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*[[Nicolas Flamel]] (early 1330s – {{circa|1418}}) was a 14th-century [[scrivener]] who developed a reputation as alchemist and creator of an "[[elixir of life]]" that conferred [[immortality]] upon himself and his wife Perenelle. His arcanely inscribed tombstone is preserved at the [[Musée de Cluny]] in Paris.
*[[Nicolas Flamel]] (early 1330s – {{circa|1418}}) was a 14th-century [[scrivener]] who developed a reputation as alchemist and creator of an "[[elixir of life]]" that conferred [[immortality]] upon himself and his wife Perenelle. His arcanely inscribed tombstone is preserved at the [[Musée de Cluny]] in Paris.
*Fridericus (Ludovicus) Gualdus ({{Interlanguage link|Federico Gualdi|it}}), author of "Revelation of the True Chemical Wisdom", lived in [[Venice]] in the 1680s. His age was reported in a letter in a contemporary Dutch newspaper to be over 400. By some accounts, when asked about a portrait he carried, he said it was of himself, painted by [[Titian]] (who died in 1576), but gave no explanation and left Venice the following morning.<ref name=chemica>{{cite book |title=Bibliotheca chemica |publisher=James Maclehose and Sons |year=1906 |author=Ferguson, John |location=[[Glasgow]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/bibliothecachem00ferggoog/page/n385 351] |url=https://archive.org/details/bibliothecachem00ferggoog |access-date=2010-09-12 |quote=Friederich GUALDUS.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gualdus, Friederich |title=Revelation of the True Chemical Wisdom (Alchemy) |publisher=Restoration of Alchemical Manuscripts Society |year=1989 |orig-year=1720 |others=Muller, Leone, trans |url=http://www.rexresearch.com/alchemy3/gualdus.htm |access-date=2010-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918122658/http://www.rexresearch.com/alchemy3/gualdus.htm |archive-date=2010-09-18}}</ref> By another account, Gualdus left Venice due to religious accusations and died in 1724.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tschoudy, Théodore Henry de Metz |author=Hally, René |url=http://sog1.free.fr/ArtHally200Tschoudy.htm |access-date=2010-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720230229/http://sog1.free.fr/ArtHally200Tschoudy.htm |archive-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> The "Compass der Weisen" alludes to him as still alive in 1782 and nearly 600 years old.<ref name=chemica/>
*Fridericus (Ludovicus) Gualdus ({{Interlanguage link|Federico Gualdi|it}}), author of "Revelation of the True Chemical Wisdom", lived in [[Venice]] in the 1680s. His age was reported in a letter in a contemporary Dutch newspaper to be over 400. By some accounts, when asked about a portrait he carried, he said it was of himself, painted by [[Titian]] (who died in 1576), but gave no explanation and left Venice the following morning.<ref name=chemica>{{cite book |title=Bibliotheca chemica |publisher=James Maclehose and Sons |year=1906 |author=Ferguson, John |location=[[Glasgow]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/bibliothecachem00ferggoog/page/n385 351] |url=https://archive.org/details/bibliothecachem00ferggoog |access-date=2010-09-12 |quote=Friederich GUALDUS.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gualdus, Friederich |title=Revelation of the True Chemical Wisdom (Alchemy) |publisher=Restoration of Alchemical Manuscripts Society |year=1989 |orig-year=1720 |others=Muller, Leone, trans |url=http://www.rexresearch.com/alchemy3/gualdus.htm |access-date=2010-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918122658/http://www.rexresearch.com/alchemy3/gualdus.htm |archive-date=2010-09-18}}</ref> By another account, Gualdus left Venice due to religious accusations and died in 1724.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tschoudy, Théodore Henry de Metz |author=Hally, René |url=http://sog1.free.fr/ArtHally200Tschoudy.htm |access-date=2010-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720230229/http://sog1.free.fr/ArtHally200Tschoudy.htm |archive-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> The "Compass der Weisen" alludes to him as still alive in 1782 and nearly 600 years old.<ref name=chemica/>

===Fountain of Youth===
===Fountain of Youth===
{{Excerpt|Fountain of Youth|only=paragraphs}}
{{Excerpt|Fountain of Youth|only=paragraphs}}

Revision as of 10:19, 17 March 2024

Longevity claims are unsubstantiated cases of asserted human longevity. Those asserting lifespans of 110 years or more are referred to as supercentenarians. Many have either no official verification or are backed only by partial evidence. Cases where longevity has been fully verified, according to modern standards of longevity research, are reflected in an established list of supercentenarians based on the work of organizations such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records. This article lists living claims greater than that of the oldest living person whose age has been independently verified, American-born Spanish woman Maria Branyas, aged 117 years, 106 days, and deceased claims greater than that of the oldest person ever whose age has been verified, French woman Jeanne Calment, who died aged 122 years and 164 days. The upper limit for both lists is 130 years.

Scientific status

Prior to the 19th century, there was insufficient evidence either to demonstrate or to refute centenarian longevity.[1] Even today, no fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent.[2] Studies[1] in the biodemography of human longevity indicate a late-life mortality deceleration law: that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late-life mortality plateau. This implies that there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity, or fixed maximum human lifespan.[3] Researchers in Denmark have found a way to determine when a deceased person was born using radiocarbon dating done on the lens of the eye.[4]

Categorization

Guinness World Records from its inception in 1955, began maintaining a list of the verified oldest people.[5] It developed into a list of all supercentenarians whose lifespan had been verified by at least three documents, in a standardized process, according to the norms of modern longevity research.[citation needed] Many unverified cases ("claims" or "traditions") have been controverted by reliable sources. Taking reliable demographic data into account, these unverified cases vary widely in their plausibility.

Fully verified claims

For fully verified human longevity claims, see Supercentenarian and List of the verified oldest people.
  • The oldest person verified by modern standards, and the only person with evidence to have lived to be at least 120 years of age, is French woman Jeanne Calment (21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997), aged 122 years and 164 days.
  • The oldest man verified by modern standards, and the only man with undisputed evidence to have lived to be over 115, is Japanese man Jiroemon Kimura (19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013), aged 116 years and 54 days.
  • The oldest verified living person is Spanish-American born woman Maria Branyas, born 4 March 1907, aged 117 years, 106 days.

