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{{for|missions flown by the Soviet Buran spacecraft, sometimes referred to as a space shuttle|List of Buran missions}}
{{for|missions flown by the Soviet Buran spacecraft, sometimes referred to as a space shuttle|List of Buran missions}}
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|[[File:STS-73 landing.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. shuttle ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'' landing at the end of [[STS-73]] (November&nbsp;5, 1995)]]
|[[File:STS-73 landing.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. shuttle ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'' landing at the end of [[STS-73]] (5&mbsp;November 1995)]]
|}
|}
The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable [[low Earth orbit]]al [[spacecraft]] system operated by the U.S. [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA). Its official program name was ''Space Transportation System'', taken from a 1969 plan for [[Space Transportation System|a system of reusable spacecraft]] of which it was the only item funded for development.<ref name=intro-taskGroup>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html |title=Report of the Space Task Group, 1969 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Operational missions launched numerous [[satellite]]s (including the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]), conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the [[International Space Station]]. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.
The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable [[low Earth orbit]]al [[spacecraft]] system operated by the U.S. [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA). Its official program name was ''Space Transportation System'', taken from a 1969 plan for [[Space Transportation System|a system of reusable spacecraft]] of which it was the only item funded for development.<ref name=intro-taskGroup>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html |title=Report of the Space Task Group, 1969 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Operational missions launched numerous [[satellite]]s (including the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]), conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.


From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, launched from [[Kennedy Space Center]] (KSC) in Florida. During that time the fleet totaled 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.<ref name="intro-ShuttleByNumbers">{{cite web | url=http://www.space.com/12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html | title=NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon | publisher=Space.com | date=21 July 2011 | accessdate=18 June 2014 | author=Malik, Tarik}}</ref> The longest orbital flight of the shuttle was [[STS-80]] at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was [[STS-51-L]] at 1 minute 13 seconds, cut short when the space shuttle ''[[space shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'' broke apart during launch. The shuttles docked with Russian space station ''[[Mir]]'' nine times and visited the [[International Space Station|ISS]] 37 times. The highest altitude achieved by the shuttle was 350 miles when servicing the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<ref name="intro-forbes">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/04/18/5-horrifying-facts-you-didnt-know-about-the-space-shuttle/2/ |title=5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle |author=Pinchefsky, Carol |work=Forbes |date=18 April 2012 |accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries.<ref name="intro-nasafacts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/566250main_2011.07.05%20SHUTTLE%20ERA%20FACTS.pdf |title=Space Shuttle Era Facts |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |year=2011 |format=PDF |accessdate=6 January 2015 |id=FS-2011-7-142-KSC}}</ref> The [[Kennedy Space Center]] served as the landing site for 78 missions while 54 missions landed at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], [[California]] and one at [[White Sands, New Mexico|White Sands]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name="intro-launch">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/ |title=Space Shuttle Launch and Landing |author1=Ryba, Jeanne |author2=Brian Dunbar |date=11 September 2012 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>
From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, launched from [[Kennedy Space Center]] (KSC) in Florida. During that time the fleet totaled 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.<ref name="intro-ShuttleByNumbers">{{cite web | url=http://www.space.com/12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html | title=NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon | publisher=Space.com | date=21 July 2011 | accessdate=18 June 2014 | author=Malik, Tarik}}</ref> The longest orbital flight of the shuttle was [[STS-80]] at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was [[STS-51-L]] at 1 minute 13 seconds, cut short when the space shuttle ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'' broke apart during launch. The shuttles docked with Russian space station ''[[Mir]]'' 9 times and visited the [[International Space Station|ISS]] 37 times. The highest altitude achieved by the shuttle was 350 miles when servicing the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<ref name="intro-forbes">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/04/18/5-horrifying-facts-you-didnt-know-about-the-space-shuttle/2/ |title=5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle |author=Pinchefsky, Carol |work=Forbes |date=18 April 2012 |accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries.<ref name="intro-nasafacts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/566250main_2011.07.05%20SHUTTLE%20ERA%20FACTS.pdf |title=Space Shuttle Era Facts |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |year=2011 |format=PDF |accessdate=6 January 2015 |id=FS-2011-7-142-KSC}}</ref> The [[Kennedy Space Center]] served as the landing site for 78 missions while 54 missions landed at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], [[California]] and 1 at [[White Sands, New Mexico|White Sands]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name="intro-launch">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/ |title=Space Shuttle Launch and Landing |author1=Ryba, Jeanne |author2=Brian Dunbar |date=11 September 2012 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>


The first orbiter, ''[[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]]'', was built purely for [[Approach and Landing Tests|atmospheric flight tests]] and had no orbital capability. Four full operational orbiters were initially built: ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', and ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]''. ''Challenger'' and ''Columbia'' were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'', was built in 1991 to replace ''Challenger''. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of [[STS-135]] by ''Atlantis'' on 21 July 2011.<ref name="intro-tech">Jenkins, p. 524</ref>
The first orbiter, ''[[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]]'', was built purely for [[Approach and Landing Tests|atmospheric flight tests]] and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', and ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]''. ''Challenger'' and ''Columbia'' were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'', was built in 1991 to replace ''Challenger''. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of [[STS-135]] by ''Atlantis'' on 21 July 2011.<ref name="intro-tech">Jenkins, p. 524</ref>


==Flight numbering==
==Flight numbering==
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[[File:Shuttle profiles.jpg|thumb|Profiles of all five orbiters at launch.]]
[[File:Shuttle profiles.jpg|thumb|Profiles of all five orbiters at launch.]]


⚫
The U.S. space shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS".<ref name="intro-ShuttleByNumbers" /> Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as [[STS-7]]. Subsequent to the [[Apollo&nbsp;13]] mishap, due to [[NASA Administrator]] [[James&nbsp;M. Beggs]]' [[triskaidekaphobia]] and consequent unwillingness to number [[STS-41-C|a&nbsp;forthcoming flight]] as STS-13,<ref name="numbering-crippenoh">"[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CrippenRL/CrippenRL_5-26-06.pdf Robert L. Crippen]", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 26 May 2006.</ref><ref name="numbering-hartoh">"[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf Terry J. Hart]", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 10 April 2003.</ref><ref name="numbering-weitzoh">"[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WeitzPJ/PJW_3-26-00.pdf Paul J. Weitz]", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 26 March 2000.</ref><ref name="numbering-vanhoftenoh">"[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf James D. A. van Hoften]", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 5 December 2007.</ref> beginning in 1984, each mission was assigned a code, such as [[STS-41-B]], with the first digit indicating the federal [[fiscal year]] offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-L originally for FY 1985 and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1&nbsp;was [[Kennedy Space Center]] and 2 was [[Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 6|Space Launch Complex (SLC)&nbsp;6]] at [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]], although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.<ref name="numbering-spacefacts">{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/12127-8-surprising-space-shuttle-facts.html |title=8 Surprising Space Shuttle Facts |author=Norton, Lily |publisher=Space.com |accessdate=15 December 2012}}</ref> These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled.<ref name="intro-tech"/> The codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L, and the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork.
The U.S. space shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS".<ref name="intro-ShuttleByNumbers" /> Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as [[STS-9]]. This scheme continued for 25 launches and eight cancellations up to STS-33.<ref name="intro-tech"/>


