Gujarati people: Difference between revisions
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'''Gujarati people''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ગુજરાતી લોકો ''Gujǎrātī loko''[[Gujarati script#Romanization|<span class="t nihongo icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;">?</span>]]</sup>), or '''Gujaratis''' are an [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] ethnic group that is traditionally [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking and can trace their ancestry to the state of [[Gujarat]] in northwestern [[India |
'''Gujarati people''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ગુજરાતી લોકો ''Gujǎrātī loko''[[Gujarati script#Romanization|<span class="t nihongo icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;">?</span>]]</sup>), or '''Gujaratis''' are an [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] ethnic group that is traditionally [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking and can trace their ancestry to the state of [[Gujarat]] in northwestern [[India]]. Famous Gujaratis include [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Mohandas Gandhi]], [[Mukesh Ambani]] and [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati ]]. |
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Among Gujarati Muslims [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] is a notable personality, who was a founder of Pakistan, and moved to Pakistan after partition of India. |
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== Demographics == |
== Demographics == |
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==Genetics== |
==Genetics== |
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In terms of ancestry, |
In terms of ancestry, the majority of Gujaratis share similar genes with the rest of the northern Indian populations, but show a significant relationship with central Eurasian groups. |
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A 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, found that over 33% of genetic markers in Gujarat were of West Asian origin, the third highest amongst the sampled group of South Asians with Punjabis at 42%, Sindhis at 41% and Kashmiris at 30%. |
A 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, found that over 33% of genetic markers in Gujarat were of West Asian origin, the third highest amongst the sampled group of South Asians with Punjabis at 42%, Sindhis at 41% and Kashmiris at 30%. |
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Revision as of 18:25, 2 December 2010
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 40 to 60 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 India: States of Gujarat & Maharashtra | 45.5 million[1] |
 Pakistan | min.15,000-105,000[2] |
 United States | 600,000[3] |
| Languages | |
| Gujarati | |
| Religion | |
| Hinduism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism (see Parsis), Islam, Christianity | |
Gujarati people (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko?), or Gujaratis are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group that is traditionally Gujarati-speaking and can trace their ancestry to the state of Gujarat in northwestern India. Famous Gujaratis include Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Mohandas Gandhi, Mukesh Ambani and Swami Dayananda Saraswati .
Among Gujarati Muslims Mohammed Ali Jinnah is a notable personality, who was a founder of Pakistan, and moved to Pakistan after partition of India.
Demographics
Gujaratis in India
The Gujarati people live in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, in the state of Gujarat. Gujaratis have rich cultural heritage. Many Gujaratis inhabit the states Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh of India and the Indian capital of New Delhi as well as territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Additionally, the Gujarati language has been adopted by communities such as the Kacchis, who use it as their literary language,[4] and the Parsis, who had made the Gujarat region of the Indian subcontinent their home. Gandhinagar[5] is the capital city of Gujarat. Gujaratis mainly follow Hindu religion (81%), although Gujarati Muslims are the prominent minority (9%) apart from others including Sikhs, Christians, Jains[6].
Gujarati diaspora
Significant migrant Gujarati communities exist around the world. The largest expatriate Gujarati population is the former "British East Asian" community in the United Kingdom. Other major Gujarati communities exist in South and East Africa (most notably Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, South Africa, Madagascar, Mozambique - a substantial number of Gujaratis from this former Portuguese colony settled in Portugal after its independence) and South-East Asia (Myanmar, Malaysia). Many Gujaratis live in the United States and Canada also.
According to the US Census Bureau [7] in 2006 there were 1,417,000 people in the US who spoke Gujarati, Hindi or other Indic languages (e.g. Punjabi, Tamil,telugu) at home; Gujaratis comprised 299,000 of these numbers, suggesting approximately 20% of Indian Americans are Gujarati. (This total excludes 325,000 Urdu speakers who it might reasonably be assumed are predominantly of Pakistani origin.) Note that this estimate does not include second or greater generation Gujaratis who report they primarily speak English at home. One text suggests approximately 40% of Indian Americans are Gujaratis[3], but no source for this number is indicated. Most East African Asians are Gujaratis. Early 2010 figures estimate that there are 104,000 people who speak Gujarati in Canada. The majority of those live in the Greater Toronto Area, making Toronto the city with the most Gujarati people in North America.[8] In the UK, Gujarati people live primarily in London and Leicester.[9]
Gujaratis of Pakistan
There is a community of Muslim Gujaratis in neighbouring Pakistan, mainly settled in Sindh for generations. A sizable number migrated after the Partition of India and subsequent creation of independent Pakistan in 1947. These Pakistani Gujaratis belong mainly to the Khoja Bohra, Chhipa, Chundrigar, Charotar Sunni Vohra, Muslim Ghanchi and Memon groups; however, many Gujaratis are also a part of Pakistan's small but vibrant Hindu community. Many Gujaratis in Pakistan retain ties to their relatives in Muslim communities living in Gujarat, and maintain Gujarati as their native language. However, a growing number are adopting Urdu as their native tongue. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founding father of Pakistan, is one of the most notable people of Gujarati Muslim ancestry born in Sindh[10]. Gujarati Muslims constitute the majority in Saddar Town.
Genetics
In terms of ancestry, the majority of Gujaratis share similar genes with the rest of the northern Indian populations, but show a significant relationship with central Eurasian groups.