Problems in documenting

  • Lucy Hannah, previously regarded as having reached age 117, had her verification removed in 2020 following the discovery of additional documents.[6]

In numerous editions from the 1960s through the 1980s, Guinness stated that

No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood, and deliberate fraud than the extremes of human longevity.[7]

Despite demographic evidence of the known extremes of modern longevity, stories in otherwise reliable sources still surface regularly, stating that these extremes have been exceeded. Responsible, modern, scientific validation of human longevity requires investigation of records following an individual from birth to the present (or to death); purported longevity claims far outside the demonstrated records regularly fail such scrutiny.

Actuary Walter G. Bowerman stated that ill-founded longevity assertions originate mainly in remote, underdeveloped regions, among non-literate peoples, with only family testimony available as evidence.[8] This means that people living in areas of the world with historically more comprehensive resources for record-keeping have tended to hold more claims to longevity, regardless of whether or not individuals in other parts of the world have lived longer.

In the transitional period of record-keeping, records tend to exist for the wealthy and upper-middle classes, but are often spotty and nonexistent for the middle classes and the poor. In the United States, birth registration did not begin in Mississippi until 1912 and was not universal until 1933.[9] Hence, in many longevity cases, no actual birth record exists. This type of case is classified by gerontologists as "partially validated".[10]

Proximate records

Since some cases were recorded in a census or in other reliable sources, obtainable evidence may complete full verification.

  • Maggie Barnes: Barnes claimed to be 117 at her death on 19 January 1998.[11] Barnes, who was born to a former slave and married a tenant farmer, had fifteen children, 11 of whom preceded her in death.[11] Inconsistent records suggested that she was born on 6 March 1882 at the latest, but possibly a year earlier. The conclusion is that Barnes was at least 115 years and 319 days old at her death, and may have been one or two years older.[citation needed]

Late-life records

In another type of case, the only records that exist are late-life documents. Because age inflation often occurs in adulthood (to avoid military service or to apply for a pension early), or because the government may have begun record-keeping during an individual's lifetime, cases unverified by proximate records exist. These unverified cases are less likely to be true (because the records are written later), but are still possible. Longevity narratives were not subjected to rigorous scrutiny until the work of William Thoms in 1873. Thoms proposed the 100th-birthday test: is there evidence to support an individual's claimed age at what would be their centenary birthday?[12][13] This test does not prove a person's age, but does winnow out typical pension-claim longevity exaggerations and spontaneous claims that a certain relative is over 150.

  • Hanna Barysevich: Barysevich claimed to have been 118.[14] This can be neither verified nor disproven from Belarus records. The claim is demographically possible but incompletely verified.
  • Pasikhat Dzhukalaeva: In 2004, The Moscow Times reported that Dzhukalayeva, of Chechnya, claimed to have been born in 1881 (age 122). The claim is possible but incompletely verified. Her death has not been reported since that time, so no age greater than 122 has been verifiably claimed.[15]
  • Susie Brunson: Ebony magazine reported in 1973 that she was in good health at 102 years old, the first major claim of her longevity.[16] She is later mentioned in 1975, where various Newspapers claimed that she was celebrating her 105th birthday.[17] An article from the Spokesman-Review claims Brunson received a call from President Ronald Reagan on her 113th birthday in 1983[18] (and many other papers claim that Brunson's birthday was attended by New York Congressman Raymond J McGrath, dubbing her the oldest person in the nation),[19] and other articles written about her longevity appear later on.[20][21] Her obituaries appear in Star-News newspaper[22] and The New York Times.[23] Her family claimed that she was born 25 December 1870 and lived to age 123, dying in late November 1994.[23]

Reports with complete date of birth

These are standardized lists of people whose lifespans remain unverified by proximate records, including both modern (Guinness-era) and historical cases. All cases in which an individual's supercentenarian lifespan is not (yet) backed by records sufficient to the standards of modern longevity research are listed as unverified. They may be factually true, even though records do not exist (or have not yet been found), so such lists include these grey-area cases.

Recent

These living supercentenarian cases, in descending order of claimed age, with full birth and review dates, have been updated within the past two years, but have not had their claimed age validated by an independent body such as the Gerontology Research Group or Guinness World Records. The list includes only those claims that are greater than the age of the oldest verified living person, Maria Branyas, who is currently aged 117 years, 106 days, but under 130 years.

Name Sex Reported birth date Claimed Age Country Latest report Ref
Huvaydo Umarova F 1 January 1895 129 years, 169 days Uzbekistan 9 July 2023 [24][25][26]
Sivananda M 8 August 1896 127 years, 315 days India 9 August 2023 [27][28][29]
Manuel Garcia Hernandez M 24 December 1896 127 years, 177 days Mexico 2 February 2024 [30][31]
Marcelino Abad Tolentino M 5 April 1900 124 years, 74 days Peru 7 April 2023 [32][33][34]
Maria Gomes dos Reis F 16 June 1900 124 years, 2 days Brazil 16 June 2023 [35][36]
Sebastião Batista dos Santos M 15 March 1902 122 years, 95 days Brazil 15 March 2024 [37][38]
Hussein Al-Missaoui M 17 May 1904 120 years, 32 days Tunisia 5 June 2023 [39]
Maria Vikentyevna Kononovich F 27 May 1904 120 years, 22 days Belarus 18 January 2023 [40][41][42]
Lee Yong-geum F 6 October 1904 119 years, 256 days South Korea 2 June 2022 [43][44]
Maria Luisa F 3 February 1905 119 years, 136 days Mozambique 6 September 2023 [45]
Rosa Zoila Higuera Velandia F 23 August 1906 117 years, 300 days Colombia 9 March 2023 [46]
Margaret Maritz F 27 September 1906 117 years, 265 days South Africa 28 September 2022 [47]

Past

This table contains supercentenarian claims with either a known death date or no confirmation for more than two years that they were still alive. Only claims greater than that of Jeanne Calment, who died at the age of 122 years, 164 days, but under 130 years are included. They are listed in order of age as of the date of death or date last reported alive.