⚫
After the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]], a sequential numbering system only was used, with the number according to counting from the beginning, although, unlike the initial system, the assignment of numbers was based on the initial schedule and may not reflect launch order. NASA restarted the numbering with with STS-26R, the "reflight" suffix to disambiguate from prior missions. This continued through STS-33R, then the R was dropped.<ref name="intro-tech"/> The letter indicated that the intermediate numbering system applied, and e.g. flight [[STS-51]] (a mission carried out by [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']] in 1993) was many years after [[STS-51-A]] (''Discovery's'' second flight in 1984).<ref name="intro-tech"/>
⚫
Subsequent to the [[Apollo&nbsp;13]] mishap, due to [[NASA Administrator]] [[James&nbsp;M. Beggs]]' [[triskaidekaphobia]] and consequent unwillingness to number [[STS-41-C|a&nbsp;forthcoming flight]] as STS-13,<ref name="numbering-crippenoh">"[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CrippenRL/CrippenRL_5-26-06.pdf Robert L. Crippen]", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 26 May 2006.</ref><ref name="numbering-hartoh">"[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf Terry J. Hart]", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 10 April 2003.</ref><ref name="numbering-weitzoh">"[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WeitzPJ/PJW_3-26-00.pdf Paul J. Weitz]", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 26 March 2000.</ref><ref name="numbering-vanhoftenoh">"[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf James D. A. van Hoften]", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 5 December 2007.</ref> beginning in 1984, each mission was also assigned a code, such as [[STS-41-B]], with the first digit indicating the federal [[fiscal year]] offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-L originally for FY 1985 and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1&nbsp;was [[Kennedy Space Center]] and 2 was [[Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 6|Space Launch Complex (SLC)&nbsp;6]] at [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]], although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.<ref name="numbering-spacefacts">{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/12127-8-surprising-space-shuttle-facts.html |title=8 Surprising Space Shuttle Facts |author=Norton, Lily |publisher=Space.com |accessdate=15 December 2012}}</ref> These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled.<ref name="intro-tech"/>

Although the codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L, the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork. Flights were assigned with sequential numbers from STS-9 through STS-33. After the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]], NASA restarted with STS-26R, the "reflight" suffix to disambiguate from prior missions. This continued through STS-33R.<ref name="intro-tech"/>

⚫
After the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]], a sequential numbering system only was used, with the number according to counting from the beginning, although, unlike the initial system, the assignment of numbers was based on the initial schedule and may not reflect launch order. The letter indicated that the intermediate numbering system applied, and e.g. flight [[STS-51]] (a mission carried out by [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']] in 1993) was many years after [[STS-51-A]] (''Discovery's'' second flight in 1984).<ref name="intro-tech"/>


