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[[Image:Porn Set 5.jpg|thumb|300px|On the set of a pornographic film.]]
[[Image:Porn Set 5.jpg|thumb|300px|On the set of a pornographic film.]]
'''Pornographic films''' or '''sex films''' are [[film]]s that depict [http://www.gossiphitzlanka.com|''sexual fantasies'' ] and seek to create in the viewer and [[orgasm|erotic satisfaction]]. Such films usually include erotically stimulating material such as [[nudity in film|nudity]] and the [[wikt:explicit|explicit]] portrayal of [[human sexual activity|sexual activity]]. The industry generally refers to such films as '''adult films''', which generally fall into a number of [[List of pornographic sub-genres|sub-genres]].
'''Pornographic films''' or '''sex films''' are [[film]]s that depict [http://www.gossiphitzlanka.com/|''sexual fantasies'' ] and seek to create in the viewer and [[orgasm|erotic satisfaction]]. Such films usually include erotically stimulating material such as [[nudity in film|nudity]] and the [[wikt:explicit|explicit]] portrayal of [[human sexual activity|sexual activity]]. The industry generally refers to such films as '''adult films''', which generally fall into a number of [[List of pornographic sub-genres|sub-genres]].
The invention of the motion picture in the early 1900s provided a new medium for the presentation of [[pornography]] and [[erotica]]. Like pornography in general, pornographic films were regarded as [[obscenity|obscene]] and attempts have been made to suppress them, with varying degrees of success. They were typically available only by underground distribution, for projection at home or in private clubs and also at night cinemas. Only in the 1970s were pornographic films semi-legitimized; and by the 1980s, pornography on [[home video]] achieved wider distribution. The rise of the Internet in the late 1990s and early 2000s similarly changed the way pornography was distributed and furthermore complicated the censorship regimes around the world and the legal prosecution of obscenity.
The invention of the motion picture in the early 1900s provided a new medium for the presentation of [[pornography]] and [[erotica]]. Like pornography in general, pornographic films were regarded as [[obscenity|obscene]] and attempts have been made to suppress them, with varying degrees of success. They were typically available only by underground distribution, for projection at home or in private clubs and also at night cinemas. Only in the 1970s were pornographic films semi-legitimized; and by the 1980s, pornography on [[home video]] achieved wider distribution. The rise of the Internet in the late 1990s and early 2000s similarly changed the way pornography was distributed and furthermore complicated the censorship regimes around the world and the legal prosecution of obscenity.


Revision as of 11:07, 14 February 2014

"Adult film" and "adult movie" redirect here. For non-pornographic animated films with an adult target audience, see adult animation.
On the set of a pornographic film.

Pornographic films or sex films are films that depict sexual fantasies and seek to create in the viewer and erotic satisfaction. Such films usually include erotically stimulating material such as nudity and the explicit portrayal of sexual activity. The industry generally refers to such films as adult films, which generally fall into a number of sub-genres. The invention of the motion picture in the early 1900s provided a new medium for the presentation of pornography and erotica. Like pornography in general, pornographic films were regarded as obscene and attempts have been made to suppress them, with varying degrees of success. They were typically available only by underground distribution, for projection at home or in private clubs and also at night cinemas. Only in the 1970s were pornographic films semi-legitimized; and by the 1980s, pornography on home video achieved wider distribution. The rise of the Internet in the late 1990s and early 2000s similarly changed the way pornography was distributed and furthermore complicated the censorship regimes around the world and the legal prosecution of obscenity.

Pornography is a thriving, financially profitable business. According to a 2005 Reuters article, "The multi-billion-dollar industry releases about 11,000 titles on DVD each year."[1] Pornographic films can be sold or rented out on DVD, shown through Internet and special channels and pay-per-view on cable and satellite, and in adult theaters. However, by 2012, widespread availability of pirate content and other low-cost competition on the Internet had made the pornographic film industry substantially smaller and less profitable.[2][3]

Terminology

Pornography is often referred to as "porn" and a pornographic work as a "porno". Older names for a pornographic movie include "adult film", "stag film", and "blue movie". In general, "softcore" refers to pornography that does not depict sexual penetration or "extreme fetish" acts, while "hardcore" refers to pornography that depicts penetration or extreme fetish acts, or both.

