List of Soyuz missions
This is a list of crewed and uncrewed flights of Soyuz series spacecraft.
The Soyuz programme is an ongoing human spaceflight programme which was initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It is the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes. Since the 1990s, as the successor state to the Soviet Union, Russia has continued and expanded the programme, which became part of a multinational collaboration to ensure a permanent human presence in low Earth orbit on the International Space Station (ISS). Soyuz spacecraft previously visited the Salyut and Mir space stations. Between the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011 and the first orbital flight of SpaceX's Crew Dragon in 2019, Soyuz were the only human-rated orbital spacecraft in operation, and the only way to transport crews to the ISS. Russia plans to succeed Soyuz in the 2020s with the Federatsiya/Orel programme, using new reusable capsules launching on Angara rockets, to transport cosmonauts to orbit and to a space station around the Moon.
Crewed mission numbers and spacecraft generations
Beginning in 1966, the Soyuz programme has sent humans into space on a regular basis for over fifty years. Due to its length, the program has a complex history, which may lead to confusion about its mission numbers. The mission numbering scheme for crewed Soyuz flights is closely related to the generations of spacecraft. Understanding the former is made significantly easier by understanding the latter.
The first era of the Soyuz programme's crewed missions (Soyuz 1-40) used the 7K series of Soyuz craft, which included the first-generation (1.0) Soyuz 7K-OK, a variant (1.5) Soyuz 7K-OKS, the second-generation (2.0) Soyuz 7K-T, and the (2.5) Soyuz 7K-TM variant. Following this first era, successive eras of crewed missions have had mission numbers which were directly tied to the names of craft used:
- The second era of Soyuz T flights used the third-generation (3.0) craft of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz T-#".
- The third era of Soyuz TM flights used the fourth-generation (4.0) craft of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz TM-#".
- The fourth era of Soyuz TMA flights used the fifth-generation (5.0) craft of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz TMA-#".
- The fifth era of Soyuz TMA-M flights used the fifth-generation variant (5.5) craft of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form "Soyuz TMA-##M".
- The sixth and current era of Soyuz MS flights uses the sixth-generation (6.0) craft of the same name. Mission numbers are of the form: "Soyuz MS-##".
Within each given era, a mission number generally reflects the mission's chronological launch order, e.g. Soyuz TMA-12M was the twelfth mission of the TMA-M era, immediately preceded by Soyuz TMA-11M and immediately followed by Soyuz TMA-13M. Although there are exceptions to this (detailed below in the first table), the mission numbering scheme is usually consistent with chronological launch orders. This is in contrast with the mission numbers of the Space Shuttle program, which were tied to specific mission objectives and did not reflect chronological launch orders, e.g. STS-50, the forty-eighth Shuttle mission, was immediately followed by STS-46, the forty-ninth Shuttle mission.
Era | Mission numbers |
Spacecraft | Spacecraft generation |
"Naive" mission count |
Adding | Subtracting | Crewed missions |
Total crewed missions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Soyuz 1 ... 40 | Soyuz 7K-OK | 1.0 | 40 | 18a[a] (+1) | 2,[b] 20[b] (−2) | 1, 3–9 | 39[c] |
Soyuz 7K-OKS | 1.5 | 10, 11 | ||||||
Soyuz 7K-T | 2.0 | 12–15, 17, 18a, 18, 21, 23–40 | ||||||
Soyuz 7K-TM | 2.5 | 16, 19, 22 | ||||||
2 | Soyuz T-1 ... T-15 | Soyuz T | 3.0 | 15 | T-10a[d] (+1) | T-1[b] (−1) | 2–9, 10a, 10–15 | 15 |
3 | Soyuz TM-1 ... TM-34 | Soyuz TM | 4.0 | 34 | — | TM-1[b] (−1) | 2-34 | 33 |
4 | Soyuz TMA-1 ... TMA-22 | Soyuz TMA | 5.0 | 22 | — | — | 1–22 | 22 |
5 | Soyuz TMA-01M ... TMA-20M | Soyuz TMA-M | 5.5 | 20 | — | — | 1–20 | 20 |
6 | Soyuz MS-01 ... MS-19 | Soyuz MS | 6.0 | 19 | — | MS-14 [b] (−1) | 1–13, 15–19 | 18[e] |
Total crewed missions | 147 |
Soyuz 7K (1966-1981)
The first Soyuz series was the 7K series.
