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|strength1={{flagicon|Iraq}} 54,000–60,000 ISF troops,<ref name="cnn1017">{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Nick Paton|last2=Blau|first2=Max|last3=Park|first3=Madison|last4=McLaughlin|first4=Eliott C.|title=Battle for Mosul: Iraqi forces inflict 'heavy losses'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/17/middleeast/mosul-isis-operation-begins-iraq/index.html|accessdate=17 October 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="ptv"/> 14,000 paramilitary troops<ref name="cnn1017"/><br/>{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} 40,000 Peshmerga troops<ref name="cnn1017"/><br/>{{flagicon|US}} 500 U.S. troops (logistical support only)<ref name="cnn1017"/><br/>{{flag|United Kingdom}} 14 fighterbombers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/uk-british-warplanes-bomb-support-iraqi-push-mosul-210141230.html|title=UK: British warplanes bomb IS to support Iraqi push on Mosul|work=yahoo.com|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref> <br/>{{flagicon|AUS}} 80 Australian [[Operation Okra#Special Operations Task Group (SOTG)|SOTG]] troops ([[Military aid|assistance]] role only)<ref name="Okra">{{cite web|last1=Greene|first1=Andrew|title=Islamic State: Australia's special forces to assist Iraq military in battle for Mosul|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-17/australian-special-forces-to-assist-military-operation-to-retak/7939556|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|FRA}} 500 French troops (various support)<ref name="leparisien1018">{{cite news|title=VIDEOS. Irak: les forces françaises dans la bataille de Mossoul|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/videos-irak-les-forces-francaises-dans-la-bataille-de-mossoul-17-10-2016-6219888.php|accessdate=18 October 2016|work=Le Parisien|date=18 October 2016}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|CAN}} 210 [[CANSOFCOM]] troops (advisory role only), 60 [[Canadian Army]] medical personnel, and undisclosed no. of [[21 Electronic Warfare Regiment|electronic warfare specialists]]<ref name="CANSOFCOM">{{cite web|last1=Chase|first1=Steven|title=Canadian forces providing crucial support in battle to recapture Mosul|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadian-forces-providing-crucial-support-in-battle-to-recapture-mosul/article32403507/|website=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
|strength1={{flagicon|Iraq}} 54,000–60,000 ISF troops,<ref name="cnn1017">{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Nick Paton|last2=Blau|first2=Max|last3=Park|first3=Madison|last4=McLaughlin|first4=Eliott C.|title=Battle for Mosul: Iraqi forces inflict 'heavy losses'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/17/middleeast/mosul-isis-operation-begins-iraq/index.html|accessdate=17 October 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="ptv"/> 14,000 paramilitary troops<ref name="cnn1017"/><br/>{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} 40,000 Peshmerga troops<ref name="cnn1017"/><br/>{{flagicon|US}} 500 U.S. troops (logistical support only)<ref name="cnn1017"/><br/>{{flag|United Kingdom}} 14 fighterbombers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/uk-british-warplanes-bomb-support-iraqi-push-mosul-210141230.html|title=UK: British warplanes bomb IS to support Iraqi push on Mosul|work=yahoo.com|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref> <br/>{{flagicon|AUS}} 80 Australian [[Operation Okra#Special Operations Task Group (SOTG)|SOTG]] troops ([[Military aid|assistance]] role only)<ref name="Okra">{{cite web|last1=Greene|first1=Andrew|title=Islamic State: Australia's special forces to assist Iraq military in battle for Mosul|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-17/australian-special-forces-to-assist-military-operation-to-retak/7939556|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|FRA}} 500 French troops (various support)<ref name="leparisien1018">{{cite news|title=VIDEOS. Irak: les forces françaises dans la bataille de Mossoul|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/videos-irak-les-forces-francaises-dans-la-bataille-de-mossoul-17-10-2016-6219888.php|accessdate=18 October 2016|work=Le Parisien|date=18 October 2016}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|CAN}} 210 [[CANSOFCOM]] troops (advisory role only), 60 [[Canadian Army]] medical personnel, and undisclosed no. of [[21 Electronic Warfare Regiment|electronic warfare specialists]]<ref name="CANSOFCOM">{{cite web|last1=Chase|first1=Steven|title=Canadian forces providing crucial support in battle to recapture Mosul|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadian-forces-providing-crucial-support-in-battle-to-recapture-mosul/article32403507/|website=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
|strength2= 2,000–9,000 militants<ref name="lemonde1017">{{cite news|title=Irak : l'opération pour reprendre Mossoul des mains de l'EI est lancée|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2016/10/17/irak-debut-de-l-operation-pour-reprendre-mossoul-des-mains-de-l-ei_5014713_3218.html|accessdate=17 October 2016|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=17 October 2016|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Iraqi army begins the liberation of Mosul|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21708891-even-backing-kurds-shia-militias-and-american-led-international|publisher=The Economist|date=17 October 2016|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
|strength2= 2,000–9,000 militants<ref name="lemonde1017">{{cite news|title=Irak : l'opération pour reprendre Mossoul des mains de l'EI est lancée|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2016/10/17/irak-debut-de-l-operation-pour-reprendre-mossoul-des-mains-de-l-ei_5014713_3218.html|accessdate=17 October 2016|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=17 October 2016|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Iraqi army begins the liberation of Mosul|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21708891-even-backing-kurds-shia-militias-and-american-led-international|publisher=The Economist|date=17 October 2016|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
|casualties1={{flagicon|Kurdistan}} 26 killed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.alalam.ir/news/1873726|title=VIDEO: 26 Kurdish Peshmerga Killed, Injured in 1st Day of Mosul Operation|work=alalam.ir|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref><br>
|casualties1={{flagicon|Kurdistan}} 6 killed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.alalam.ir/news/1873726|title=VIDEO: 26 Kurdish Peshmerga Killed, Injured in 1st Day of Mosul Operation|work=alalam.ir|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon|Iraq}} 71 killed<ref name="aj1017"/>
{{flagicon|Iraq}} 1 killed<ref name="aj1017"/>
|casualties2= 68 killed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/788353749265768449|title=The Inside Source on Twitter|work=twitter.com|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
|casualties2= 68 killed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/788353749265768449|title=The Inside Source on Twitter|work=twitter.com|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
|casualties3=
|casualties3=

