SHORAD air defense system [26] )  Poland Short Ranged Surface-to-air missile unknown number but believed more than 70 [27]
Rapier missile  United Kingdom Surface-to-air missile 120 Not operational, to be replaced due to service life
RBS-70  Sweden Surface-to-air missile 45

Indonesia also will acquire unknown number of CAESAR self-propelled howitzer from France[28].

[edit] Aircraft

Aircraft Origin Type Versions In service[29] Notes
Aero Commander  United States utility transport 680 3
AH-64 Apache  United States Attack helicopter 0 8 on order[30]
Bell 47  United States utility helicopter 47G 10
Bell UH-1 Iroquois  United States utility helicopter UH-1D 10
Bell 412  United States/ Indonesia transport helicopter 412
412SP		 14
14		 Built under license by PTDI
Britten-Norman Islander  United Kingdom utility transport BN-2A 1 Possibly not operational
CASA C-212 Aviocar  Spain/ Indonesia tactical transport 4 Fully tranfer to produce on PTDI
Cessna 310  United States utility transport 4
C-47 Skytrain  United States tactical transport 2 Possibly not operational
Eurocopter Bo 105  Germany/ Indonesia utility helicopter 30 Built under license by PTDI
Mil Mi-17 Hip-H  Russia transport & light attack helicopter Mi-17-V5 16
Mil Mi-35 Hind  Russia attack helicopter Mi-35 Hind-F 8 [31]
Schweizer 300  United States utility helicopter 300C 6

[edit] List of Army Chief of Staffs

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ The Asian Conventional Military Balance 2006, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 26 June 2006, p. 72, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance.pdf 
  2. ^ Schwarz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s Allen & Unwin ISBN 1 86373 635 2, p 215
  3. ^ Hill-Smith, Charlie (2009) Strange Birds in Paradise: A West Papuan Story
  4. ^ IISS, The Military Balance 1976-77, p.55, ISBN 0 900492 98 8
  5. ^ Ken Conboy, Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces, Equinox Publishing, Jakarta/Singapore, 2003, p.79
  6. ^ Library of Congress Country Study, Indonesia, November 1992, Organization of the Armed Forces
  7. ^ The Military Balance 2006, International Institute for Strategic Studies
  8. ^ a b c Huxley 1997, p.39
  9. ^ BBC, RI Military Area Commander Files Complaint Over Political Candidates, January 2009
  10. ^ See also http://orbat.com/site/history/open_vol2/Indonesian%20Military%20Garrison%20West%20Papua.pdf
  11. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2008, p.382
  12. ^ Independent status of 3rd Airborne Infantry Brigade is as reported in Tim Huxley, 'Indonesia's armed forces face up to new threats,' Jane's Intelligence Review, January 1997, p.40
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "TNI Angkatan Darat - Situs Resmi TNI Angkatan Darat" (in Indonesian). 19 March 2011. http://www.tniad.mil.id/pengmil/pengmil.php. 
  14. ^ ANNUAL REPORT ON THE TRANSFERS OF CONTROLLED GOODS IN 2008 - Serbia, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 24 September 2010, http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/transfers/transparency/national_reports/serbia/SER_08.pdf/view 
  15. ^ http://us.detiknews.com/read/2011/11/11/172841/1765761/10/tni-ad-akan-beli-100-tank-leopard-8-heli-apache-baru-dari-eropa
  16. ^ http://id.berita.yahoo.com/segera-tni-miliki-150-tank-leopard-063501631.html;_ylt=AinTs2M2ocXWYUW8mbVQh2V9V8d_;_ylu=X3oDMTQzcmRwdGs1BG1pdANBcnRpY2xlIFJlbGF0ZWQEcGtnAzM5ZmExNTQ4LTNlZjktMzliNy04MTE2LTdkNzBjMGVjNzA2OQRwb3MDNQRzZWMDTWVkaWFBcnRpY2xlUmVsYXRlZAR2ZXIDYjZlN2FjNjAtNDE5ZS0xMWUxLWJhZjctODg1Mzk1NmVlMTEy;_ylg=X3oDMTM5bGcxcHRsBGludGwDaWQEbGFuZwNpZC1pZARwc3RhaWQDZWMxZWUxODItNThiMy0zNDA5LTg5NjgtZGFmMjk2OTIzMWU5BHBzdGNhdANuYXNpb25hbHxwb2xpdGlrBHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQR0ZXN0Aw--;_ylv=3
  17. ^ "TNI defends purchase of 32 armored vehicles". The Jakarta Post. 2006-09-18. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/09/18/tni-defends-purchase-32-armored-vehicles.html. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
  18. ^ "Stormer - Light Armoured Vehicles - Jane's Land Forces". Jane's Information Group. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090506200710/http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/supplement/lav/lav_stormer.shtml. 
  19. ^ "PINDAD DELIVERS 40 UNITS OF 6x6 ARMOURED PERSONNEL CARRIER TO DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE" (Press release). Pindad. August 2009. http://pindad.com/news800.php?bahasa=2&varkdnews=N00009. Retrieved 19 March 2011. 
  20. ^ "First made-in-Indonesia APCs handed to Army". The Jakarta Post. 2009-02-28. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/02/28/first-madeinindonesia-apcs-handed-army.html. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
  21. ^ "TNI to receive 40 new armored vehicles". The Jakarta Post. 2009-07-10. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/07/10/tni-receive-40-new-armored-vehicles.html. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
  22. ^ "Pindad Serahkan 33 Panser". Media Indonesia. 2010-01-13. http://www.mediaindonesia.com/index.php/read/2010/01/13/116750/17/1/Pindad_Serahkan_33_Panser. Retrieved 010-01-13. 
  23. ^ BTR-40 series of wheeled armoured vehicles
  24. ^ http://www.renault-trucks-defense.com/en/news/renault-trucks-defense-receive-new-orders-from-indonesia.html
  25. ^ a b http://pussenarmed.kodiklat-tniad.mil.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=57
  26. ^ http://www.armyrecognition.com/indo_defence_2010_news_pictures_video_actualites/bumar_at_indodefence_2010_with_kobra_short-range_modular_air_defence_system_820.51_kb_polish_poland.html
  27. ^ http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/Indonesia-Indonesia.html
  28. ^ http://alutsista.blogspot.com/2012/01/caesar-nexter-155mm-next-howitzer-armed.html
  29. ^ "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15, 2007.
  30. ^ http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/11/10/26/lto7tu-sjafriekalau-pt-di-bisa-lebih-murah-kemenhan-akan-beli-lebih-banyak
  31. ^ http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/indonesia/index.php

[edit] External links

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