==List of shuttle flights==
==List of shuttle flights==
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* First reuse of a manned orbital space vehicle
* First reuse of a manned orbital space vehicle
* First test of Canadarm robot arm
* First test of Canadarm robot arm
* Truncated due to fuel cell problem.
* Truncated due to fuel cell problem
| <ref name="sts2-finalcountdown">Duggins, p. 64</ref><ref name="sts2-30years">Chen, p. 11</ref><ref name="sts2-missionreports">Goodwin, pp. 206–264</ref>
| <ref name="sts2-finalcountdown">Duggins, p. 64</ref><ref name="sts2-30years">Chen, p. 11</ref><ref name="sts2-missionreports">Goodwin, pp. 206–264</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
* Last shuttle R&D flight
* Last shuttle R&D flight
* First [[Department of Defense|DoD]] payload
* First [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] payload
| <ref name="sts4-missionreports">Goodwin, pp. 348–409</ref><ref name="sts-dod">{{cite journal |last1=Cassutt |first1=Michael |last2= |first2= |year=2009 |title=Secret Space Shuttles: When you’re 200 miles up, it’s easy to hide what you’re up to. |journal=Air and Space Magazine |volume= |issue= |pages= |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |doi= |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/Secret-Space-Shuttles.html?c=y&page=1 |accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts4-nasa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-4.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-4 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts4-30years">Chen, p. 15</ref>
| <ref name="sts4-missionreports">Goodwin, pp. 348–409</ref><ref name="sts-dod">{{cite journal |last1=Cassutt |first1=Michael |last2= |first2= |year=2009 |title=Secret Space Shuttles: When you’re 200 miles up, it’s easy to hide what you’re up to. |journal=Air and Space Magazine |volume= |issue= |pages= |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |doi= |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/Secret-Space-Shuttles.html?c=y&page=1 |accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts4-nasa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-4.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-4 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts4-30years">Chen, p. 15</ref>
|-
|-
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| [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards]]
| [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards]]
|
|
* [[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite]] (TRDS) deployment
* [[Tracking and data relay satellite]] (TRDS) deployment
* First flight of [[Space Shuttle Challenger|''Challenger'']]
* First flight of [[Space Shuttle Challenger|''Challenger'']]
* First space shuttle [[extra-vehicular activity]]
* First space shuttle [[Extravehicular activity |EVA]]
| <ref name="sts6-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-6.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-6 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts6-30years">Chen, p. 19</ref>
| <ref name="sts6-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-6.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-6 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts6-30years">Chen, p. 19</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
* [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] deployment
* [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] deployment
* First flight of two women in space, [[Sally Ride]] and [[Kathryn Sullivan]]
* First flight of two women in space, [[Sally Ride]] and [[Kathryn D. Sullivan| Kathryn Sullivan]]
* First spacewalk by US woman, Sullivan
* First spacewalk by US woman, Sullivan
* First Canadian in space, [[Marc Garneau]]
* First Canadian in space, [[Marc Garneau]]
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|
|
* Multiple [[communications satellite|comsat]] deployments
* Multiple [[communications satellite|comsat]] deployments
* Flight of first member of [[royal family|royalty]], [[Saudi]], [[Muslim]], and [[Arab]] in space, [[Sultan bin Salman Al Saud]].
* Flight of first member of [[royal family|royalty]], [[Saudi]], [[Muslim]], and [[Arab]] in space, [[Sultan bin Salman Al Saud]]
| <ref name="sts51g-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51G.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-51G |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts51g-30years">Chen, p. 43</ref>
| <ref name="sts51g-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51G.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-51G |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts51g-30years">Chen, p. 43</ref>
|-
|-
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* [[Spacelab]] mission
* [[Spacelab]] mission
* [[Space Shuttle abort modes#Abort to Orbit .28ATO.29|Abort to Orbit]]. Faulty temperature sensor incorrectly indicated that fuel turbine discharge temperature exceeded the limit. Therefore, one main engine was shut down at T+345 s, resulting in a much lower orbit than planned.
* [[Space Shuttle abort modes#Abort to Orbit .28ATO.29|Abort to Orbit]]. Faulty temperature sensor incorrectly indicated that fuel turbine discharge temperature exceeded the limit. Therefore, one main engine was shut down at T+345 s, resulting in a much lower orbit than planned.
* All mission objectives achieved.
* All mission objectives achieved
| <ref name="sts51f-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51F.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-51F |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts51f-30years">Chen, p. 45</ref>
| <ref name="sts51f-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51F.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-51F |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts51f-30years">Chen, p. 45</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
* Multiple [[communications satellite|comsat]] deployment
* Multiple [[communications satellite|comsat]] deployment
* [[Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA and Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures|EASE/ACCESS]] experiment
* [[EASE/ACCESS]] experiment
* First Mexican in space, [[Rodolfo Neri Vela]]
* First Mexican in space, [[Rodolfo Neri Vela]]
| <ref name="sts61b-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61B.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-61B |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts61b-30years">Chen, p. 53</ref>
| <ref name="sts61b-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61B.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-61B |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts61b-30years">Chen, p. 53</ref>
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!scope=row| 26
!scope=row| 26
| {{sort|19880929|29 September 1988}}<br />15:37:00&nbsp;UTC<br />11:37:00&nbsp;EDT
| {{sort|19880929|29 September 1988}}<br />15:37:00&nbsp;UTC<br />11:37:00&nbsp;EDT
| {{sort | 026 | {{center|'''[[STS-26]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-26-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| {{sort | 026 | {{center|'''[[STS-26 |STS-26R]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-26-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]
| [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]
| 5
| 5
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!scope=row| 27
!scope=row| 27
| {{sort|19881202|2 December 1988}}<br />14:30:34&nbsp;UTC<br />09:30:34&nbsp;EST
| {{sort|19881202|2 December 1988}}<br />14:30:34&nbsp;UTC<br />09:30:34&nbsp;EST
| {{sort | 027 | {{center|'''[[STS-27]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-27-patch.svg|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| {{sort | 027 | {{center|'''[[STS-27 |STS-27R]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-27-patch.svg|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']]
| [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']]
| 5
| 5
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!scope=row| 28
!scope=row| 28
| {{sort|19890313|13 March 1989}}<br />14:57:00&nbsp;UTC<br />09:57:00&nbsp;EST
| {{sort|19890313|13 March 1989}}<br />14:57:00&nbsp;UTC<br />09:57:00&nbsp;EST
| {{sort | 029 | {{center|'''[[STS-29]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-29-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| {{sort | 029 | {{center|'''[[STS-29 |STS-29R]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-29-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]
| [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]
| 5
| 5
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* [[Tracking and data relay satellite]] deployment with attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS)
* [[Tracking and data relay satellite]] deployment with attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS)
* [[IMAX]] camera
* [[IMAX]] camera
* Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element I space station radiator experiment.
* Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element I space station radiator experiment
| <ref name="sts29-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-29.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-29 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts29-30years">Chen, p. 63</ref>
| <ref name="sts29-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-29.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-29 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts29-30years">Chen, p. 63</ref>
|-
|-
!scope=row| 29
!scope=row| 29
| {{sort|19890504|4 May 1989}}<br />18:46:59&nbsp;UTC<br />14:46:59&nbsp;EDT
| {{sort|19890504|4 May 1989}}<br />18:46:59&nbsp;UTC<br />14:46:59&nbsp;EDT
| {{sort | 030 | {{center|'''[[STS-30]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-30-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| {{sort | 030 | {{center|'''[[STS-30 |STS-30R]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-30-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']]
| [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']]
| 5
| 5
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| [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards]]
| [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards]]
|
|
* [[Magellan probe|Magellan]] Venus probe deployment
* [[Magellan (spacecraft)|Magellan]] Venus probe deployment
| <ref name="sts30-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-30.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-30 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts30-30years">Chen, p. 65</ref>
| <ref name="sts30-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-30.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-30 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts30-30years">Chen, p. 65</ref>
|-
|-
!scope=row| 30
!scope=row| 30
| {{sort|19890808|8 August 1989}}<br />12:37:00&nbsp;UTC<br />08:37:00&nbsp;EDT
| {{sort|19890808|8 August 1989}}<br />12:37:00&nbsp;UTC<br />08:37:00&nbsp;EDT
| {{sort | 028 | {{center|'''[[STS-28]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-28-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| {{sort | 028 | {{center|'''[[STS-28 |STS-28R]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-28-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']]
| [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']]
| 5
| 5
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!scope=row| 31
!scope=row| 31
| {{sort|19891018|18 October 1989}}<br />16:53:40&nbsp;UTC<br />12:53:40&nbsp;EDT
| {{sort|19891018|18 October 1989}}<br />16:53:40&nbsp;UTC<br />12:53:40&nbsp;EDT
| {{sort | 034 | {{center|'''[[STS-34]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-34-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| {{sort | 034 | {{center|'''[[STS-34 |STS-34R]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-34-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']]
| [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']]
| 5
| 5
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!scope=row| 32
!scope=row| 32
| {{sort|19891122|22 November 1989}}<br />24:23:30&nbsp;UTC<br />19:23:30&nbsp;EST
| {{sort|19891122|22 November 1989}}<br />24:23:30&nbsp;UTC<br />19:23:30&nbsp;EST
| {{sort | 033 | {{center|'''[[STS-33]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-33-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| {{sort | 033 | {{center|'''[[STS-33 |STS-33R]]'''}}<br /> [[image:Sts-33-patch.png|frameless|center|50px|alt=]] }}
| [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]
| [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]
| 5
| 5
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|
|
* Sixth classified [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] mission
* Sixth classified [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] mission
* [[Misty (classified project)|Misty]] [[reconnaissance satellite]] deployment
* [[Misty (satellite)|Misty]] [[reconnaissance satellite]] deployment
| <ref name="sts-dod" /><ref name="sts36-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-36.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-36 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts36-30years">Chen, p. 75</ref>
| <ref name="sts-dod" /><ref name="sts36-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-36.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-36 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts36-30years">Chen, p. 75</ref>
|-
|-
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* First flight of [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|''Endeavour'']]
* First flight of [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|''Endeavour'']]
* First 3 person [[Extravehicular activity |EVA]]
* First 3 person [[Extravehicular activity |EVA]]
* Assembly of Station by [[Extravehicular activity |EVA]] Methods (ASEM) space station truss experiment [[Extravehicular activity |EVA]]
* Assembly of Station by EVA Methods (ASEM) space station truss experiment EVA
* Record four [[Extravehicular Activity|EVA]]s total for mission
* Record four EVAs total for mission
| <ref name="sts49-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-49.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-49 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts49-30years">Chen, p. 101</ref>
| <ref name="sts49-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-49.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-49 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts49-30years">Chen, p. 101</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
* Deployment of [[European Retrievable Carrier|EURECA]]
* Deployment of [[European Retrievable Carrier|EURECA]]
* Deployment of [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]/[[Italian Space Agency]] [[Tethered Satellite System]] (TSS)
* Deployment of [[NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]/[[Italian Space Agency]] [[Space tether |Tethered Satellite System]] (TSS)
| <ref name="sts46-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-46.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-46 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts46-30years">Chen, p. 105</ref>
| <ref name="sts46-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-46.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-46 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts46-30years">Chen, p. 105</ref>
|-
|-
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| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
|
|
* [[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite|TDRS-F/IUS]] deployment
* [[Tracking and data relay satellite|TDRS-F/IUS]] deployment
| <ref name="sts54-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-54.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-54 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts54-30years">Chen, p. 113</ref>
| <ref name="sts54-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-54.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-54 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts54-30years">Chen, p. 113</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
* Retrieved [[Japan]]'s Space Flyer Unit
* Retrieved [[Japan]]'s Space Flyer Unit
* 2 [[Extravehicular Activity|EVA]]s.
* 2 [[Extravehicular activity|EVA]]s
| <ref name="sts72-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-72.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-72 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts72-30years">Chen, p. 155</ref>
| <ref name="sts72-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-72.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-72 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts72-30years">Chen, p. 155</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
* Microgravity experiments
* Microgravity experiments
* 2 [[Extravehicular Activity|EVA]]s
* 2 [[Extravehicular activity|EVA]]s
* SPARTAN
* SPARTAN
| <ref name="sts87-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-87.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-87 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts87-30years">Chen, p. 183</ref>
| <ref name="sts87-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-87.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-87 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts87-30years">Chen, p. 183</ref>
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| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
|
|
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight 12A.1: [[Integrated Truss Structure|P5 Truss]] & [[Spacehab]]-SM
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight 12A.1: [[Integrated Truss Structure|P5 Truss]] & [[SPACEHAB]]-SM
* Crew rotation
* Crew rotation
| <ref name="sts116-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-116.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-116 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts116-30years">Chen, p. 241</ref>
| <ref name="sts116-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-116.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-116 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts116-30years">Chen, p. 241</ref>
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| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
|
|
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight 13A.1: [[Integrated Truss Structure|S5 Truss]] & [[Spacehab]]-SM & [[External stowage platform#ESP-3|ESP-3]]
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight 13A.1: [[Integrated Truss Structure|S5 Truss]] & [[SPACEHAB]]-SM & [[External stowage platform#ESP-3|ESP-3]]
* First use of [[Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System]] (SSPTS)
* First use of [[Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System]] (SSPTS)
| <ref name="sts118-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts118/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-117 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts118-30years">Chen, p. 245</ref>
| <ref name="sts118-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts118/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-117 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts118-30years">Chen, p. 245</ref>
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| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
|
|
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight 2J/A: Japanese Experiment Modoules Exposed Facility (EF) and ELM ES.
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight 2J/A: Japanese Experiment Modoules Exposed Facility (EF) and ELM ES
| <ref name="sts127-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts127/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-127 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts127-30years">Chen, p. 261</ref>
| <ref name="sts127-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts127/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-127 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts127-30years">Chen, p. 261</ref>
|-
|-
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| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
|
|
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight ULF3: [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier]]s (ELCs) 1 & 2.
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight ULF3: [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier]]s (ELCs) 1 & 2
| <ref name="sts129-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts129/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-129 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts129-30years">Chen, p. 265</ref>
| <ref name="sts129-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts129/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-129 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts129-30years">Chen, p. 265</ref>
|-
|-
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| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
|
|
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight ULF4: [[Rassvet (ISS module)|Mini-Research Module 1]].
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight ULF4: [[Rassvet (ISS module)|Mini-Research Module 1]]
| <ref name="sts132-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-132 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts132-30years">Chen, p. 271</ref>
| <ref name="sts132-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-132 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts132-30years">Chen, p. 271</ref>
|-
|-
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| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
|
|
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight ULF5, [[Pressurized Multipurpose Module]] ''Leonardo'', [[Express Logistics Carrier]] 4
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight ULF5, [[Leonardo (ISS module) | Pressurized Multipurpose Module]] ''Leonardo'', [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier] 4
* Final flight of ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]''
* Final flight of ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]''
| <ref name="sts133-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts133/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-133 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts133-30years">Chen, p. 273</ref>
| <ref name="sts133-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts133/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-133 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts133-30years">Chen, p. 273</ref>
Line 1,683: Line 1,679:
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
| [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]]
|
|
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight ULF6, [[Express Logistics Carrier|ELC]] 3, ''[[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]]''
* [[ISS assembly sequence|ISS assembly]] flight ULF6, [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier|ELC]] 3, ''[[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]]''
* Final flight of ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]''
* Final flight of ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]''
| <ref name="sts134-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts134/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-134 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts134-30years">Chen, p. 275</ref>
| <ref name="sts134-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts134/main/index.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-134 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sts134-30years">Chen, p. 275</ref>
Line 1,702: Line 1,698:


==Cancelled and shortened missions==
==Cancelled and shortened missions==
<!-- Reference names in this section are prefixed with "cancelled-" for clarity. -->
<!-- Reference names in this section are prefixed with "canceled-" for clarity. -->
{{main|Cancelled Space Shuttle missions}}
{{main|Canceled Space Shuttle missions}}
One initial [[Space Shuttle abort modes#Intact abort modes|emergency flight abort (RTLS)]] [[sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital]] test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Challenger]] and [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Columbia]] disasters.
One initial [[Space Shuttle abort modes#Intact abort modes|emergency flight abort (RTLS)]] [[sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital]] test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Challenger]] and [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Columbia]] disasters.


Four missions were cut short by a day or more whilst on orbit: [[STS-2]] (equipment failure),<ref name="sts2-30years" /> [[STS-35]] (weather),<ref name="sts35-nasaarchive" /> [[STS-44]] (equipment failure),<ref name="sts83-30years" /> and [[STS-83]] (equipment failure, relaunched as [[STS-94]]).<ref name="sts83-30years" />
Four missions were cut short by a day or more whilst in orbit: [[STS-2]] (equipment failure),<ref name="sts2-30years" /> [[STS-35]] (weather),<ref name="sts35-nasaarchive" /> [[STS-44]] (equipment failure),<ref name="sts83-30years" /> and [[STS-83]] (equipment failure, relaunched as [[STS-94]]).<ref name="sts83-30years" />


==Contingency missions==
==Contingency missions==
Line 1,713: Line 1,709:
[[STS-3xx|STS-300]] was the designation for the [[Space Shuttle]] Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for [[STS-114]] and [[STS-121]], in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.<ref name="contingency-cscs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153444main_CSCS_Resource_%20Book.pdf|title=Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|year=2005|author=NASA|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="contingency-frr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/150494main_frr_brief_20060617.pdf|title=Flight Readiness Review BriefingTranscript|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|year=2005|author=NASA|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="contingency-cscsNumbers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/04/nasa-sets-new-launch-date-targets-through-to-sts-124/|title=NASA sets new launch date targets through to STS-124 |accessdate=2010-09-02 |publisher=NASA Spaceflight.com |year=2007 |first=Chris |last=Bergin |work=CSCS flight numbers}}</ref> The rescue flight for [[STS-115]], if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the [[STS-116]] rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was [[STS-117]]. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions was ever flown.<ref name="contingency-sts335">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/05/sts-335-nasa-planning-contingency-launch-on-need-mission/ |title=STS-335: NASA continues planning for contingency Launch On Need mission |author=Gebhardt, Chris |date= 31 May 2010 |accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref>
[[STS-3xx|STS-300]] was the designation for the [[Space Shuttle]] Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for [[STS-114]] and [[STS-121]], in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.<ref name="contingency-cscs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153444main_CSCS_Resource_%20Book.pdf|title=Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|year=2005|author=NASA|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="contingency-frr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/150494main_frr_brief_20060617.pdf|title=Flight Readiness Review BriefingTranscript|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|year=2005|author=NASA|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="contingency-cscsNumbers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/04/nasa-sets-new-launch-date-targets-through-to-sts-124/|title=NASA sets new launch date targets through to STS-124 |accessdate=2010-09-02 |publisher=NASA Spaceflight.com |year=2007 |first=Chris |last=Bergin |work=CSCS flight numbers}}</ref> The rescue flight for [[STS-115]], if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the [[STS-116]] rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was [[STS-117]]. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions was ever flown.<ref name="contingency-sts335">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/05/sts-335-nasa-planning-contingency-launch-on-need-mission/ |title=STS-335: NASA continues planning for contingency Launch On Need mission |author=Gebhardt, Chris |date= 31 May 2010 |accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref>


No contingency mission was planned for [[STS-135]], the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian [[Soyuz spacecraft]].<ref name="contingency-abcnews">{{cite news |last=Ned|first=Potter|title=NASA Space Shuttle: Only Four Astronauts on Final Launch From Cape Canaveral |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nasas-space-shuttle-risky-missions-atlantis-flight/story?id=14030398 |accessdate=8 July 2011 |newspaper=ABC News |date=8 July 2011}}</ref>
No contingency mission was planned for [[STS-135]], the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian [[Soyuz (spacecraft) |Soyuz spacecraft]].<ref name="contingency-abcnews">{{cite news |last=Ned|first=Potter|title=NASA Space Shuttle: Only Four Astronauts on Final Launch From Cape Canaveral |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nasas-space-shuttle-risky-missions-atlantis-flight/story?id=14030398 |accessdate=8 July 2011 |newspaper=ABC News |date=8 July 2011}}</ref>


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Buran spaceplane missions]]
* [[List of Buran missions]]
* [[List of human spaceflights]]
* [[List of human spaceflights]]
* [[List of human spaceflights to the ISS]]
* [[List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station]]
* [[List of Space Shuttle crews]]
* [[List of Space Shuttle crews]]
* [[List of space shuttle rollbacks]]
* [[List of space shuttle rollbacks]]
* [[Cancelled Space Shuttle missions]]
* [[Canceled Space Shuttle missions]]
* [[ISS assembly sequence]]
* [[Assembly of the International Space Station#Assembly sequence |ISS assembly sequence]]
* [[Timeline of Space Shuttle missions]]
* [[Timeline of Space Shuttle missions]]


Revision as of 23:23, 20 January 2016

For missions flown by the Soviet Buran spacecraft, sometimes referred to as a space shuttle, see List of Buran missions.
U.S. shuttle Columbia landing at the end of STS-73 (5&mbsp;November 1995)

The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its official program name was Space Transportation System, taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.[1] Operational missions launched numerous satellites (including the Hubble Space Telescope), conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.