Revision as of 01:21, 19 October 2016

For other Mosul offensives, see Battle of Mosul.

Battle of Mosul (2016)
Part of the Iraqi Civil War, Mosul offensive and the U.S.-led intervention in Iraq
Infographic of Mosul within Iraq
Infographic of Mosul within Iraq, with initial positions of Iraqi Army and Kurdish Peshmerga, October 2016
Date16 October 2016 – present
(8 years and 3 weeks)
Location
Southwest Erbil Governorate; Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
Status

Ongoing

  • Army captures 20 towns and villages[8]
Belligerents

 Iraq

CJTF–OIR:

 Islamic State (ISIL)
Commanders and leaders
Haidar al-Abadi (Prime Minister of Iraq)
Iraq Major Gen. Najim al-Jubouri (ISF commander of Nineveh Operations)
Kurdistan Region Omer Huseyin (Peshmerga commander)[9]		 Islamic State Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader)
Units involved

Iraq:

Iraqi Kurdistan:

Military of ISIL

Strength
Iraq 54,000–60,000 ISF troops,[12][13] 14,000 paramilitary troops[12]
Kurdistan Region 40,000 Peshmerga troops[12]
United States 500 U.S. troops (logistical support only)[12]
 United Kingdom 14 fighterbombers[14]
Australia 80 Australian SOTG troops (assistance role only)[15]
France 500 French troops (various support)[16]
Canada 210 CANSOFCOM troops (advisory role only), 60 Canadian Army medical personnel, and undisclosed no. of electronic warfare specialists[17]		 2,000–9,000 militants[18][19]
Casualties and losses

Kurdistan Region 6 killed[20]

Iraq 1 killed[21]		 68 killed[22]

The Battle of Mosul (Arabic: معركة الموصل) is a joint offensive by Iraqi government forces with allied militias, Iraqi Kurdistan, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from ISIL.[23][24][25] The offensive to take the city began on 16 October 2016.[9][26][27] The battle for Mosul is considered key in the military intervention against ISIL, which seized the city in June 2014.[28] It is the largest deployment of Iraqi forces since the 2003 invasion by U.S. and coalition forces.[29]

The operation follows the Mosul offensive in 2015 and Mosul offensive in 2016. Up to 1.5 million civilians live in the city; there are fears of a massive humanitarian crisis and that civilians could be used as human shields by ISIL.[30]

Background

Main articles: Fall of Mosul, Mosul offensive (2015), and Mosul offensive (2016)
Map of the Kurdish-launched Mosul offensive, as of August 2016

Mosul is Iraq's second-most populated city and fell to ISIL in June 2014. With largely a Sunni majority, Mosul fell easily to a mere 800 ISIL militants because of the population's deep distrust of the primarily Shia Iraqi government and its corrupt armed forces.[31][18] It was in the Great Mosque in Mosul that ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared the birth of the caliphate spanning Iraq and Syria.[31] The original population of 2.5 million has fallen to approximately 1.5 million after two years of ISIL rule. The city was once extremely diverse, with ethnic minorities including Armenians, Yazidis, Assyrian, Turkmen, and Shabak people, who suffered considerably under ISIL.[32] Mosul remains the last stronghold of ISIL in Iraq,[33] and the anticipated offensive to reclaim it has been hyped as the "mother of all battles."[34][35][36][37]