Name Sex Reported birth date Death date / latest report Reported age Country
Ali Ben Mohamed El Amri[48][49] M 5 October 1880 fl. 30 September 2010 129 years, 360 days Tunisia
Koku Istambulova[50] F 1 June 1889 27 January 2019 129 years, 240 days Russia
José Aguinelo dos Santos[51] M 7 July 1888 20 December 2017 129 years, 166 days Brazil
Maria do Carmo Gerônimo[52] F 5 March 1871 14 June 2000 129 years, 101 days Brazil
Jean Causeur[53] M 3 March 1645 30 April 1774 129 years, 58 days France
Mary Ewen[54] F 5 May 1878 10 April 2007 128 years, 340 days Jamaica
Cruz Hernández[52] F 3 May 1878 8 March 2007 128 years, 309 days El Salvador
Johanna Mazibuko[55] F 11 May 1894 3 March 2023 128 years, 296 days South Africa
Ese Gebelek[56][57][58] F 1 July 1894 28 March 2023 128 years, 270 days Turkey
Elizabeth Israel[52] F 27 January 1875 14 October 2003 128 years, 260 days Dominica
Safiah Ujang[59] F 11 February 1889 26 October 2017 128 years, 257 days Malaysia
José Rosario Serrano Arencas[60] M 5 March 1881 24 April 2009 128 years, 50 days Colombia
Swami Kalyandev[52] M 21 June 1876 14 July 2004 128 years, 23 days India
William Johnson[61] M 8 May 1881 15 May 2009 128 years, 7 days United States
José Paulino Gomes[62][63] M 4 August 1895 28 July 2023 127 years, 358 days Brazil
Ajiben Chandravadia[64][65] F 1 January 1891 13 December 2018 127 years, 346 days India
Luo Meizhen[66][67] F 9 July 1885 9 June 2013 127 years, 335 days China
Juana Bautista de la Candelaria Rodríguez[68] F 2 February 1885 24 December 2012 127 years, 326 days Cuba
Luang Pu Chant Siri[69][70] M 10 April 1849 23 February 1977 127 years, 319 days Thailand
Halim Solmaz[71] F 1 July 1884 29 March 2012 127 years, 272 days Turkey
Tshinyelo Dora Muzila[72] F 4 May 1880 14 January 2008 127 years, 255 days South Africa
Leandra Becerra Lumbreras F 31 August 1887 19 March 2015 127 years, 200 days Mexico
Tian Longyu[73][74][75] F 9 June 1893 28 September 2020 127 years, 111 days China
Nicolas Savin[76] M 17 April 1768 29 November 1894 126 years, 226 days Russia
Maria Gonçalves dos Santos[77] F 24 June 1890 15 December 2016 126 years, 174 days Brazil
Benito Martínez Abrogán[52] M 19 June 1880 11 October 2006 126 years, 114 days Cuba
Margarita Lacsi[78][79][80] F 30 March 1878 27 May 2004 126 years, 58 days Argentina
Jackson Pollard[52] M 25 December 1869 7 September 1995 125 years, 304 days United States
Nuri Öztunç[81] M 1 July 1885 6 March 2011 125 years, 248 days Turkey
Juan Ramos[52] M 24 June 1880 24 January 2006 125 years, 214 days United States
Aberewa Grace[52] F 16 August 1878 18 January 2004 125 years, 155 days Ghana
Masoumeh Sanei Toroghi[82] F 23 September 1898 6 February 2024 125 years, 136 days Iraq
Anna Visser[52] F 25 December 1878 8 January 2004 125 years, 14 days Namibia
Maria Etelvina dos Santos[52] F 15 July 1878 8 March 2003 124 years, 236 days Brazil
Hu Yeh-mei[83] F 10 February 1885 24 August 2009 124 years, 195 days Taiwan
Mariam Amash[84][85][86] F 1 July 1888 22 December 2012 124 years, 171 days Israel
Socorro Medrano Guevara[87] F 17 June 1894 13 September 2018 124 years, 88 days Mexico
Francisca Susano[88][89] F 11 September 1897 22 November 2021 124 years, 72 days Philippines
Armando Frid[52][90] M 24 May 1866 28 July 1990 124 years, 65 days Argentina
Maria Verissimo de Matos[91][92] F 5 June 1888 17 June 2012 124 years, 12 days Brazil
Sher Ali Mia[93] M 17 July 1894 fl. 10 July 2018 123 years, 358 days Bangladesh
Ana Martinha da Silva[52] F 25 August 1880 27 July 2004 123 years, 337 days Brazil
Carmelo Flores Laura[94] M 16 July 1890 9 June 2014 123 years, 328 days Bolivia
Deolinda Soares Rodrigues[95] F 24 June 1898 1 May 2022 123 years, 311 days Brazil
Juana Chox Yac[96][97][98][99] F 29 November 1893 27 September 2017 123 years, 302 days Guatemala
Arthur Reed[52] M 28 June 1860 15 April 1984 123 years, 292 days United States
Tanzilya Bisembeyeva[100][101] F 14 March 1896 25 October 2019 123 years, 225 days. Russia
Daw Mya Kyi[102][103][104][105] F 9 October 1892 fl. 17 May 2016 123 years, 221 days Myanmar
Hava Rexha[52] F 14 August 1880 8 November 2003 123 years, 86 days Albania
Appaz Iliev[106] M March 1, 1896 May 10, 2019 123 years, 70 days Russia
Nguyễn Thị Trù[107][108] F 4 May 1893 12 July 2016 123 years, 69 days Vietnam
Turupu Aimaiti[109][110] M 5 February 1892 fl. 26 February 2015 123 years, 21 days China
Live Larsdatter[111] F 6 August 1575 9 July 1698 122 years, 337 days Denmark
Shukhrat Aliyeva[112] F 1 January 1887 1 December 2009 122 years, 334 days Brazil
Oberia Coffin[52] F 1 December 1883 18 October 2006 122 years, 321 days United States
Sudhakar Chaturvedi[113][114] M 20 April 1897 27 February 2020 122 years, 313 days India
Nehemiah Ndur[115] M 25 February 1890 10 December 2012 122 years, 289 days Nigeria
Dora Jacobs[52] F 6 May 1880 19 January 2003 122 years, 258 days South Africa
Mamie Evans[52] F 2 July 1872 15 January 1995 122 years, 197 days United States
David Peterson[52] M 22 November 1850 31 May 1973 122 years, 190 days United States
Sarah Hoover[52] F 25 June 1874 15 December 1996 122 years, 173 days United States
Salma Abdulqadir[116] F 1 July 1897 18 December 2019 122 years, 170 days Syria