No. | Mission | Spacecraft | Date of launch | Date of landing | Crew (start/landing) | Docking | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Kosmos 133 | Soyuz 7K-OK (A) 11F615 #2[1] |
28 November 1966 | 30 November 1966 | None[2] | Soyuz 7K-OK No.1 — cancelled due to the postponement of the launch of the 2nd ship | Partial |
— | Soyuz 7K-OK No.1 | Soyuz 7K-OK (P) 11F615 #1[3] |
14 December 1966 | N/A | None (rocket exploded on launch pad) | Kosmos 133 — Cancelled | Failure |
— | Kosmos 140 | Soyuz 7K-OK (P) 11F615 #3 |
7 February 1967 | 11 February 1967 | None | Success | |
1 | Soyuz 1 | Soyuz 7K-OK (A) 11F615 #4 |
23 April 1967 | 24 April 1967 | ![]() |
Soyuz 2A — Docking (and launch of the 2nd ship) has been cancelled due to the failure of Soyuz 1 | Failure |
— | Kosmos 186 | Soyuz 7K-OK (A) 11F615 #6 |
27 October 1967 | 31 October 1967 | None | Kosmos 188 | Success |
— | Kosmos 188 | Soyuz 7K-OK (P) 11F615 #5 |
30 October 1967 | 2 November 1967 | None | Kosmos 186 | Success |
— | Kosmos 212 | Soyuz 7K-OK (A) 11F615 #8 |
14 April 1968 | 19 April 1968 | None | Kosmos 213 | Success |
— | Kosmos 213 | Soyuz 7K-OK (P) 11F615 #7 |
15 April 1968 | 20 April 1968 | None | Kosmos 212 | Success |
— | Kosmos 238 | Soyuz 7K-OK 11F615 #9 |
28 August 1968 | 1 September 1968 | None | Success | |
— | Soyuz 2 | Soyuz 7K-OK (P) 11F615 #11 |
25 October 1968 | 28 October 1968 | None | Soyuz 3 — Docking failed due to errors in spacecraft orientation | Partial |
2 | Soyuz 3![]() |
Soyuz 7K-OK (A) 11F615 #10 |
26 October 1968 | 30 October 1968 | ![]() |
Soyuz 2 — Docking failed due to errors in spacecraft orientation | Partial |
3 | Soyuz 4![]() |
Soyuz 7K-OK (A) 11F615 #12 |
14 January 1969 | 17 January 1969 | ![]() |
Soyuz 5 | Success |
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4 | Soyuz 5![]() |
Soyuz 7K-OK (P) 11F615 #13 |
15 January 1969 | 18 January 1969 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Soyuz 4 | Success |
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5 | Soyuz 6 | Soyuz 7K-OK 11F615 #14 |
11 October 1969 | 16 October 1969 | ![]() ![]() |
The crew should have taken pictures of the docking between Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 8, but it wasn't possible | Partial |
6 | Soyuz 7 | Soyuz 7K-OK (A) 11F615 #15 |
12 October 1969 | 17 October 1969 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Soyuz 8 — Failed due to the failure of rendezvous electronics | Partial |
7 | Soyuz 8 | Soyuz 7K-OK (P) 11F615 #16 |
13 October 1969 | 18 October 1969 | ![]() ![]() |
Soyuz 7 — Failed due to the failure of rendezvous electronics | Partial |
8 | Soyuz 9![]() |
Soyuz 7K-OK 11F615 #17 |
1 June 1970 | 19 June 1970 | ![]() ![]() |
Success | |
9 | Soyuz 10![]() |
Soyuz 7K-OKS 11F615A8 #31 |
23 April 1971 | 25 April 1971 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 1 — The crew was unable to hard dock with the station and get into it, due to the broken docking assembly | Failure |
10 | Soyuz 11![]() |
Soyuz 7K-OKS 11F615A8 #32 |
6 June 1971 | 30 June 1971 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 1 | Failure |
— | Kosmos 496 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #33A |
26 June 1972 | 2 July 1972 | None | Success | |
— | Kosmos 573 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #36 |
15 June 1973 | 17 June 1973 | None | Success | |
11 | Soyuz 12 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #37 |
27 September 1973 | 29 September 1973 | ![]() ![]() |
Success | |
— | Kosmos 613 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #34A |
30 November 1973 | 29 January 1974 | None | Success | |
12 | Soyuz 13![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #33 |