In the weeks leading up to the ground offensive, a U.S.-led coalition bombed ISIL targets, and the Iraqi army made gradual advances on the city.[29] Royal Air Force Typhoons, Tornados and Reaper drones targeted "rocket launchers, ammunition stockpiles, artillery pieces and mortar positions" in the 72 hours before the ground assault began.[38] Leaflets dropped on the city by the Iraqi army advised young male residents to "rise up" against ISIL when the battle began.[33]

To prepare for the assault, ISIL jihadists dug 7-by-7-foot trenches around the city, which they plan to fill with burning oil to reduce visibility[29] and slow advances.[13]

Forces

U.S. Lt. Gen. Stephen J. Townsend, commander of the Combined Joint Task Force, at Qayyarah Airfield West, 22 September 2016

An estimated 3,000–5,000 ISIL fighters are in Mosul, according to the United States Department of Defense.[39] Other estimates range as low as 2,000 and high as 9,000 ISIL fighters.[18]

The Iraqi-led coalition is estimated by CNN to have 94,000 members;[40] 54,000 to 60,000 Iraqi security forces (ISF) soldiers, 16,000 paramilitary fighters and 40,000 Peshmerga are deployed in the battle.[12][13] The Christian Nineveh Plain Forces, composed of Assyrians and Chaldean Catholics, is among the paramilitary forces in the Iraqi coalition.[41]

An international coalition of 60 nations, led by the United States, is supporting Iraq's war against ISIL, providing logistical and air support, intelligence and advice.[42] The international coalition forces are headquartered 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Mosul at Qayyarah Airfield West (or Q-West) in Qayyarah, which was reclaimed from ISIL in June.[43] About 560 U.S. troops from the 101st Airborne Division were deployed to Q-West for the battle, including command and control elements, a security detachment, an airfield operations team, and logistics and communications specialists.[44] The U.S. deployed HIMARS rocket launchers and M777 howitzers, manned by the 101st's 2nd Brigade Combat Team and the Golf Company, 526th Brigade Support Battalion. The French army deployed four CAESAR howitzers and 150 to 200 soldiers at Qayyarah, with 600 more French troops announced at the end of September.[45] An additional 150 French soldiers are in Erbil, east of Mosul, training Peshmerga.[46] 80 Australian special forces soldiers and 210 CANSOFCOM soldiers are also deployed to assist the Peshmerga. In addition, the Canadian Forces 21 Electronic Warfare Regiment is reportedly in the area, working to intercept and relay ISIL communications, while a Role 2 Canadian Army field hospital with 60 personnel has been set up to treat Kurdish casualties.[15][17]

Iranian-backed Shia militias, including several brigades of the paramilitary organization Hashd al-Shaabi, are also assisting. The Peace Brigades, the League of the Righteous, and the Badr Organization are taking part.[46]

Turkey has 1,500 to 2,000 soldiers in Iraq,[47] including 500 Turkish soldiers deployed to Bashiqa, where they trained 1,500 Iraqi Sunni volunteers, mainly Turkmens, and Arabs to reclaim Mosul.[48][49] Turkey's participation is against the wishes of the Iraqi government, which fears an occupying force from the Turks.[46] Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan told the Turkish parliament on 1 October, "We will play a role in the Mosul liberation operation and no one can prevent us from participating,"[50] and said Turkey's presence was to prevent terrorist attacks on Turkey.[51] Turkey's presence was criticized by Kurds in northern Iraq,[52] and thousands of protestors demonstrated at the Turkish Embassy in Baghdad on 18 October, demanding Turkish forces withdraw from Iraq.[53]

Despite the presence of coalition forces, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said that only the Iraqi army and the Iraqi national police will enter the city itself.[27][54]

Battle

On 16 October, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi declared the beginning of the assault to recapture the city of Mosul.[27] Officials reported howitzers began an assault on the city late that day.[9] Additional assaults began several hours after a televised address by al-Abadi on state television.[33] The assault began with shelling and arrival of armored vehicles to the front lines.[55] Pro-government forces also captured Bashiqa during the night.[56]

BBC journalist Ahmed Maher said the coalition strategy is to completely encircle Mosul before Iraqi troops advance into the city center.[57] The Peshmerga in Khazer started the ground assault by advancing on ISIL-held villages from three fronts, with Iraqi security forces advancing from the south.[58] Iraqi troops advanced on the Bartella area east of Mosul while ISIL fighters fired mortars at Peshmerga.[59] According to the Iraqi government, 20 villages near Mosul were captured from ISIS in the first 24 hours of fighting by the Peshmerga and Iraqi forces.[60] According to reports, the Peshmerga were met with little resistance on the eastern front, while Iraqi and Shia fighters coming from the south faced a tougher fight from ISIL.[61]