History

Early years

Images from early Austrian erotic movies (about 1906, first image showing Am Sklavenmarkt) by photographer Johann Schwarzer and his Saturn Film company.
See also: History of erotic depictions

Production of erotic films commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture. Two of the earliest pioneers were Frenchmen Eugène Pirou and Albert Kirchner. Kirchner (under the name "Léar") directed the earliest surviving erotic film for Pirou. The 7-minute 1896 film Le Coucher de la Mariee had Louise Willy performing a bathroom striptease.[4] Other French filmmakers also considered that profits could be made from this type of risqué films, showing women disrobing.[5][6]

Because Pirou is nearly unknown as a pornographic filmmaker, credit is often given to other films for being the first. In Black and White and Blue (2008), one of the most scholarly attempts to document the origins of the clandestine 'stag film' trade, Dave Thompson recounts ample evidence that such an industry first had sprung up in the brothels of Buenos Aires and other South American cities by the turn of 20th century, and then quickly spread through Central Europe over the following few years. However, none of these earliest pornographic films are known to have survived. According to Patrick Robertson's Film Facts, "the earliest pornographic motion picture which can definitely be dated is A L'Ecu d'Or ou la bonne auberge" made in France in 1908. The plot depicts a weary soldier who has a tryst with a servant girl at an inn. The Argentinian El Satario, whose original title could have been El Sátiro (The Satyr), might be even older; it has been dated to somewhere between 1907 and 1912.[7] He also notes that "the oldest surviving pornographic films are contained in America's Kinsey Collection. One film demonstrates how early pornographic conventions were established. The German film Am Abend (1910) is a ten-minute film which begins with a woman masturbating alone in her bedroom, and progresses to scenes of her with a man performing straight sex, fellatio and anal penetration."[8]

In Austria, cinemas would organise men-only theatre nights (called Herrenabende) at which adult films would be shown. Johann Schwarzer formed his Saturn-Film production company which between 1906 and 1911 produced 52 erotic productions, each of which contained young local women fully nude, to be shown at those screenings. Before Schwarzer's productions, erotic films were provided by the Pathé brothers from French produced sources. In 1911, Saturn was dissolved by the censorship authorities and the films destroyed.[9]

Pornographic movies were widespread in the silent movie era of the 1920s, and were often shown in brothels. Soon illegal, stag films, or blue films as they were called, were produced underground by amateurs for many years starting in the 1940s. Processing the film took considerable time and resources, with people using their bathtubs to wash the film when processing facilities (often tied to organized crime) were unavailable. The films were then circulated privately or by traveling salesman, but being caught viewing or possessing them put one at the risk of prison.[10][11]

1950s: Home movie projection

The post-war era saw technological developments that further stimulated the growth of a mass market and amateur film-making, particularly the introduction of the 8mm and super-8 film gauges, popular for the home movie market.

Entrepreneurs emerged to meet the demand. In Britain, in the 1950s, Harrison Marks produced films which were considered risqué, and which today would be described as "soft core". In 1958, as an offshoot of his magazines, Marks began making short films for the 8mm market of his models undressing and posing topless, popularly known as “glamour home movies”. To Marks, the term “glamour” was a euphemism for nude modeling/photography.[12]

1960s: Europe

On the continent, sex films were more explicit. Starting in 1961, Lasse Braun was a pioneer in quality colour productions that were, in the early days, distributed by making use of his father's diplomatic privileges. Braun was able to accumulate funds for his lavish productions from the profit gained with so-called loops, ten-minute hardcore movies which he sold to Reuben Sturman, who distributed them to 60,000 American peep show booths.[13] Braun was always on the move, and made his hardcore movies in a number of countries, including Spain, France, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands.