18 December 1973 | 26 December 1973 | ![]() ![]() |
Success | |
— | Kosmos 638 | Soyuz 7K-TM 11F615A12 #71 |
3 April 1974 | 13 April 1974 | None | Success | |
— | Kosmos 656 | Soyuz 7K-T/A9 11F615A9 #61 |
27 May 1974 | 29 May 1974 | None | Success | |
13 | Soyuz 14![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T/A9 11F615A9 #62 |
3 July 1974 | 19 July 1974 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 3 | Success |
— | Kosmos 672 | Soyuz 7K-TM 11F615A12 #72 |
12 August 1974 | 18 August 1974 | None | Success | |
14 | Soyuz 15 | Soyuz 7K-T/A9 11F615A9 #63 |
26 August 1974 | 28 August 1974 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 3 — Docking failed due to malfunctioning of Igla docking system, with consequent anticipated reentry | Failure |
15 | Soyuz 16![]() |
Soyuz 7K-TM 11F615A12 #73 |
2 December 1974 | 8 December 1974 | ![]() ![]() |
Success | |
16 | Soyuz 17![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #38 |
11 January 1975 | 9 February 1975 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 4 | Success |
17 | Soyuz 18A | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #39 |
5 April 1975 | 5 April 1975 | ![]() ![]() |
Failure | |
18 | Soyuz 18![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #40 |
24 May 1975 | 26 July 1975 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 4 | Success |
19 | Soyuz 19 | Soyuz 7K-TM 11F615A12 #75 |
15 July 1975 | 21 July 1975 | ![]() ![]() |
Apollo | Success |
— | Soyuz 20 | Soyuz 7K-T/A9 11F615A9 #64 |
17 November 1975 | 16 February 1976 | None | Salyut 4 | Success |
20 | Soyuz 21 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #41 |
6 July 1976 | 24 August 1976 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 5 | Partial |
21 | Soyuz 22 | Soyuz 7K-TM 11F615A12 #74 |
15 September 1976 | 23 September 1976 | ![]() ![]() |
Success | |
22 | Soyuz 23 | Soyuz 7K-T/A9 11F615A9 #65 |
14 October 1976 | 16 October 1976 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 5 — Docking failed due to a docking system failure | Failure |
23 | Soyuz 24 | Soyuz 7K-T/A9 11F615A9 #66 |
7 February 1977 | 25 February 1977 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 5 | Success |
24 | Soyuz 25 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #42 |
9 October 1977 | 11 October 1977 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 — Docking failed due to a docking system failure | Failure |
25 | Soyuz 26 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #43 |
10 December 1977 | 16 January 1978 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
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26 | Soyuz 27 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #44 |
10 January 1978 | 16 March 1978 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
![]() ![]() | |||||||
27 | Soyuz 28![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #45 |
2 March 1978 | 10 March 1978 | ![]() ![]() (The first international crew) |
Salyut 6 | Success |
28 | Soyuz 29![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #46 |
15 June 1978 | 3 September 1978 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
![]() ![]() | |||||||
29 | Soyuz 30![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T/A9 11F615A9 #67 |
27 June 1978 | 5 July 1978 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
30 | Soyuz 31![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #47 |
26 August 1978 | 2 November 1978 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
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31 | Soyuz 32 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #48 |
25 February 1979 | 13 June 1979 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
Landing without crew | |||||||