Longevity myths

Jurōjin, the Japanese god of longevity, one of the Seven Lucky Gods

Longevity myths are traditions about long-lived people (generally supercentenarians), either as individuals or groups of people, and practices that have been believed to confer longevity, but which current scientific evidence does not support, nor the reasons for the claims.[117][118] While literal interpretations of such myths may appear to indicate extraordinarily long lifespans, experts believe such figures may be the result of incorrect translations of number systems through various languages, coupled along with the cultural and symbolic significance of certain numbers.[119]

The phrase "longevity tradition" may include "purifications, rituals, longevity practices, meditations, and alchemy"[120] that have been believed to confer greater human longevity, especially in Chinese Culture.[117][118]

Modern science indicates various ways in which genetics, diet, and lifestyle affect human longevity. It also allows us to determine the age of human remains with a fair degree of precision.

Outside of mythology, the record for the maximum verified lifespan in the modern world is 122+1⁄2 years for women (Jeanne Calment) and 116 years for men (Jiroemon Kimura). Some scientists estimate that in case of the most ideal conditions people can live up to 127 years.[121][122] This does not exclude the theoretical possibility that in the case of a fortunate combination of mutations there could be a person who lives longer. Though the lifespan of humans is one of the longest in nature, there are animals that live longer. For example, some individuals of the Galapagos tortoise live more than 175 years,[123] and some individuals of the bowhead whale more than 200 years.[124] Some scientists cautiously suggest that the human body can have sufficient resources to live up to 150 years.[125][126]

Extreme longevity claims in religion

Abrahamic religions

Biblical longevity
Name Masoretic
Age		 Septuagint
Age
Methuselah 969 969
Jared 962 962
Noah 950 950
Adam 930 930
Seth 912 912
Kenan 910 910
Enos 905 905
Mahalalel 895 895
Lamech 777 753
Shem 600 600
Eber 464 404
Cainan — 460
Arpachshad 438 465
Salah 433 466
Enoch 365 365
Peleg 239 339
Reu 239 339
Serug 230 330
Job 210? 210?
Terah 205 205
Isaac 180 180
Abraham 175 175
Nahor 148 304
Jacob 147 147
Esau 147? 147?
Ishmael 137 137
Levi 137 137
Amram 137 137
Kohath 133 133
Laban 130+ 130+
Deborah 130+ 130+
Jehoiada 130 130
Sarah 127 127
Miriam 125+ 125+
Aaron 123 123
Rebecca 120+ 120+
Moses 120 120
Joseph 110 110
Joshua 110 110

Judaism

Several parts of the Hebrew Bible, including the Torah, Joshua, Job, and Chronicles, mention individuals with very long lifespans, up to the 969 years of Methuselah.

The Sefer haYashar narrates that all of the long-lived people belonged to a special class and that Methusaleh was the last member.[127] Methusaleh also lived long enough to evangelize with his grandson Noah in the antediluvian world.[128]

Christianity

Some Christian apologists explain the extreme ages in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) as ancient mistranslations that converted the word "month" to "year", mistaking lunar cycles for solar ones: this would turn an age of 969 years into a more reasonable 969 lunar months, or about 78.3 solar years.[129] Donald Etz says that the Genesis 5 numbers were multiplied by ten by a later editor.[130]

Both these interpretations introduce an inconsistency: they would mean that the ages of the first nine patriarchs at fatherhood, ranging from 62 to 230 years in the manuscripts, would then be transformed into an implausible range such as 5 to 18+1⁄2 years.[131] Others say that the first list, of only 10 names for 1,656 years, may contain generational gaps, which would have been represented by the lengthy lifetimes attributed to the patriarchs.[132] Nineteenth-century critic Vincent Goehlert suggests the lifetimes "represented epochs merely, to which were given the names of the personages especially prominent in such epochs, who, in consequence of their comparatively long lives, were able to acquire an exalted influence".[133]

Those biblical scholars that teach literal interpretation give explanations for the advanced ages of the early patriarchs. In one view, man was originally to have everlasting life, but as sin was introduced into the world by Adam,[134] its influence became greater with each generation and God progressively shortened man's life.[135] In a second view, before Noah's flood, a "firmament" over the earth (Genesis 1:6–8) contributed to people's advanced ages.[136] The Bible's own (brief) explanation for these ages approaches the question from a different angle, explaining instead the relative shortness of normal lives in Genesis 6:3 (CSB): "And the Lord said, 'My Spirit will not remain with mankind forever, because they are corrupt. Their days will be 120 years.'"

Conservative apologist William Lane Craig believes that the longevity myths should be understood as 'mytho-history', where the ages of culturally significant figures were exaggerated to make a political or theological point. He points to similar practices found in neighboring cultures such as the Babylonians and argues that both Hebrews and Babylonians were aware that human longevity was biologically unfeasible.[137]Similar arguments were made by professor Robert Gnuse.[138]

Here are some more modern examples of Christian longevity claims:

  • Scolastica Oliveri is said to have lived in Bivona, Italy, 1448–1578 (age 129–130), according to the archive of Monastero di San Paolo in Bivona located in Palermo.[139]
  • Around 1912, the Maharishi of Kailash was said by missionary Sadhu Sundar Singh to be a Christian hermit of over 300 years of age in a Himalayan mountain cave, with whom he spent some time in deep fellowship. Singh said the Maharishi was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and baptized by the nephew of St. Francis Xavier.[140]

Islam

Ibrahim (إِبْرَاهِيم) was said to have lived to 168–169 years.[citation needed] His wife Sarah is the only woman in the Old Testament whose age is given. She died at 127 (Genesis 23:1). In the Quran, Noah allegedly lived for 950 years with his people.[141]