From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. During that time the fleet totaled 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.[2] The longest orbital flight of the shuttle was STS-80 at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was STS-51-L at 1 minute 13 seconds, cut short when the space shuttle Challenger broke apart during launch. The shuttles docked with Russian space station Mir 9 times and visited the ISS 37 times. The highest altitude achieved by the shuttle was 350 miles when servicing the Hubble Space Telescope.[3] The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries.[4] The Kennedy Space Center served as the landing site for 78 missions while 54 missions landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California and 1 at White Sands, New Mexico.[5]

The first orbiter, Enterprise, was built purely for atmospheric flight tests and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Challenger and Columbia were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of STS-135 by Atlantis on 21 July 2011.[6]

Flight numbering

Profiles of all five orbiters at launch.

The U.S. space shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS".[2] Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as STS-7. Subsequent to the Apollo 13 mishap, due to NASA Administrator James M. Beggs' triskaidekaphobia and consequent unwillingness to number a forthcoming flight as STS-13,[7][8][9][10] beginning in 1984, each mission was assigned a code, such as STS-41-B, with the first digit indicating the federal fiscal year offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-L originally for FY 1985 and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1 was Kennedy Space Center and 2 was Space Launch Complex (SLC) 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.[11] These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled.[6] The codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L, and the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork.

After the Challenger disaster, a sequential numbering system only was used, with the number according to counting from the beginning, although, unlike the initial system, the assignment of numbers was based on the initial schedule and may not reflect launch order. NASA restarted the numbering with with STS-26R, the "reflight" suffix to disambiguate from prior missions. This continued through STS-33R, then the R was dropped.[6] The letter indicated that the intermediate numbering system applied, and e.g. flight STS-51 (a mission carried out by Discovery in 1993) was many years after STS-51-A (Discovery's second flight in 1984).[6]

List of shuttle flights

See also: Timeline of Space Shuttle missions

Test flights

Main article: Approach and Landing Tests

The Approach and Landing Test Programme encompassed 16 separate tests of Enterprise, covering taxi tests, unmanned and manned flights on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, and finally the free flight tests. The following list includes the free-flight tests, durations listed count only the orbiter free-flight time. The list does not include total time aloft along with airborne time atop of the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA).

Order Launch Date Mission Shuttle Crew Duration Landing Site Notes Sources
1 12 August 1977 ALT-12
 Enterprise 2 00d 00h 05m Edwards
  • First free flight
  • First non-captive flight of Enterprise
 [12][13][14][15]
2 13 September 1977 ALT-13
 Enterprise 2 00d 00h 05m Edwards
  • Second free flight
 [12][13]
3 23 September 1977 ALT-14
 Enterprise 2 00d 00h 05m Edwards
  • Third free flight
 [12][13]
4 12 October 1977 ALT-15
 Enterprise 2 00d 00h 02m Edwards
  • Fourth free flight
  • First flight without tailcone (operational configuration)
 [12][13][15][16]
5 26 October 1977 ALT-16
 Enterprise 2 00d 00h 02m Edwards
  • Final free flight
  • Final non-captive flight of Enterprise
 [12][13][17]

Launches and orbital flights

Order Launch Date Mission Shuttle Crew[a] Duration Landing Site Notes Sources
1 12 April 1981
12:00:04 UTC
07:00:04 EST
STS-1

 		Columbia 2 02d 06h Edwards
  • First reusable orbital spacecraft flight
  • First flight of Columbia
 [18][19][20]
2 12 November 1981
15:10:00 UTC
10:10:00 EST
STS-2

 		Columbia 2 02d 06h Edwards
  • First reuse of a manned orbital space vehicle
  • First test of Canadarm robot arm
  • Truncated due to fuel cell problem
 [21][22][23]
3 22 March 1982
16:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EST
STS-3

 		Columbia 2 08d 00h White Sands [24][25][26]
4 27 June 1982
15:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EDT
STS-4

 		Columbia 2 07d 01h Edwards
  • Last shuttle R&D flight
  • First DoD payload
 [27][28][29][30]
5 11 November 1982
12:19:00 UTC
07:19:00 EST
STS-5

 		Columbia 4 05d 02h Edwards
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • First EVA of program canceled due to suit problems
 [31][32][33][34]
6 4 April 1983
18:30:00 UTC
13:30:00 EST
STS-6

 		Challenger 4 05d 00h Edwards [35][36]
7 18 June 1983
11:33:00 UTC
07:33:00 EDT
STS-7

 		Challenger 5 06d 02h Edwards
  • First US woman in space Sally Ride
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • First deployment and retrieval of a Shuttle Pallet Satellite
 [37][38]
8 30 August 1983
06:32:00 UTC
02:32:00 EDT
STS-8

 		Challenger 5 06d 01h Edwards
  • Comsat deployment
  • First flight of an African American in space, Guion Bluford
  • Test of robot arm on heavy payloads with Payload Flight Test Article
  • First night landing
 [39][40]
9 28 November 1983
16:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EST
STS-9

 		Columbia 6 10d 07h Edwards [41][42]
10 3 February 1984
13:00:00 UTC
08:00:00 EST
STS-41-B

 		Challenger 5 07d 23h Kennedy [43][44]
11 6 April 1984
13:58:00 UTC
08:58:00 EST
STS-41-C

 		Challenger 5 06d 23h Edwards [45][46][47]
12 30 August 1984
12:41:50 UTC
08:41:50 EDT
STS-41-D

 		Discovery 6 06d 00h Edwards
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • First flight of Discovery
  • Test of OAST-1 Solar Array
 [48][49]
13 5 October 1984
11:03:00 UTC
07:03:00 EDT
STS-41-G

 		Challenger 7 08d 05h Kennedy [50][51]
14 8 November 1984
12:15:00 UTC
07:15:00 EST
STS-51-A

 		Discovery 5 07d 23h Kennedy
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • Retrieval of two other comsats (Palapa B2 and Westar VI), which were subsequently refurbished on Earth and reflown
 [52][53]
15 24 January 1985
19:50:00 UTC
14:50:00 EST
STS-51-C

 		Discovery 5 03d 01h Kennedy [28][54][55]
16 12 April 1985
13:59:05 UTC
08:59:05 EST
STS-51-D

 		Discovery 7 06d 23h Kennedy
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • First flight of a sitting politician in space, Jake Garn
  • First impromptu EVA of program to fix Syncom F3 (Leasat 3)
 [56][57]
17 29 April 1985
16:02:18 UTC
12:02:18 EDT
STS-51-B

 		Challenger 7 07d 00h Edwards
  • First mission with Spacelab module in a fully operational configuration
  • Conducted experiments in microgravity
 [58][59]
18 17 June 1985
11:33:00 UTC
07:33:00 EDT
STS-51-G

 		Discovery 7 07d 01h Edwards [60][61]
19 29 July 1985
22:00:00 UTC
18:00:00 EDT
STS-51-F

 		Challenger 7 07d 22h Edwards
  • Spacelab mission
  • Abort to Orbit. Faulty temperature sensor incorrectly indicated that fuel turbine discharge temperature exceeded the limit. Therefore, one main engine was shut down at T+345 s, resulting in a much lower orbit than planned.
  • All mission objectives achieved
 [62][63]
20 27 August 1985
10:58:01 UTC
06:58:01 EDT
STS-51-I