Amaq News claimed that ISIL has launched eight suicide attacks targeting the Peshmerga.[62] The President of Iraqi Kurdistan, Massoud Barzani, said that Peshmerga and Iraqi fighters retook 200 square kilometers (80 square miles) from ISIL on the first day of fighting.[21] At least five Pershmerga fighters and one Iraqi Army soldier were killed on the first full day of fighting, according to Al Jazeera.[21]

Iraqi officials reported that "heavy losses of life and equipment" were inflicted upon ISIL fighters in the Hamdaniya district southeast of Mosul. CNN reported that scores of injured ISIL fighters had been bused west toward Raqqa (ISIL's headquarters in Syria) for medical aid.[12] Family members of ISIL fighters fled from Mosul to Nawran village due to the shelling. It was also reported that some fighters had started shaving their beards and were getting rid of their Afghan uniforms.[63] The group was also reported to have evacuated and shifted their headquarters from west side of Mosul to its east side.[64]

On 18 October, the Iraqi and Peshmerga advance had been slowed down due to suicide bombers, roadside IEDs and oil fires. In order to eliminate any ISIL presence completely from the villages on outskirts of the city, they were carrying out street-by-street search operations.[65][66] The Peshmerga later paused their advance while the Iraqi Army continued its advance.[67]

A U.S. Pentagon spokesman stated that the coalition was "ahead of schedule" on the second day of fighting after destroying 52 targets on the first day of the operation. Early in the day, news agencies reported that forces in the east were close to Qaraqosh (Bakhdida), once the largest Christian town in Iraq, and fighters in the south were closing in on Hammam al-'Alil.[68] Local groups and relief agencies reported that Qaraqosh was liberated from ISIL, which overran it along with three other Christian villages in August 2014. This news caused widespread celebration among Iraqi Christians.[69][70] Other sources stated that the Iraqi army had only partial control of Qaraqosh, and did not expect to fully drive ISIL out until the following day.[71] Late in the evening, the Iraqi army confirmed that Qaraqosh was still not under its control.[72]

Rudaw reported that Iraqi fighters to the south were battling pockets of ISIL fighters and snipers as they tried to reclaim the village of Abbasi,[73] and expected to soon take control of the village of Zawiya.[74] Fighting resumed in the village of Kani Harami, which was captured by the Iraqi army on 17 October but retaken by ISIL on 18 October as the army lacked reinforcements.[72] The Iraqi army retook the village of Alahud while state police secured the Al-Mishraq sulfur plant, both south of Mosul.[75]

Assyrian-American journalist Steven Nabil reported that Mosul residents have sent hundreds of messages to coalition contacts informing them of the locations of ISIL fighters inside the city.[57]

Humanitarian issues

Between 1 and 1.5 million people live in Mosul, and humanitarian agencies have warned of a potential crisis if hundreds of thousands of people flee the city, with winter approaching. Lise Grande, the United Nations' humanitarian coordinator in Iraq, stated, "In a worst-case scenario, we're literally looking at the single largest humanitarian operation in the world in 2016."[30] Save the Children warned that massive civilian bloodshed was likely unless safe routes were allowed to let civilians flee.[76]

ISIL has reportedly threatened to execute civilians trying to flee. Snipers, landmines and trenches are preventing people from attempting to escape.[29] Iraqi officials, via radio broadcasts and leaflets dropped over the city, warned civilians to stay in their homes. Leaflets advised residents of various precautions to take including instructions to tape over their windows to protect from flying glass and to disconnect gas pipes.[33][77]

Italian Filippo Grandi, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, arrived in Erbil on 17 October to meet with Kurdish officials.[78] The UN has set up five refugees camps capable of taking up to 45,000 people and has the capability of taking in up to 120,000 if more sites are available for camps.[79] Dozens of families from Mosul arrived in the al-Hawl camp in Rojava, Northern Syria, bringing the number of Iraqis in al-Hawl to more than 6,000. The UN is attempting to communicate with citizens inside Mosul that they should not flee to the west of the city toward Syria, an area still under ISIL control, but to the camps in the east.[80]

On 18 October, more than 2,000 refugees from Mosul were attempting to cross into Syria, according to the People's Defense Units (YPG).[72]

Media coverage

Several media outlets including Al Jazeera and Channel 4 live streamed the first day's battle on Facebook, a first in war coverage.[81][82][83] Additional live video feeds were available on YouTube and the streaming app Periscope. Iraqi and Kurdish officials are also joining in on social media using the official hashtag #FreeMosul.[84] Brendan Gauthier, assistant editor of Salon, noted that given ISIL's slick campaigns on social media, "It's only appropriate then that the Iraqi military’s effort to reclaim Mosul from the PR machine turned extremist group be live-streamed."[85]

See also

References

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35°48′01″N 43°17′23″E / 35.8003°N 43.2897°E / 35.8003; 43.2897

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