According to 19th-century scholars, Abdul Azziz al-Hafeed al-Habashi (عبد العزيز الحبشي) lived 673–674 Gregorian years, or 694–695 Islamic years, between 581 and 1276 AH (equivalent to 1185–1859 AD).[142]

In Twelver Shia Islam, Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi is believed to currently be in Occultation and still alive (age 1154).[143]

Buddhism

Falun Gong

Chapter 2 of Falun Gong by Li Hongzhi (2001) states,

A person in Japan named Mitsu Taira lived to be 242 years old. During the Tang dynasty in our country, there was a monk called Hui Zhao [慧昭, 526–815[citation needed]] who lived to be 290 [288–289] years old. According to the county annals of Yong Tai in Fujian Province, Chen Jun [陈俊] was born in the first year of Zhong He time (881 AD) under the reign of Emperor Xi Zong during the Tang Dynasty. He died in the Tai Ding time of the Yuan Dynasty (1324 AD), after living for 443 years.[146]

Hinduism

Jainism

Extreme lifespans are ascribed to the Tirthankaras, for instance:

  • Neminatha was said to have lived for over 10,000 years before his ascension.
  • Naminatha was said to have lived for over 20,000 years before his ascension.
  • Munisuvrata was said to have lived for over 30,000 years before his ascension.
  • Māllīnātha was said to have lived for over 56,000 years before his ascension.
  • Aranatha was said to have lived for over 84,000 years before his ascension.
  • Kunthunatha was said to have lived for over 200,000 years before his ascension.
  • Shantinatha was said to have lived for over 800,000 years before his ascension.
  • Dharmanatha was said to have lived for over 2,500,000 years before his ascension.
  • Anantanatha was said to have lived for over 3,500,000 years before his ascension.
  • Vimalanatha was said to have lived for over 6,000,000 years before his ascension.
  • Vasupujya was said to have lived for over 7,200,000 years before his ascension.
  • Shreyansanatha was said to have lived for over 8,400,000 years before his ascension.[157]

Sikhism

Theosophy/New Age

Ancient extreme longevity claims

These include claims prior to c. 150 CE, before the fall of the Roman empire.

China

Bronze mirror, with Chinese character of "Longevity" and dragons and clouds decoration. Capital Museum, Beijing, China

Emperors

Egypt

The Egyptian historian Manetho, drawing upon earlier sources, begins his Egyptian king list with the Graeco-Egyptian god Hephaestus (Ptah) who "was king for 9,000 years".[170]

Greece

A book Macrobii ("Long-Livers") is a work devoted to longevity. It was attributed to the ancient Greek author Lucian, although it is now accepted that he could not have written it.[171] Most examples given in it are lifespans of 80 to 100 years, but some are much longer:

According to one tradition, Epimenides of Crete (7th, 6th centuries BC) lived nearly 300 years.[172]

Japan

A woodblock print of Emperor Jimmu, part of Famous Generals of Japan by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

Some early emperors of Japan are said to have ruled for more than a century, according to the tradition documented in the Kojiki, viz., Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Kōan.

  • Emperor Jimmu (traditionally, 13 February 711 BC – 11 March 585 BC) lived 126 years according to the Kojiki. These dates correspond to 125 years, 339 days, on the proleptic Julian and Gregorian calendars. However, the form of his posthumous name suggests that it was invented in the reign of Kanmu (781–806 AD),[173] or possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were compiled into the Kojiki.
  • Emperor Kōan, according to Nihon Shoki, lived 137 years[174] (from 427 BC[175] to 291 BC).

Korea

  • Dangun, the first ruler of Korea, is said to have been born in 2333 BCE and to have died in 425 BCE at the age of 1,908 years.[citation needed]
  • Taejo of Goguryeo (46/47 – 165) is claimed to have reigned in Korea for 93 years beginning at age 7. After his retirement, the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa give his age at death as 117–118,[176] while the Book of the Later Han states he died in 121 at age 73–74.

Persian empire

The reigns of several shahs in the Shahnameh, an epic poem by Ferdowsi, are given as longer than a century:

Ancient Rome

In Roman times, Pliny wrote about longevity records from the census carried out in 74 AD under Vespasian. In one region of Italy many people allegedly lived past 100; four were said to be 130, others up to 140.[citation needed]

Sumer

Age claims for the earliest eight Sumerian kings in the major recension of the Sumerian King List were in units and fractions of shar (3,600 years) and totaled 67 shar or 241,200 years.[177]

In the only ten-king tablet recension of this list three kings (Alalngar, [...], kidunnu, and En-men-dur-ana) are recorded as having reigned 72,000 years together.[132][178] The major recension assigns 43,200 years to the reign of En-men-lu-ana, and 36,000 years each to those of Alalngar and Dumuzid.[177]

Vietnam

Modern extreme longevity claims

See also: List of the verified oldest people

This list includes claims of longevity of 130 and older from the 14th century onward. All birth year and age claims are alleged unless stated otherwise.