32 | Soyuz 33![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #49 |
10 April 1979 | 12 April 1979 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 — Docking failed due to main engine failure and Igla docking system failure. The deorbit burn was made using the backup engine | Failure |
33 | Soyuz 34 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #50 |
6 June 1979 | 19 August 1979 | Start without crew | Salyut 6 | Success |
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34 | Soyuz 35 | Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #51 |
9 April 1980 | 3 June 1980 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
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35 | Soyuz 36![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #52 |
26 May 1980 | 31 July 1980 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
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37 | Soyuz 37![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #53 |
23 July 1980 | 11 October 1980 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
![]() ![]() | |||||||
38 | Soyuz 38![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #54 |
18 September 1980 | 26 September 1980 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
41 | Soyuz 39![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #55 |
22 March 1981 | 30 March 1981 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
42 | Soyuz 40![]() |
Soyuz 7K-T 11F615A8 #56 |
14 May 1981 | 22 May 1981 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
Soyuz 7K-L1
Spacecraft designed for Soviet human circumlunar missions. Missions are included under the Zond programme.
No. | Mission | Spacecraft | Date of launch | Date of landing | Crew (start/landing) | Docking | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Kosmos 146 | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 10 March 1967 | 18 March 1967 | None | Success | |
— | Kosmos 154 | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 8 April 1967 | 10 April 1967 | None | Failure | |
— | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 27 September 1967 | None (rocket failure) | Failure | ||
— | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 22 November 1967 | None (rocket failure) | Failure | ||
— | Zond 4 | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 2 March 1968 | 7 March 1968 | None | Partial | |
— | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 22 April 1968 | None (rocket failure) | Failure | ||
— | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.8L | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 21 July 1968 | None (rocket exploded on launch pad) | Failure | ||
— | Zond 5 | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 14 September 1968 | 22 September 1968 | None | Success | |
— | Zond 6 | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 10 November 1968 | 17 November 1968 | None | Partial | |
— | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 20 January 1969 | None (rocket failure) | Failure | ||
— | Zond-M 1 | Soyuz 7K-L1S | 21 February 1969 | None (rocket failure) | Failure | ||
— | Zond-M 2 | Soyuz 7K-L1S | 3 July 1969 | None (rocket failure) | Failure | ||
— | Zond 7 | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 7 August 1969 | 14 August 1969 | None | Success | |
— | Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 | Soyuz 7K-L1E | 28 November 1969 | None (rocket failure) | Failure | ||
— | Zond 8 | Soyuz 7K-L1 | 20 October 1970 | 27 October 1970 | None | Success | |
— | Kosmos 382 | Soyuz 7K-L1E "Zond-LOK" | 2 December 1970 | In orbit | None | In orbit |
Soyuz 7K-LOK
Spacecraft designed for Soviet human lunar orbital and landing missions.