In the 1960s, social and judicial attitudes towards the explicit depiction of sexuality began to change. For example, Swedish film I Am Curious (Yellow) (1967) included numerous frank nude scenes and simulated sexual intercourse. In one particularly controversial scene, Lena kisses her lover's flaccid penis. The film was exhibited in mainstream cinemas, but in 1969 it was banned in Massachusetts allegedly for being pornographic. The ban was challenged in the courts, with the Supreme Court of the United States ultimately declaring that the film was not obscene,[14][15] paving the way for other sexually explicit films. Another Swedish film Language of Love (1969) was also sexually explicit, but was framed as a quasi-documentary sex educational film, which made its legal status uncertain though controversial.

In 1969, Denmark became the first country to abolish all censorship laws enabling pornography, including hardcore pornography. The example was followed by toleration in the Netherlands, also in 1969. There was an explosion of pornography commercially produced in those countries . Now that being a pornographer was legal, there was no shortage of businessmen who invested in plant and equipment capable of turning out a mass-produced, cheap, but quality product. Vast amounts of this new pornography, both magazines and films, needed to be smuggled into other parts of Europe, where it was sold "under the counter" or (sometimes) shown in "members only" cinema clubs.[10]

1970s: Adult theaters and movie booths in the U.S.

In the 1970s, more permissive legislation permitted the rise of adult theaters in the United States and many other countries. There was also a proliferation of coin-operated "movie booths" in sex shops that displayed pornographic "loops" (so called because they projected a movie from film arranged in a continuous loop).

Denmark started producing comparatively big-budget theatrical feature film sex comedies such as Bordellet (1972), the Bedside-films (1970–1976) and the Zodiac-films (1973–1978), starring mainstream actors (a few of whom even performed their own sex scenes) and usually not thought of as "porno films" though all except the early Bedside-films included hardcore pornographic scenes. Several of these films still rank among the most seen films in Danish film history[16] and all remain favourites on home video.[17]

The first explicitly pornographic film with a plot that received a general theatrical release in the U.S. is generally considered to be Mona the Virgin Nymph (also known as Mona), a 59-minute 1970 feature by Bill Osco and Howard Ziehm, who went on to create the relatively high-budget hardcore/softcore (depending on the release) cult film Flesh Gordon.[11][18]

The 1971 film Boys in the Sand represented a number of pornographic firsts. As the first generally available gay pornographic film, the film was the first to include on-screen credits for its cast and crew (albeit largely under pseudonyms), to parody the title of a mainstream film (in this case, The Boys in the Band), and to be reviewed by The New York Times.[19] Other notable American hardcore feature films of the 1970s include Deep Throat (1972), Behind the Green Door (1972), The Devil in Miss Jones (1973), Radley Metzger's The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1975) and Debbie Does Dallas (1978). These were shot on film and screened in mainstream movie theaters. The prediction that frank depictions of onscreen sex would soon become commonplace did not eventuate. William Rotsler expressed this in 1973, "Erotic films are here to stay. Eventually they will simply merge into the mainstream of motion pictures and disappear as a labeled sub-division. Nothing can stop this."[20] In Britain, however, Deep Throat was not approved in its uncut form until 2000 and not shown publicly until June 2005.[11][21][22]

One important court case in the U.S. was Miller v. California (1973). The case established that obscenity was not legally protected, but the case also established the Miller test, a three-pronged test to determine obscenity (which is not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal).

With the arrival of the home video cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like Seka, Ron Jeremy, Christy Canyon, Ginger Lynn, John Holmes, and Traci Lords and directors, such as Gregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of videotape. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because of the different image quality that video tape produced, however, those who did change soon were collecting most of the industry's profits since consumers overwhelmingly preferred the new format. The technology change happened quickly and completely when directors realised that continuing to shoot on film was no longer a profitable option. This change moved the films out of the theaters and into people's private homes. This was the end of the age of big budget productions and the mainstreaming of pornography. It soon went back to its earthy roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible since filming was now so inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands now were, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos.[10][11] One could now not only watch pornography in the comfort and privacy of one's own home, but also find more choices available to satisfy specific fantasies and fetishes.