Isolated

Name Birth Death Age Country
Brahma ? BC Un­known 311,040,000,000,000 years India
Anonymous 47977 BC Un­known 50000[181] China
Anonymous 2989 BC Un­known 5000[182] Egypt
Anonymous 2987 BC Un­known 5000[183] India
Anonymous 735 BC Un­known 2752[184] China
Anna Persdotter[185] 665 1689 1024 Sweden
Billafunda (Siddha) Sayadaw U.Kowida
(Wizzardo Sayadaw U.Kowida) 		908/968[186][187] Un­known 1112/1052[188][189] Myanmar
Colestein Veglin 1261[a] 1876 615[190][b] United States[190]
Thomas Cam 1381[191] 1588 207[192] England
Thomas Newman 1388–1389 1542[193] 153[193] England
Elizabeth Yorath[194] 1491 1668 177 England
Thomas Damme 1494–1495[191] 1649[191] 154[191] England
Chesten Marchant 1511 1676[195] 164[196] England
Peter Torton 1539 1724 185 Romania[197][198]
Mrs. Eckleston 1548 1691 143 England[199]
G. Stanley[194] 1568 1719 151 England
John Rovin[194] 1569 1741 172 England
Sarah Desson Rovin[194] 1577 1741 164 England
Jon Andersson 1582[200] 1729[200] 147[200] Sweden
Margaret Patten 1601–1602 1739[197] 137[197] United Kingdom
Louisa Truxo 1610[201] 1785[201] 175[201] Argentina
Joseph Surrington 1637[191] 1797[191] 159–160[191] United Kingdom
Peter Garden[194] 1644 1775 131 United Kingdom
Lan Xiang[citation needed] 1668 1812 144 Qing Dynasty
Henry Francisco[194] 1686 1820 134 United Kingdom
United States
? Galvini 1686-1687 1825[202][203] 138 Papal States
Bridget Devine[194] 1698 1845 147 United Kingdom
Tance Abayeva 1724 Un­known 180[204] Russian Empire
James James 1752 1888 135 United States[205]
William Hotchkiss[194] 1755 1895 140 United States
Ashura Omarova 1775[c] Un­known 195[207][b] Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Carmen Pastenes 1800[208] 1933 133 Chile
Agafiya Ilyinichna Suvorova[209][210][211][212] 1804/
1810/
1830 		1944/1956 114/
126/
134/
140/
146/
152 		Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Ajko Omerovitch 1804–1805 1934[213] 130[213] Ottoman Empire
Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Zoe Ketteh 1807[d] Un­known 155[214][b] Liberia
Ali Ashraf Husseini 1808 Un­known 168[194] Iran
Mahmud Eyvazov[194] 1808 1960 152 Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Delfina da Costa Freire[215] 1816 1971 155 Brazil
Shirin Gasan ogly Gasanov[216] 1817 1973 156 Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Amodzie[217] 1823[218] 2022[citation needed] 198–199 Ghana
Anton Pilya 1830–1831 1965[194] 135[194] Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Josefa Molina Lantz 1831[219] 2006 175[219] Venezuela[219]
Beim Mekraliyeva[194] 1832 Un­known 134 Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Obaapanyin Agatha Dapaah 1834 2021 187[220] Ghana
Mecid Agayev[221][222][223][224] 1835 1978 143 Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Khfaf Lazuria[194] 1835 1975 140 Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Medzhig Agagev[194] 1836 Un­known 140 Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Bahkishi Orujeva[194] 1837 Un­known 130 Russian Empire
Soviet Union
James Olofintuyi 1844 Un­known 170[225][b] Nigeria[225]
Opanyin Kwaku Addae 1852–1853[e] Un­known 159[226][b] Ghana
Dhaqabo Ebba[f] 1853[229] 2015[229] 162[229] Ethiopia
Turinah[230] 1853 2012 159 Dutch East Indies
Indonesia
Omar Abas 1857[231] 2001? 144[232] Malaysia
Mohammed bin Zarei 1858–1859 2013[233] 154[233] Saudi Arabia
Mohammed bin Masoud 1861 2014[234] 153[234] Oman
Klayonoh Bleaorplue 1863[235] 2016[235] 153[235] Liberia
Gabriel Umeh Enemuo 1864–1865 2015[236] 151[236] Nigeria
Abdel Wali Numan 1865[237] 2007 142[g] Yemen
Ali bin Abdullah bin Ezab 1866 2006[238] 140[239] United Arab Emirates
Ali Al-Alakmi 1871–1872 2018[240] 147[240] Saudi Arabia
Feroz-ud-Din Mir 1872[241] 2014[241] 142[241] India
Bashir Al Saalmi 1873–1874 2010[242] 137[242] Oman
Moloko Temo 1874 2009[243] 134[243] South Africa
Sarhat Rashidova 1875 2007 131[244][245] Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Khanum Hasno 1877–1878 2013[246] 136[246] Afghanistan
Yekini Ogundare[247] 1878 Un­known 142 Nigeria
Maritina Vangatala 1879[248] Un­known 135[248][b] Solomon Islands
Mzee Barnabas Kiptanui Arap Rop 1879[249] 2012[249] 133[h] Kenya
Antisa Khvichava 1880[250] 2012[250] 132[250] Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Georgia
Maria Olivia da Silva 1880[251] 2010[252][253] 130[252] Brazil
Ntame Zambezi 1880[254] 2011[254] 130[254] Botswana
Alhaji Abdu Sikola 1880–1881 2015[255] 135[255] Nigeria
Cécilé Tshibola 1880–1881 2010[256] 130[256] Congo-Kinshasa
Johanna Ramatse 1883[257] 2017[257] 134[257] South Africa
Joao Coelho de Souza[258] 1884 2017 133 Brazil
Anonymous 1885 Living 138–139[259][260][261][262] Nigeria
Aisha Heddou 1885–1886 Un­known 130[263][b] Morocco
Mbuya Hiki[264] 1885–1886 2016 130 Zimbabwe
Kassim Hussein[265] 1887 Living 136–137 Iraq
Hamidou Gouroudja[266] 1888 Living 135–136 Cameroon
Mutaq Taliq Al-Rasheedi[267] 1888-1889 2019 130 Saudi Arabia
Talib Omar[268][269] 1889–1890 2020 130 Malaysia
Tamam Azizova[270][271][272] 1890 Living 134 Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Maimouna Al-Amine[273] 1890 2020 130 Lebanon
Muammar Saeed bin Salem Al-Rajhi 1890 2020 130[274] Oman
Anonymous 1890–1891 Un­known 129–130[275] Thailand
Hamid Shakhir Golan Al-Sabihawi 1891 2021 130[276] Iraq
Sheikh Adam Tahir 1892 2022 130[277] Nigeria
Lucy Kahubire Adyeeri 1893 Living 131[278][279] Uganda

Documented

The following cases have been documented in detail over time.