 		Discovery 5 07d 02h Edwards [64][65]
21 3 October 1985
15:15:30 UTC
11:15:30 EDT
STS-51-J

 		Atlantis 5 04d 01h Edwards [28][66][67]
22 30 October 1985
17:00:00 UTC
12:00:00 EST
STS-61-A

 		Challenger 8 07d 00h Edwards
  • Third flight of Spacelab
  • Spacelab-D1 microgravity experiments
  • Mission funded by Germany
  • Last successful mission of Challenger
 [68][69]
23 26 November 1985
24:29:00 UTC
19:29:00 EST
STS-61-B

 		Atlantis 7 06d 21h Edwards [70][71]
24 12 January 1986
11:55:00 UTC
06:55:00 EST
STS-61-C

 		Columbia 7 06d 02h Edwards [72][73]
25 28 January 1986
16:38:00 UTC
11:38:00 EST
STS-51-L

 		Challenger 7 00d 00h 01m 13s Atlantic Ocean Floor [b] [74][75]
26 29 September 1988
15:37:00 UTC
11:37:00 EDT
STS-26R

 		Discovery 5 04d 01h Edwards
  • Tracking and data relay satellite deployment
  • First post-Challenger flight
 [76][77]
27 2 December 1988
14:30:34 UTC
09:30:34 EST
STS-27R

 		Atlantis 5 04d 09h Edwards [28][78][79]
28 13 March 1989
14:57:00 UTC
09:57:00 EST
STS-29R

 		Discovery 5 04d 23h Edwards [80][81]
29 4 May 1989
18:46:59 UTC
14:46:59 EDT
STS-30R

 		Atlantis 5 04d 00h Edwards [82][83]
30 8 August 1989
12:37:00 UTC
08:37:00 EDT
STS-28R

 		Columbia 5 05d 01h Edwards [28][84][85]
31 18 October 1989
16:53:40 UTC
12:53:40 EDT
STS-34R

 		Atlantis 5 04d 23h Edwards [86][87]
32 22 November 1989
24:23:30 UTC
19:23:30 EST
STS-33R

 		Discovery 5 05d 00h Edwards
  • Fifth classified DoD mission
  • Deployment of Magnum
 [28][88][89]
33 9 January 1990
12:35:00 UTC
07:35:00 EST
STS-32

 		Columbia 5 10d 21h Edwards [90][91]
34 28 February 1990
07:50:22 UTC
02:50:22 EST
STS-36

 		Atlantis 5 04d 10h Edwards [28][92][93]
35 24 April 1990
12:33:51 UTC
08:33:51 EDT
STS-31

 		Discovery 5 05d 01h Edwards [94][95]
36 6 October 1990
11:47:15 UTC
07:47:15 EDT
STS-41

 		Discovery 5 04d 02h Edwards [96][97]
37 15 November 1990
23:48:15 UTC
18:48:15 EST
STS-38

 		Atlantis 5 04d 21h Kennedy
  • Seventh classified DoD mission
  • Likely SDS2-2 deployed
 [28][98][99]
38 2 December 1990
06:49:01 UTC
01:49:01 EST
STS-35

 		Columbia 7 08d 23h Edwards
  • Use of ASTRO-1 observatory
 [100][101]
39 5 April 1991
14:22:45 UTC
09:22:45 EST
STS-37

 		Atlantis 5 05d 23h Edwards [102][103]
40 28 April 1991
11:33:14 UTC
07:33:14 EDT
STS-39

 		Discovery 7 08d 07h Kennedy
  • First unclassified DoD mission
  • military science experiments
 [28][104][105]
41 5 June 1991
13:24:51 UTC
09:24:51 EDT
STS-40

 		Columbia 7 09d 02h Edwards [106][107]
42 2 August 1991
15:02:00 UTC
11:02:00 EDT
STS-43

 		Atlantis 5 08d 21h Kennedy [108][109]
43 12 September 1991
23:11:04 UTC
19:11:04 EDT
STS-48

 		Discovery 5 05d 08h Edwards [110][111]
44 24 November 1991
23:44:00 UTC
18:44:00 EST
STS-44

 		Atlantis 6 06d 22h Edwards [112][113]
45 22 January 1992
14:52:33 UTC
09:52:33 EST
STS-42

 		Discovery 7 08d 01h Edwards [114][115]
46 24 March 1992
13:13:40 UTC
08:13:40 EST
STS-45

 		Atlantis 7 08d 22h Kennedy [116][117]
47 7 May 1992
23:40:00 UTC
19:40:00 EDT
STS-49

 		Endeavour 7 08d 21h Edwards
  • Intelsat VI repair
  • First flight of Endeavour
  • First 3 person EVA
  • Assembly of Station by EVA Methods (ASEM) space station truss experiment EVA
  • Record four EVAs total for mission
 [118][119]
48 25 June 1992
16:12:23 UTC
12:12:23 EDT
STS-50

 		Columbia 7 13d 19h Kennedy [120][121]
49 31 July 1992
13:56:48 UTC
09:56:48 EDT
STS-46

 		Atlantis 7 07d 23h Kennedy [122][123]
50 12 September 1992
14:23:00 UTC
10:23:00 EDT
STS-47

 		Endeavour 7 07d 22h Kennedy
  • Spacelab-J
  • First flight of an African American woman in space, Mae Jemison
  • Japan funded mission
 [124][125]
51 22 October 1992
17:09:39 UTC
13:09:39 EDT
STS-52

 		Columbia 6 09d 20h Kennedy
  • LAGEOS II deployment
  • Microgravity experiments
 [126][127]
52 2 December 1992
13:24:00 UTC
08:24:00 EST
STS-53

 		Discovery 5 07d 07h Edwards
  • Partially classified 10th and final DoD mission
  • Likely deployment of SDS2 satellite
 [28][128][129]
53 13 January 1993
13:59:30 UTC
08:59:30 EST
STS-54

 		Endeavour 5 05d 23h Kennedy [130][131]
54 8 April 1993
05:29:00 UTC
01:29:00 EDT
STS-56

 		Discovery 5 09d 06h Kennedy [132][133]
55 26 April 1993
14:50:00 UTC
10:50:00 EDT
STS-55

 		Columbia 7 09d 23h Edwards [134][135]
56 21 June 1993
13:07:22 UTC
09:07:22 EDT
STS-57

 		Endeavour 6 09d 23h Kennedy [136][137]
57 12 September 1993
11:45:00 UTC
07:45:00 EDT
STS-51

 		Discovery 5 09d 20h Kennedy
  • ACTS satellite deployed
  • Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer with IMAX camera deployed
 [138][139]
58 18 October 1993
14:53:10 UTC
10:53:10 EDT
STS-58

 		Columbia 7 14d 00h Edwards [140][141]
59 2 December 1993
09:27:00 UTC
04:27:00 EST
STS-61

 		Endeavour 7 10d 19h Kennedy [142][143]
60 3 February 1994
12:10:00 UTC
07:10:00 EST
STS-60

 		Discovery 6 07d 06h Kennedy [144][145]
61 4 March 1994
13:53:00 UTC
08:53:00 EST
STS-62

 		Columbia 5 13d 23h Kennedy
  • Microgravity experiments
 [146][147]
62 9 April 1994
11:05:00 UTC
07:05:00 EDT
STS-59

 		Endeavour 6 11d 05h Edwards
  • Experiments aboard Shuttle Radar Laboratory-1
 [148][149]
63 8 July 1994
04:43:00 UTC
00:43:00 EDT
STS-65

 		Columbia 7 14d 17h Kennedy [150][151]
64 9 September 1994
22:22:05 UTC
18:22:05 EDT
STS-64