Similarly, the camcorder spurred changes in pornography in the 1980s, when people could make their own amateur sex movies, whether for private use, or for wider distribution.

The year 1987 saw an important legal case in the U.S. when the de facto result of California v. Freeman was the legalization of hardcore pornography. Ironically, the prosecution of Harold Freeman was initially planned as the first in a series of legal cases that would have effectively outlawed the production of such movies.

1990s: DVD and the Internet age

In the late 1990s, pornographic films were distributed on DVD. These offered better quality picture and sound than the previous video format and allowed innovations such as "interactive" videos that let users choose such variables as multiple camera angles, multiple endings and computer-only DVD content.

The introduction and widespread availability of the Internet further changed the way pornography was distributed. Previously videos would be ordered from an adult bookstore, or through mail-order; but with the Internet people could watch pornographic movies on their computers, and instead of waiting weeks for an order to arrive, a movie could be downloaded within minutes (or, later, within a few seconds).

Pornography can be distributed over the Internet in a number of ways, including paysites, video hosting services, and peer-to-peer file sharing. While pornography had been traded electronically since the 1980s, it was in the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991 as well as the opening of the Internet to the general public around the same time that led to an explosion in online pornography.

Viv Thomas, Paul Thomas, Andrew Blake, Antonio Adamo, and Rocco Siffredi were prominent directors of pornographic films in the 1990s. In 1998, the Danish, Oscar-nominated film production company Zentropa became the world's first mainstream film company to openly produce hardcore pornographic films, starting with Constance (1998). That same year, Zentropa also produced Idioterne (1998), directed by Lars von Trier, which won many international awards and was nominated for a Golden Palm in Cannes. The film includes a shower sequence with a male erection and an orgy scene with close-up penetration footage (the camera viewpoint is from the ankles of the participants, and the close-ups leave no doubt as to what is taking place). Idioterne started a wave of international mainstream arthouse films featuring explicit sexual images, such as Catherine Breillat's Romance, which starred pornstar Rocco Siffredi.

In 1999, the Danish TV-channel Kanal København started broadcasting hardcore films at night, uncoded and freely available to any TV-viewer in the Copenhagen area (as of 2009, this is still the case, courtesy of Innocent Pictures, a company started by Zentropa).[23]

Once people could watch adult movies in the privacy of their own homes, a new adult market developed that far exceeded the scope of its theater-centric predecessor. More recently, the Internet has served as catalyst for creating a still-larger market for porn, a market that is even less traditionally theatrical.

As of the 2000s, there were hundreds of adult film companies, releasing tens of thousands of productions, recorded directly on video, with minimal sets. Of late, web-cams and web-cam recordings are again expanding the market. Thousands of pornographic actors work in front of the camera to satisfy pornography consumers' demand.

2010s: Competition and contraction

By the 2010s, the fortunes of the pornography industry had changed. With reliably profitable DVD sales being largely supplanted by streaming media delivery over the Internet, competition from pirate, amateur and low-cost professional content on the Internet had made the industry substantially less profitable, leading to it shrinking in size.[2][3]

Pornographic film industry

See also: Sex industry

The global pornographic film industry is dominated by the United States, with the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, California being the heart of the industry.[24] This being the case, most figures on the size of the industry refer solely to the United States. Pornographic film studios are also centered in Houston, Las Vegas Valley, New York City, Phoenix and Miami. These produce primarily amateur or "independent" porn films.[citation needed]

In 1975, the total retail value of all the hardcore pornography in the United States was estimated at $5–10 million.[25] The 1979, Revision of the Federal Criminal Code stated that "in Los Angeles alone, the porno business does $100 million a year in gross retain volume." According to the 1986 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, American adult entertainment industry has grown considerably over the past thirty years by continually changing and expanding to appeal to new markets, though the production is considered to be low-profile and clandestine.[26]