Name Birth Death Age Country Summary
Thomas Parr 1482–1483 1635-11-13[280] 152[280] England The case was recorded in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. William Harvey carried out a postmortem on him, according to Easton. Parr is buried in Westminster Abbey with his alleged age on the gravestone.
Henry Jenkins 1501[281] 1670[282] 169 England A brief biography of Henry Jenkins, of Ellerton-on-Swale, Yorkshire, was written by Anne Saville in 1663 based on Jenkins's description, stating birth in 1501; he also claimed to recall the 1513 Battle of Flodden Field.[281] However, Jenkins also testified in 1667, in favor of Charles Anthony in a court case against Calvert Smythson, that he was then only 157 or thereabouts.[283] He was born in Bolton-on-Swale,[191] and the date given, 17 May 1500,[284] results in only a 1-year discrepancy with the age of 169 on his monument (he died 8 December 1670).[282]
Peter Czartan 1539[191] 1724[191] 184[191] Romania Charles Hulbert, who reported Czartan's case in an 1825 collection, added that John (172) and his wife Sara[285] (164) both died in Hungary in 1741 after 148 years of marriage.[191] The Book Validation of Exceptional Longevity has the old couples last name as Rowin,[285] while The Virgin Birth and the Incarnation puts John and Sara's married name as Rovin.[191]
Li Ching-Yuen
1933-05-05[286]
Qing Dynasty,
Republic of China 		A New York Times story announced the death on 5 May 1933 in Kai County, Sichuan, at the age of 197, of Li Qingyun (李青云), who claimed to be born in 1736. A Time article noted that "respectful Chinese preferred to think" Li was 150 in 1827 (birth 1677), based on a government congratulatory message, and died at age 256. Tai chi master Da Liu stated that Li learned qigong from a hermit over age 500.
Zaro Aga 1764-02-16[288] 1934-06-29[288] 170[288] Ottoman Empire Kurdish man who claimed birth on February 16, 1764, and died on June 29, 1934, in Istanbul, Turkey at the alleged age of 170.
Javier Pereira 1789[289] 1955–58 165–169 Colombia A Zenú Indian from Colombia who was reputedly over 160 years old at the time of his death. Although his death is variously said to have been in 1955, 1956, and 1958, sources all claim that he was born in 1789.
Maftei Pop [ro] 1804-06-12 1952-03-15 147[290][291][292][293][294][295][296] Romania A man from Transylvania, who was claimed to be 148 years old when he died in 1952. The mayor of Recea Cristur in Cluj, Rus Laurian Alexandru, confirms that there are documents attesting that this man lived 148 years.
Shirali Muslimov 1805-03-26 1973-09-02[297] 168[297] Russian Empire,
Soviet Union,
Azerbaijan 		An Azerbaijani shepherd of Talysh ethnicity from the village of Barzavu in the Lerik region of Azerbaijan, a mountainous area near the Iranian border. He claimed to be the oldest person who ever lived when he died on September 2, 1973, at the alleged age of 168 years and 162 days, based solely on a passport. National Geographic carried the claim. Some sources claimed him to be the oldest centenarian in the USSR. It was reported that at the moment of Muslimov's death, his wife was still living at 120 years of age.[298]
Sylvester Magee 1841-05-29[299] 1971-10-15[299] 130[299] United States Although much documentation is lost or possibly never existed, some sources suggest that Magee may have served in both the Confederate and Union armies. Alfred P. Andrews, founder of the Jackson Civil War Round Table and its president elect for 1965-66, helped Magee be classified as a Civil War veteran although no service records for him could be found.
Charlie Smith 1842 1979-10-05 137 United States Prior to Smith's death, the Guinness Book of World Records had called his claim into question, noting that Smith's marriage certificate from 1910 stated that he was 35 years old at the time, which would make him 104 years old at the time of his death.[300][301]
Bir Narayan Chaudhary 1856 1998 141–142 Nepal Bir claimed he was born in 1856, the son of a landowner.[302][62] A cattle rancher in the village of Khanar, near Biratnagar, he was purportedly a leader of the first land survey team in the area, conducted in 1888.[303] He was a smoker throughout his later life. Bir rose to prominence in the mid-1990s when Nepalese television and press began reporting on his claimed age.[62] In 1997, he was honored by Nepal's King Birendra for his claimed longevity.[302]
Habib Miyan 1869-05-20 2008-08-19 139 India Rahim "Habib Miyan" Khan of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, holds the Guinness World record for the longest retirement pension.[304][305] Miyan's claimed birth date derives from a family tree listing a Rahim Khan born in 1869, although his pension book listed his birth date as May 20, 1878.[306][307][308] He said he had been using these documents since he was discharged from the army in 1938 to claim a pension, making him the world's longest-registered old-age pensioner.[304][309] The Limca Book of Records lists him as the oldest man of Jaipur, describing him in its 2005 edition as "over 120 years".[310][311][309][308] In 2004 two unidentified people donated money for Miyan to go on Hajj, making him purportedly the oldest Hajj pilgrim in history.[312][313] He was named as the Aab-e-Jaipur ('Lustre of Jaipur') by the mayor of Jaipur.[306]
Mbah Gotho 1870-12-31 2017-04-30 146 Dutch East Indies,
Indonesia 		In May 2010, Solopos reported that census enumerators recorded that Saparman Sodimejo, known more commonly as Mbah Gotho, was 142 years old.[314][315][316] Liputan 6 reported that his estimated age was 140, and that he could not remember his date of birth but claimed to remember the construction of a sugar factory in Sragen in 1880.[317][318][319] His ID card, issued in 2014, displays his claimed birth date of 31 December 1870.[320] A heavy smoker throughout his life, he allegedly outlived ten siblings, four wives, and all five of his children.[321] On 28 April 2017, he was admitted to Dr. Soehadi Prijonegoro Regional General Hospital, Sragen, where he died on 30 April.[322][323][324]
Mubarak Rahmani Messe 1874 2014 140 Algeria Died in 2014, allegedly at 140 years of age, in El Oued Province, Algeria, and was survived by 100 grandsons. According to family members, Rahmani had spent much of his early life in the Algerian Desert and later held various challenging occupations, including in construction, farming, and herding. He was hospitalised for the first time in 2012, with a stomach complaint. His diet, referred to as "natural", consisted largely of dates, wheat flour, sheep's milk, and green tea.[325]
Tuti Yusupova 1880-07-01[326] 2015-03-28[326] 134[326] Russian Empire,
Soviet Union,
Uzbekistan 		Reuters reported that her age was uncovered in 2009 by Safar Hakimov, the ruling Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party's local chairman in Tortkol, Karakalpakstan when researching centenarians as part of the plans for the country's independence anniversary. After her funeral, her birth certificate and passport were declared conclusive evidence by Baxadir Yangibayev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, where she lived and died.
Maria Lucimar Pereira[327][328][329] 1890-09-03 2022-05-21 131 Brazil A member of the Kaxinawa tribe, an indigenous people of Brazil and Peru. Indigenous name: Parã Banu Bake Huni Kui. Staff for Brazil's National Institute of Social Security found that Pereira had a birth certificate stating her year of birth as 1890. However, this certificate was only approved in 1985, late in her life. Exaggerated longevity claims may be common in Pereira's village, as four out of the 80 inhabitants in the village are over 90 years old.