 		Discovery 6 10d 22h Edwards
  • Multiple science experiments
  • SPARTAN
 [152][153]
65 30 September 1994
11:16:00 UTC
07:16:00 EDT
STS-68

 		Endeavour 6 11d 05h Edwards
  • Experiments aboard Space Radar Laboratory-2
 [154][155]
66 3 November 1994
16:59:43 UTC
11:59:43 EST
STS-66

 		Atlantis 6 10d 22h Edwards
  • ATLAS-3 science platform
 [156][157]
67 3 February 1995
05:22:04 UTC
00:22:04 EST
STS-63

 		Discovery 6 08d 06h Kennedy [158][159]
68 2 March 1995
06:38:13 UTC
01:38:13 EST
STS-67

 		Endeavour 7 16d 15h Edwards
  • ASTRO-2 Deployment
 [160][161]
69 27 June 1995
19:32:19 UTC
15:32:19 EDT
STS-71

 		Atlantis 7/8 09d 19h Kennedy
  • First Shuttle-Mir docking
 [162][163]
70 13 July 1995
13:41:55 UTC
09:41:55 EDT
STS-70

 		Discovery 5 08d 22h Kennedy [164][165]
71 7 September 1995
15:09:00 UTC
11:09:00 EDT
STS-69

 		Endeavour 5 10d 20h Kennedy [166][167]
72 20 October 1995
13:53:00 UTC
09:53:00 EDT
STS-73

 		Columbia 7 15d 21h Kennedy [168][169]
73 12 November 1995
12:30:43 UTC
07:30:43 EST
STS-74

 		Atlantis 5 08d 04h Kennedy
  • 2nd Shuttle-Mir docking
  • Delivered docking module
  • Delivered IMAX cargo bay camera
 [170][171]
74 11 January 1996
09:41:00 UTC
04:41:00 EST
STS-72

 		Endeavour 6 08d 22h Kennedy [172][173]
75 22 February 1996
20:18:00 UTC
15:18:00 EST
STS-75

 		Columbia 7 15d 17h Kennedy
  • Tethered satellite reflight, lost due to broken tether
 [174][175]
76 22 March 1996
08:13:04 UTC
03:13:04 EST
STS-76

 		Atlantis 6/5 09d 05h Edwards
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [176][177]
77 19 May 1996
10:30:00 UTC
06:30:00 EDT
STS-77

 		Endeavour 6 10d 00h Kennedy [178][179]
78 20 June 1996
14:49:00 UTC
10:49:00 EDT
STS-78

 		Columbia 7 16d 21h Kennedy [180][181]
79 16 September 1996
08:54:49 UTC
04:54:49 EDT
STS-79

 		Atlantis 6/6 10d 03h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [182][183]
80 19 November 1996
19:55:47 UTC
14:55:47 EST
STS-80

 		Columbia 5 17d 15h Kennedy
  • Wake Shield Facility
  • Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (ORFEUS) II
 [184][185]
81 12 January 1997
09:27:23 UTC
04:27:23 EST
STS-81

 		Atlantis 6/6 10d 04h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [186][187]
82 11 February 1997
08:55:17 UTC
03:55:17 EST
STS-82

 		Discovery 7 09d 23h Kennedy [188][189]
83 4 April 1997
19:20:32 UTC
14:20:32 EST
STS-83

 		Columbia 7 03d 23h Kennedy
  • Spacelab mission
  • Truncated due to fuel cell problem
 [190][191]
84 15 May 1997
08:07:48 UTC
04:07:48 EDT
STS-84

 		Atlantis 7/7 09d 05h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [192][193]
85 1 July 1997
18:02:00 UTC
14:02:00 EDT
STS-94

 		Columbia 7 15d 16h Kennedy [194][195]
86 7 August 1997
14:41:00 UTC
10:41:00 EDT
STS-85

 		Discovery 6 11d 20h Kennedy
  • Deployed and retrieved Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (CRISTA-SPAS)
 [196][197]
87 25 September 1997
14:34:19 UTC
10:34:19 EDT
STS-86

 		Atlantis 7/7 10d 19h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [198][199]
88 19 November 1997
19:46:00 UTC
14:46:00 EST
STS-87

 		Columbia 6 15d 16h Kennedy
  • Microgravity experiments
  • 2 EVAs
  • SPARTAN
 [200][201]
89 22 January 1998
02:48:15 UTC[c]
21:48:15 EST
STS-89

 		Endeavour 7/7 08d 19h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [202][203]
90 17 April 1998
18:19:00 UTC
14:19:00 EDT
STS-90

 		Columbia 7 15d 21h Kennedy [204][205]
91 2 June 1998
22:06:24 UTC
18:06:24 EDT
STS-91

 		Discovery 6/7 09d 19h Kennedy
  • Last Shuttle-Mir docking
 [206][207]
92 29 October 1998
19:19:34 UTC
14:19:34 EST
STS-95

 		Discovery 7 08d 21h Kennedy [208][209]
93 4 December 1998
08:35:34 UTC
03:35:34 EST
STS-88

 		Endeavour 6 11d 19h Kennedy [210][211]
94 27 May 1999
10:49:42 UTC
06:49:42 EDT
STS-96

 		Discovery 7 09d 19h Kennedy [212][213]
95 23 July 1999
04:31:00 UTC
00:31:00 EDT
STS-93

 		Columbia 5 04d 22h Kennedy [214][215]
96 19 December 1999
24:50:00 UTC
19:50:00 EST
STS-103

 		Discovery 7 07d 23h Kennedy [216][217]
97 11 February 2000
16:43:40 UTC
12:43:40 EDT
STS-99

 		Endeavour 6 11d 05h Kennedy [218][219]
98 19 May 2000
10:11:10 UTC
06:11:10 EDT
STS-101

 		Atlantis 7 09d 21h Kennedy [220][221]
99 8 September 2000
12:45:47 UTC
08:45:47 EDT
STS-106

 		Atlantis 7 11d 19h Kennedy [222][223]
100 11 October 2000
23:17:00 UTC
18:17:00 EST
STS-92

 		Discovery 7 12d 21h Edwards [224][225]
101 30 November 2000
03:06:01 UTC[c]
22:06:01 EST
STS-97

 		Endeavour 5 10d 19h Kennedy [226][227]
102 7 February 2001
23:13:02 UTC
18:13:02 EST
STS-98

 		Atlantis 5 12d 21h Edwards [228][229]
103 8 March 2001
11:42:09 UTC
06:42:09 EST
STS-102

 		Discovery 7/7 12d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [230][231]
104 19 April 2001
18:40:42 UTC
14:40:42 EDT
STS-100

 		Endeavour 7 11d 21h Edwards [232][233]
105 12 July 2001
09:03:59 UTC
05:03:59 EDT
STS-104

 		Atlantis 5 12d 18h Kennedy [234][235]
106 10 August 2001
21:10:14 UTC
17:10:14 EDT
STS-105

 		Discovery 7/7 11d 21h Kennedy
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [236][237]
107 5 December 2001
22:19:28 UTC
17:19:28 EST
STS-108

 		Endeavour 7/7 11d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [238][239]
108 1 March 2002
11:22:02 UTC
06:22:02 EST
STS-109

 		Columbia 7 10d 22h Kennedy [240][241]
109 8 April 2002
20:44:19 UTC
16:44:19 EDT
STS-110

 		Atlantis 7 10d 19h Kennedy [242][243]
110 5 June 2002
21:22:49 UTC
17:22:49 EDT
STS-111

 		Endeavour 7/7 13d 20h Edwards [244][245]
111 7 October 2002
19:45:51 UTC
15:45:51 EDT
STS-112

 		Atlantis 6 10d 19h Kennedy [246][247]
112 23 November 2002
24:49:47 UTC
19:49:47 EST
STS-113

 		Endeavour 7/7 13d 18h Kennedy [248][249]
113 16 January 2003
15:39:00 UTC
10:39:00 EST
STS-107