The total current income of the country's adult entertainment is often estimated at $10–13 billion, of which $4–6 billion are legal. The figure is often credited to a study by Forrester Research and was lowered in 1998.[27] In 2007 The Observer newspaper also gave a figure of $13 billion.[28] Other sources, quoted by Forbes (Adams Media Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, and IVD), even taking into consideration all possible means (video networks and pay-per-view movies on cable and satellite, web sites, in-room hotel movies, phone sex, sex toys, and magazines) mention the $2.6–3.9 billion figure (without the cellphone component). USA Today claimed in 2003 that websites such as Danni's Hard Drive and Cybererotica.com generated $2 billion in revenue in that year, which was allegedly about 10% of the overall domestic porn market at the time.[29] The adult movies income (from sale and rent) was once estimated by AVN Publications at $4.3 billion but the figure obtaining is unclear. According to the 2001 Forbes data the annual income distribution is:

Adult Video $500 million to $1.8 billion
Internet $1 billion
Magazines $1 billion
Pay-per-view $128 million
Mobile $30 million[30]

The Online Journalism Review, published by the Annenberg School of Communication at the University of Southern California, weighed in with an analysis that favored Forbes' number. The financial extent of adult films, distributed in hotels, is hard to estimate—hotels keep statistics to themselves or do not keep them at all.[31]

The world's largest adult movie studio Vivid Entertainment generates an estimated $100 million a year in revenue, distributing 60 films annually[32] and selling them in video stores, hotel rooms, on cable systems, and on the internet. Spanish-based studio Private Media Group was listed on the NASDAQ until November 2011. Video rentals soared from just under 80 million in 1985 to a half-billion by 1993.[33] Some subsidiaries of major corporations are the largest pornography sellers, like News Corporation's DirecTV. Comcast, the nation's largest cable company, once pulled in $50 million from adult programming. Revenues of companies such as Playboy and Hustler were small by comparison.[34]

Pornographic actors

Main article: Pornographic film actor
Nina Hartley at Adult Video Show, Las Vegas, 1997.
The film set for a medical fetishism scene

Pornographic films attempt to present a sexual fantasy and the actors selected for a particular role are primarily selected on their ability to create that fantasy. Depending on the genre of the film, the on-screen appearance and physical features of the main actors and their ability to create the sexual mood of the film is of critical importance. Most actors specialise in certain genres. Irrespective of the genre, most actors are required to appear nude in pornographic films.

In heterosexual sex films, the primary focus is on the women in them, who are mostly selected for their willingness and experience in performing the required sex acts and on their on-screen appearance. Most male performers in heterosexual pornography are generally selected less for their looks than for their sexual prowess, namely their ability to do three things: achieve an erection while on a busy film set, maintain that erection while performing on camera, and then ejaculate on cue.[35]

Traditionally, pornographic film actors mainined a low profile, using pseudonyms to maintain a level of anonymity. Arguably the first pornstar to become a household name was Linda Lovelace (a pseudonym) from the United States, who starred in the 1972 feature Deep Throat. Casey Donovan, star of the first mainstream pornographic hit Boys in the Sand in 1971,[36] achieved name recognition nearly a year before Deep Throat debuted. The success of Deep Throat, which grossed millions of dollars worldwide, spawned a slew of other films and pornographic film stars such as Marilyn Chambers (Behind the Green Door), Gloria Leonard (The Opening of Misty Beethoven), Georgina Spelvin (The Devil in Miss Jones), and Bambi Woods (Debbie Does Dallas). Other well-known performers from the 1970s and early 1980s included Seka, John Holmes, Ginger Lynn Allen, Veronica Hart, Nina Hartley and Amber Lynn.