Other

  • The Assamese polymath Sankardev (1449–1568) allegedly lived to the age of 118.[i]
  • Albrecht von Haller allegedly collected examples of 62 people ages 110–120, 29 ages 120–130, and 15 ages 130–140.[331]
  • A 1973 National Geographic article on longevity reported, as a very aged people, the Burusho–Hunza people in the Hunza Valley of the mountains of Pakistan.[297]
  • Swedish death registers contain detailed information on thousands of centenarians going back to 1749; the maximum age at death reported between 1751 and 1800 was 147.[332]
  • Cases of extreme longevity in the United Kingdom were listed by James Easton in 1799, who covered 1,712 cases documented between 66 BC and 1799, the year of publication;[333] Charles Hulbert also edited a book containing a list of cases in 1825.
  • A periodical The Aesculapian Register, written by physicians and published in Philadelphia in 1824, listed a number of cases, including several purported to have lived over 130. The authors said the list was taken from the Dublin Magazine.[334]
  • Deaths officially reported in the Russian Empire in 1815 listed 1,068 centenarians, including 246 supercentenarians (50 at age 120–155 and one even older).[191] Time magazine considered that, by the Soviet Union, longevity had elevated to a state-supported "Methuselah cult".[8] The USSR insisted on its citizens' unrivaled longevity by claiming 592 people (224 male, 368 female) over age 120 in a 15 January 1959 census[335] and 100 citizens of the Russian SSR alone aged 120 to 156 in March 1960.[336] According to the opinion of Time magazine, in Georgia such claims were fostered by Georgian-born Joseph Stalin's apparent hope that such longevity might rub off on him.[8] Zhores A. Medvedev, who demonstrated that all 500-plus claims failed birth-record validation and other tests,[8] said that Stalin "liked the idea that [other] Georgians lived to be 100".[336]
  • An early 1812 Peterburgskaya Gazeta reports a man between ages 200 and 225 in the diocese of Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipro, Ukraine).[191]
  • An anonymous lady lived for 116 years in Dhaka, Bangladesh until her death in 2018.

Medieval era

Poland

Wales

  • Welsh bard Llywarch Hen (Heroic Elegies) died c. 500 in the parish of Llanvor, traditionally about age 150.[191]

England

Practices

Diets

According to a 2021 review, there is no clinical evidence that any dietary practice contributes to longevity.[339]

Alchemy

Traditions that have been believed to confer greater human longevity include alchemy.

  • Nicolas Flamel (early 1330s – c. 1418) was a 14th-century scrivener who developed a reputation as alchemist and creator of an "elixir of life" that conferred immortality upon himself and his wife Perenelle. His arcanely inscribed tombstone is preserved at the Musée de Cluny in Paris.
  • Fridericus (Ludovicus) Gualdus (Federico Gualdi [it]), author of "Revelation of the True Chemical Wisdom", lived in Venice in the 1680s. His age was reported in a letter in a contemporary Dutch newspaper to be over 400. By some accounts, when asked about a portrait he carried, he said it was of himself, painted by Titian (who died in 1576), but gave no explanation and left Venice the following morning.[340][341] By another account, Gualdus left Venice due to religious accusations and died in 1724.[342] The "Compass der Weisen" alludes to him as still alive in 1782 and nearly 600 years old.[340]

Fountain of Youth

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Fountain of Youth.[edit]

The Fountain of Youth is a mythical spring which allegedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks or bathes in its waters. Tales of such a fountain have been recounted around the world for thousands of years, appearing in the writings of Herodotus (5th century BC), in the Alexander romance (3rd century AD), and in the stories of Prester John (early Crusades, 11th/12th centuries AD). Stories of similar waters also featured prominently among the people of the Caribbean during the Age of Exploration (early 16th century); they spoke of the restorative powers of the water in the mythical land of Bimini. Based on these many legends, explorers and adventurers looked for the elusive Fountain of Youth or some other remedy to aging, generally associated with magic waters. These waters might have been a river, a spring or any other water-source said to reverse the aging process and to cure sickness when swallowed or bathed in.

The legend became particularly prominent in the 16th century, when it became associated with the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León, the first Governor of Puerto Rico. Ponce de León was supposedly searching for the Fountain of Youth when he traveled to Florida in 1513. Legend has it that Native Americans told Ponce de León that the Fountain of Youth was in Bimini.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ It was reported by the New York Times that Veglin was arrested on July 20, 1876.[190]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Last reported age
  3. ^ The oldest woman in the USSR according to the Novosti Press Agency (1970) was supposed to have been Ashura Omarova from Daghestan, aged 195.[206]
  4. ^ Zoe claimed to be 155 years old in 1962.
  5. ^ Opanyin was said to be 159 years old in 2011.
  6. ^ Like most rural Ethiopians, Ebba did not possess a birth certificate and his age cannot, therefore, be verified.[227][228]
  7. ^ The source used for Numan states he died at 140. This would mean that the information would have to come from 2005 and not a source dated from 2007.
  8. ^ "Estimated" age[249]
  9. ^ The traditional date of Sankardev's birth, generally considered correct, is in the month of Ashwin-Kartika (October) 1449. Assuming the middle of October as his birthdate in that year, his life span was 118 years, 10 months and a few days.[330]

References

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Bibliography

External links

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