No. | Mission | Spacecraft | Date of launch | Date of landing | Crew (start/landing) | Docking | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 | Soyuz 7K-LOK | 26 June 1971 | None (rocket failure) | Failure | ||
— | Soyuz 7K-LOK No.2 | Soyuz 7K-LOK | 23 November 1972 | None (rocket failure) | Failure |
Soyuz T (1979-1986)
No. | Mission | Spacecraft | Date of launch | Date of landing | Crew (start/landing) | Docking | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Kosmos 670 | Soyuz 7K-S 11F732 #1 |
6 August 1974 | 9 August 1974 | None | Success | |
— | Kosmos 772 | Soyuz 7K-S 11F732 #2 |
29 September 1975 | 2 October 1975 | None | Failure | |
— | Kosmos 869 | Soyuz 7K-S 11F732 #3 |
29 November 1976 | 17 December 1976 | None | Failure | |
— | Kosmos 1001 | Soyuz T 11F732 #4 |
4 April 1978 | 15 April 1978 | None | Failure | |
— | Kosmos 1074 | Soyuz T 11F732 #5 |
31 January 1979 | 1 April 1979 | None | Success | |
— | Soyuz T-1 | Soyuz T 11F732 #6 |
16 December 1979 | 25 March 1980 | None | Salyut 6 | Success |
36 | Soyuz T-2 | Soyuz T 11F732 #7 |
5 June 1980 | 9 June 1980 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
39 | Soyuz T-3 | Soyuz T 11F732 #8 |
27 November 1980 | 10 December 1980 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
40 | Soyuz T-4 | Soyuz T 11F732 #10 |
12 March 1981 | 26 May 1981 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 6 | Success |
43 | Soyuz T-5 | Soyuz T 11F732 #11 |
13 May 1982 | 27 August 1982 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 | Success |
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44 | Soyuz T-6![]() |
Soyuz T 11F732 #9 |
24 June 1982 | 2 July 1982 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 | Success |
45 | Soyuz T-7 | Soyuz T 11F732 #12 |
19 August 1982 | 10 December 1982 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 | Success |
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46 | Soyuz T-8 | Soyuz T 11F732 #13 |
22 April 1983 | 24 April 1983 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 — Docking failed due to a broken antenna | Failure |
47 | Soyuz T-9 | Soyuz T 11F732 #14 |
27 June 1983 | 23 November 1983 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 | Success |
48 | Soyuz T-10A | Soyuz T 11F732 #16 |
26 September 1983 | 26 September 1983 | ![]() ![]() |
Failure | |
49 | Soyuz T-10 | Soyuz T 11F732 #15 |
8 February 1984 | 11 April 1984 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 | Success |
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50 | Soyuz T-11![]() |
Soyuz T 11F732 #17 |
3 April 1984 | 2 October 1984 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 | Success |
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51 | Soyuz T-12 | Soyuz T 11F732 #18 |
17 July 1984 | 29 July 1984 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 | Success |
52 | Soyuz T-13 | Soyuz T 11F732 #19 |
6 June 1985 | 26 September 1986 | ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 — Docked in manual mode, due to the loss of power of the station on 11 February 1985. The mission was intended to restore the power on the station | Success |
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53 | Soyuz T-14 | Soyuz T 11F732 #20 |
17 September 1985 | 21 November 1985 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Salyut 7 | Success |
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54 | Soyuz T-15![]() |
Soyuz T 11F732 #21 |
13 March 1986 | 16 July 1986 | ![]() ![]() |
Mir → Salyut 7 → Mir — First flight between two stations | Success |
Soyuz TM (1987-2002)
Soyuz TMA (2002-2012)
Soyuz TMA-M (2010-2016)
Soyuz MS (2016-)
See also
Notes
- ^ Aborted mission which nevertheless achieved sub-orbital spaceflight, with the crew surviving.
- ^ a b c d e Uncrewed flight.
- ^ Includes five special cases: two fatal missions, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, both of which reached space; Soyuz 19, the Soviet participant in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; Soyuz 32, which sent a crew to the Salyut 6 space station and returned to Earth without its crew, and Soyuz 34, which was launched uncrewed and sent to Salyut 6 to provide the crew of Soyuz 32 with a successful return craft.
- ^ Mission aborted at-launch due to a pad fire, failing to achieve spaceflight; crew survived. Included here as a committed launch attempt and a notable historical example.
- ^ Soyuz MS-10 aborted after launch, failing to reach space; crew survived. Included here as a committed launch attempt and a notable historical example.
References
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica". Archived from the original on 5 July 2002.
Footnotes
- ^ The spacecraft is the active one for docking, and have the active "probe" docking mechanism.
- ^ Automated flight.
- ^ The spacecraft is the passive one for docking, and have the passive "drogue" docking mechanism.
- ^ "Soyuz MS-10 makes emergency landing after a launch failure". Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ "Soyuz rocket failure: What went wrong, and what happens next". 11 October 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2022.