Main article: List of pornography laws by region

In the United States, the Supreme Court held in 1969 that State laws making mere private possession of obscene material a crime are invalid.[37] Further attempts were made in the 1970s in the United States to close down the pornography industry, this time by prosecuting those in the industry on prostitution charges. The prosecution started in the courts in California in the case of People v. Freeman. The California Supreme Court acquitted Freeman and distinguished between someone who takes part in a sexual relationship for money (prostitution) versus someone whose role is merely portraying a sexual relationship on-screen as part of their acting performance. The State did not appeal to the United States Supreme Court making the decision binding in California, where most pornographic films are made today.[24][38]

At present, no other state in the United States has either implemented or accepted this legal distinction between commercial pornography performers versus prostitutes as shown in the Florida case where sex film maker Clinton Raymond McCowen, aka "Ray Guhn", was indicted on charges of "soliciting and engaging in prostitution" for his creation of pornography films which included "McCowen and his associates recruited up to 100 local men and women to participate in group sex scenes, the affidavit says."[39] The distinction that California has in its legal determination in the Freeman decision is usually denied in most states' local prostitution laws, which do not specifically exclude performers from such inclusion.

In some cases, some states have ratified their local state laws for inclusion to prevent California's Freeman decision to be applied to actors who are paid a fee for sexual actions within their state borders. One example is the state of Texas whose prostitution law specifically states:

An offense is established under Subsection (a)(1) whether the actor is to receive or pay a fee. An offense is established under Subsection (a)(2) whether the actor solicits a person to hire him or offers to hire the person solicited.[40]

In the United States, federal law prohibits the sale, distribution or dissemination of obscene materials through the mail, over the broadcast airwaves, on cable or satellite TV, on the Internet, over the telephone or by any other means that cross state lines. [41] Most states also have specific laws banning the sale or distribution of obscene pornography within state borders. The only protection for obscene material recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States is personal possession in the home Stanley v. Georgia.

The Supreme Court of the United States affirmed in Miller v. California that obscenity was not protected speech. Further, the court ruled that each community is responsible for setting its own standards about what is considered to be obscene material. If pornographic material is prosecuted and brought to trial, a jury can deem it obscene based on:

  1. whether "the average person, applying contemporary community standards" would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest
  2. whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law and
  3. whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.

In many countries pornography is legal to distribute and to produce, however, there are some restrictions. Pornography is also banned in some countries, in particular in the Muslim world and China, but can be accessed through the Internet in some of these nations.

Health issues

Main article: HIV/AIDS in the pornographic film industry

Sex acts in pornographic films have traditionally been performed without the use of condoms, with an accompanying risk of sexually transmitted disease among performers. In the 1980s, an outbreak of HIV infection led to the deaths through AIDS of several actors and actresses. This led to the creation of the Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation, which helped set up a system in the U.S. adult film industry where erotic actors are tested for HIV every 30 days.[42] As of 2013, HIV infection of performers in the U.S. pornography industry has been rare, with only a few outbreaks being recorded over the subsequent three decades.

Several proposals have been made to regulate the pornographic film industry to further reduce the risk of infection, including most recently the passage of Measure B in Los Angeles County, California.