 		Columbia 7 15d 22h Texas, Louisiana [b] [250][251]
114 26 July 2005
14:39:00 UTC
10:39:00 EDT
STS-114

 		Discovery 7 13d 21h Edwards
  • First post Columbia flight
  • Flight safety Evaluation/testing
  • ISS supply/repair
  • MPLM Raffaello
 [252][253]
115 4 July 2006
18:37:55 UTC
14:37:55 EDT
STS-121

 		Discovery 7/6 12d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS Flight ULF1.1: supply and crew rotation
  • MPLM Leonardo
 [254][255]
116 9 September 2006
15:14:55 UTC
11:14:55 EDT
STS-115

 		Atlantis 6 11d 19h Kennedy [256][257]
117 9 December 2006
24:47:35 UTC
20:47:35 EDT
STS-116

 		Discovery 7/7 12d 21h Kennedy [258][259]
118 8 June 2007
23:38:04 UTC
19:38:04 EDT
STS-117

 		Atlantis 7/7 13d 20h Edwards [260][261]
119 8 August 2007
22:36:42 UTC
18:36:42 EDT
STS-118

 		Endeavour 7 12d 18h Kennedy [262][263]
120 23 October 2007
03:38:19 UTC[c]
23:38:19 EDT
STS-120

 		Discovery 7/7 15d 02h Kennedy [264][265]
121 7 February 2008
19:45:30 UTC
14:45:30 EST
STS-122

 		Atlantis 7/7 12d 18h Kennedy [266][267]
122 11 March 2008
06:28:14 UTC
02:28:14 EDT
STS-123

 		Endeavour 7/7 15d 18h Kennedy [268][269]
123 31 May 2008
21:02:12 UTC
17:02:12 EDT
STS-124

 		Discovery 7/7 13d 18h Kennedy [270][271]
124 14 November 2008
24:55:39 UTC
19:55:39 EST
STS-126

 		Endeavour 7/7 15d 20h Edwards [272][273]
125 15 March 2009
23:43:44 UTC
19:43:44 EDT
STS-119

 		Discovery 7/7 12d 19h Kennedy [274][275]
126 11 May 2009
18:01:56 UTC
14:01:56 EDT
STS-125

 		Atlantis 7 12d 21h Edwards [276][277][278]
127 15 July 2009
22:03:10 UTC
18:03:10 EDT
STS-127

 		Endeavour 7/7 15d 16h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 2J/A: Japanese Experiment Modoules Exposed Facility (EF) and ELM ES
 [279][280]
128 28 August 2009
03:59:37 UTC[c]
23:59:37 EDT
STS-128

 		Discovery 7/7 13d 21h Edwards [281][282]
129 16 November 2009
19:28:01 UTC
14:28:01 EST
STS-129

 		Atlantis 6/7 10d 19h Kennedy [283][284]
130 8 February 2010
09:14:07 UTC
04:14:07 EST
STS-130

 		Endeavour 6 13d 18h Kennedy [285][286]
131 5 April 2010
10:21:25 UTC
06:21:25 EDT
STS-131

 		Discovery 7 15d 03h Kennedy [287][288]
132 14 May 2010
18:20:09 UTC
14:20:09 EDT
STS-132

 		Atlantis 6 11d 18h Kennedy [289][290]
133 24 February 2011
21:53:24 UTC
16:53:24 EST
STS-133

 		Discovery 6 12d 19h Kennedy [291][292]
134 16 May 2011
24:55:42 UTC
20:55:42 EDT
STS-134

 		Endeavour 6 15d 18h Kennedy [293][294]
135 8 July 2011
15:29:04 UTC
11:29:04 EDT
STS-135

 		Atlantis 4 12d 18h Kennedy [295][296][297]

Cancelled and shortened missions

Main article: Canceled Space Shuttle missions

One initial emergency flight abort (RTLS) sub-orbital test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the Challenger and Columbia disasters.

Four missions were cut short by a day or more whilst in orbit: STS-2 (equipment failure),[22] STS-35 (weather),[100] STS-44 (equipment failure),[191] and STS-83 (equipment failure, relaunched as STS-94).[191]

Contingency missions

Main article: STS-3xx

STS-300 was the designation for the Space Shuttle Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for STS-114 and STS-121, in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.[298][299][300] The rescue flight for STS-115, if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the STS-116 rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was STS-117. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions was ever flown.[301]

No contingency mission was planned for STS-135, the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[302]

Year Contingency mission Supported mission Year Contingency mission Supported mission
2005 STS-300 Atlantis STS-114 Discovery 2007 STS-320 Atlantis[d][303] STS-120 Discovery
2006 STS-300 Atlantis STS-121 Discovery 2008 STS-323 Discovery [e][304] STS-122 Atlantis
STS-301 Discovery STS-115 Atlantis STS-324 Discovery STS-123 Endeavour
2007 STS-317 Atlantis STS-116 Discovery STS-326 Endeavour STS-124 Discovery
STS-318 Endeavour STS-117 Atlantis 2009 STS-400 Endeavour STS-125 Atlantis
STS-322 Discovery STS-118 Endeavour 2011 STS-335 Atlantis STS-134 Endeavour

Flight statistics

Key
‡  Test vehicle
†  Lost
Shuttle Designation Flights Flight days Orbits Longest flight First flight Last flight MIR/ISS
Docking 		Sources
Flight Date Flight Date
Enterprise ‡ OV-101,
Test Vehicle 		5 00d 00h 19m 0 00d 00h 05m ALT-12 12 August 1977 ALT-16 26 October 1977 – / – [305][306][307][308]
Columbia † OV-102 28 300d 17h 47m 15s 4,808 17d 15h 53m 18s STS-1 12 April 1981 STS-107 16 January 2003 0 / 0 [305][306][309][310]
Challenger † OV-099 10 62d 07h 56m 15s 995 08d 05h 23m 33s STS-6 4 April 1983 STS-51-L 28 January 1986 0 / 0 [305][306][311][312]
Discovery OV-103 39 364d 22h 39m 29s 5,830 15d 02h 48m 08s STS-41-D 30 August 1984 STS-133 24 February 2011 1 / 13 [305][306][313][314]
Atlantis OV-104 33 306d 14h 12m 43s 4,848 13d 20h 12m 44s STS-51-J 3 October 1985 STS-135 8 July 2011 7 / 12 [305][306][315][316]
Endeavour OV-105 25 296d 03h 34m 02s 4,677 16d 15h 08m 48s STS-49 7 May 1992 STS-134 16 May 2011 1 / 12 [305][306][317][318]
Total — 135 1330d 18h 9m 44s 21,158 — — — — — 9 / 37 —

See also

Notes

  1. ^ If there are two numbers in this column, it signifies the number of astronauts launched and landed with, respectively.
  2. ^ a b This shuttle was intended to land at Kennedy.
  3. ^ a b c d The listed UTC time occurs the next day.
  4. ^ NASA called this mission STS-320 instead of STS-321.
  5. ^ Originally scheduled to be Endeavour, changed to Discovery due to contamination issues.

Bibliography

  • Chen, Adam (2012). Wallack, William; Gonzalez, George (eds.). Celebrating 30 Years of the Space Shuttle program (pdf). Washington, DC, United States: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ISBN 9780160902024. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  • Duggins, Pat (2007). Final Countdown: NASA and the End of the Space Shuttle Program. United States of America: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813031460.
  • Goodwin, Robert (2001). Space Shuttle - STS Flights 1-5 - The NASA Mission Reports. Canada: Apogee Books. ISBN 1896522696.
  • Heppenheimer, T.A. (2002). Development of the Space Shuttle: 1972-1981. United States of America: Smithsonian Press. ISBN 9781588340092.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R. (2007). Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System. Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-9633974-5-1.

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