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ "Porn Business Driving DVD Technology - BizReport". Retrieved 26 August 2006.
  2. ^ a b Louis Theroux (5 June 2012). "How the internet killed porn". The Guardian.
  3. ^ a b David Rosen (May 27, 2013). "Is Success Killing the Porn Industry?". AlterNet.
  4. ^ Richard Abel, Encyclopedia of early cinema, Taylor & Francis, 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-23440-5, p.518
  5. ^ Bottomore, Stephen (1996). "Léar (Albert Kirchner)". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 15 October 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Bottomore, Stephen (1996). "Eugène Pirou". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 15 October 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Radar supplement online - "The first time" (Spanish)
  8. ^ Robertson, Patrick (December 2001). Film Facts. Billboard Books. p. 256. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.
  9. ^ Michael Achenbach, Paolo Caneppele, Ernst Kieninger: Projektionen der Sehnsucht: Saturn, die erotischen Anfänge der österreichischen Kinematografie. Filmarchiv Austria, Wien 2000, ISBN 3-901932-04-6.
  10. ^ a b c Chris Rodley, Dev Varma, Kate Williams III (Directors) Marilyn Milgrom, Grant Romer, Rolf Borowczak, Bob Guccione, Dean Kuipers (Cast) (7 March 2006). Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization (DVD). Port Washington, NY: Koch Vision. ISBN 1-4172-2885-7. Retrieved 21 October 2006.
  11. ^ a b c d Corliss, Richard (29 March 2005). "That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic". Time Magazine. Time inc. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
  12. ^ OED -glamour
  13. ^ Eric Schlosser, Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market (Houghton Mifflin Books, 2004), p. 143.
  14. ^ Byrne v. Karalexis, 396 U.S. 976 (1969) and 401 U.S. 216 (1971)
  15. ^ I Am Curious / Jag är nyfiken | Film International
  16. ^ Top 250 of Danish cinema ticket sales
  17. ^ "Sengekant (inkl. en uges skiferie)". Ekko.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  18. ^ Mehendale, Rachel (9 February 2006). "Is porn a problem?" (PDF). The Daily Texan. pp. 17, 22. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
  19. ^ Edmonson, Roger (October 1998). Boy in the Sand: Casey Donovan, All-American Sex Star. Alyson Books. p. 264. ISBN 1-55583-457-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Schaefer, Eric (Fall 2005). "Dirty Little Secrets: Scholars, Archivists, and Dirty Movies". The Moving Image. 5 (2). University of Minnesota Press: 79–105. doi:10.1353/mov.2005.0034.
  21. ^ Hattenstone, Simon (11 June 2005). "After 33 years, Deep Throat, the film that shocked the US, gets its first British showing". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
  22. ^ "Porn film on 'landmark 100' list". BBC News. BBC. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  23. ^ Kanal København
  24. ^ a b CBSNews.com Porn in the U.S.A.
  25. ^ Amis, Martin (17 March 2001). "A rough trade". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  26. ^ Fisher, Louis (1995). American Constitutional Law. ISBN 0-07-021223-6.
  27. ^ Ackman, Dan (25 May 2001). "How Big Is Porn?". Forbes.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  28. ^ Helmore, Edward (16 December 2007). "Home porn gives industry the blues". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  29. ^ Swartz, Jon (9 March 2004). "Online porn often leads high-tech way". USATODAY.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  30. ^ Strauss, Gary (12 December 2005). "Cellphone technology rings in pornography in USA". USATODAY.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  31. ^ Bradley, Matt (6 September 2006). "Groups protest porn on hotel TVs". USATODAY.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  32. ^ Pulley, Brett (27 March 2005). "The Porn King". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Money.CNN.com Prime-Time Porn Borrowing tactics from the old Hollywood studios...
  34. ^ Egan, Timothy (23 October 2000). Wall Street Meets Pornography. The New York Times.
  35. ^ Jameson, Jenna (2004). How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-053909-7. (Y)ou have to be able to get it up at will. You have to keep an erection, go a long time without coming, and then come on command. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "40 Years of Gay History: the Early Seventies". Advocate.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
  37. ^ Sanley v. Georgia, 394 U. S. 557 (1969)
  38. ^ But see news.com.au: Coffee shop girls face charges over sex shows February 08, 2010
  39. ^ "Webmaster Ray Guhn Arrested in Florida". xbiz.com. Retrieved June 26, 2006. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ "Texas Penal Code, Chapter 43: Public Indecency". Texas Legislature. Retrieved April 18, 2007.[dead link]
  41. ^ "18 USC Chapter 71 - OBSCENITY | Title 18 - Crimes and Criminal Procedure | U.S. Code | LII / Legal Information Institute". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
  42. ^ Basten, Fred (1998). Porn King: The John Holmes Story. John Holmes Inc. ISBN 1-880047-69-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Bibliography
  • Patrick Robertson: Film Facts, 2001, Billboard Books, ISBN 0-8230-7943-0


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