A 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, found that over 33% of genetic markers in Gujarat were of West Asian origin, the third highest amongst the sampled group of South Asians with Punjabis at 42%, Sindhis at 41% and Kashmiris at 30%.
Haplogroup U7 is found only in Iran, the Near East[11],Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan; with extremely low frequencies in neighboring countries Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Iraq. Its frequency peaks at over 12% in Gujarat, 9% in Punjab, 6% in Pakistan, 6% in Afghanistan and 9% in Iran. Elsewhere in India, its frequency is very low (0.00% to 0.90%)[11]. Outside of the Near East, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Northwestern Indian states, Haplogroup U7 is non-existent. Expansion times and haplotype diversities for the Indian and Near and Middle Eastern U7 mtDNAs are strikingly similar. The possible homeland of this haplogroup likely spans the coverage of Iran to Western India. From there its frequency declines steeply both to the east and to the west. If the origin were in Iran rather than in India, then its equally high frequency as well as diversity in Gujarat favors a scenario whereby U7 has been introduced to the coastal Gujarat either very early, or by multiple founders.[12]
Some preliminary conclusions from these varying tests support some of the highest degrees of west Eurasian mtDNAs found in India, with a particular close relationship between Iran and Gujarat, supporting a theory of trade contact and migrations out of Iran into Gujarat. [12]
Food
The majority of Hindu and Vaishnav Gujaratis are vegetarian. Gujarati cuisine follows the traditional Indian full meal structure of rice, cooked vegetables, lentil curry or daal and roti. The different types of rotli (breads) that a Gujarati cooks are rotli or chapati, bhakhri, thepla or dhebara, puri, maal purah and puran-pohli. Ghari and Khakhra are also eaten as rotli, but they are usually eaten as a snack. Khaman, Dhokla pani puri,is one of the most tastiest hot food, dhokli, dal-dhokli, undhiyu, fafda, chevdoh, Samosa, papdi, muthia, bhajia, patra, bhusu and Sev mamra are traditional Gujarati dishes savoured by many communities across the world.
Khichdi - a mix of rice and toor daal, a type of lentil, cooked with little spices in a pressure cooker - is a popular Gujarati meal. It is found very satisfying by most Gujaratis, and cooked very regularly in most homes, typically on a busy day due to its ease of cooking. It can also become an elaborate meal when served with several side dishes such as a vegetable curry, yogurt, papad, mango pickle, and onions. It is found to be served in Gujarati immigrant families settled abroad even after decades of being outside India.
Use of Ghee in meals is very common. For example, rice or khichdi on rotli. The meal is usually accompanied with a sweet and a salty snack (farsaan) like Vada. Gujarati cookbook writers like Tarla Dalal are famous internationally.
Gujaratis are more comfortable cooking with peanut oil (shing tel). However, while living abroad they adjust their cooking method with available canola or sunflower oil. The making of masala is traditionally done on grinding stones. Nowadays, people use a blender or grinder to make masala. Each person makes masala differently, hence cooking tastes differ depending on the household. People from north Gujarat use dry red chili powder, whereas people from south Gujarat prefer using green chili and coriander in their cooking. Gujarati Jains (and many Hindus) avoid using garlic and onions in their cooking. Traditionally Gujaratis eat Mukhwas or paan at the end of a meal. In many parts of Gujarat, having Chhass butter milk or soda after lunch or dinner is quite common. Gujarati families celebrate Sharad Purnima by having dinner with doodh-pauva under moonlight. There are many great delicacies to try out in Gujarati food.
Dress
Indian jewelry like mangalsutras, necklaces, nose rings, earrings, bangles and rings, toe rings, bracelets are all part of the Gujarati attire. Most of this jewelry is made in 22 carat gold but cheaper costume jewelry is becoming more common. During weddings, Gujarati brides wear a lot of jewelry. It is common to see a Gujarati (Hindu) male wearing a gold chain and a ring.
Years ago, only married Gujarati (Hindu) women wore a red bindi (red powder worn in a round shape on the forehead also found in the form of stickers). These days, most women, married or not, wear 'bindi' as a fashion accessory when they wear traditional Indian outfits. Modern Bindis are like stickers, and are available in various shapes, sizes, colors and designs. Only married women however , wear red powder, called 'sindoor', in a short straight line on the scalp, starting near the hairline and covers the area where the hair is generally parted(middle). During a traditional Hindu wedding, the groom applies 'sindoor' on the bride for the very first time. This act can be compared to a ring ceremony in western weddings.
There are several different outfits that are worn by both men and women depending on the occasion. Generally, men wear pants and shirts or t-shirts and younger women wear western outfits like skirts, dresses, jeans, etc. Older women usually wear saris or salwar kamiz.
However traditionally, males will wear dhotis be it every day or a special occasion and a kurta is worn on top. Females will wear saris or something similar. On special occasions females will wear slightly more expensive saris. These traditional garments can be seen both in and outside of India. A famous example is Mohandas Gandhi who wore a dhoti.
Mention in history
Early European travelers like Ludovico di Varthema (15th century) traveled to Gujarat and wrote on the people of Gujarat. He noted that Jainism had a strong presence in Gujarat and opined that Gujaratis were deprived of their kingdom by Muslims because of their kind heartedness. His description of Gujaratis was:[13]
…a certain race which eats nothing that has blood, never kills any living things… and these people are neither moors nor heathens… if they were baptized, they would all be saved by the virtue of their works, for they never do to others what they would not do unto them.
Literature
Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 AD.Since then literature has flourished till date. Well known laureates of Gujarati literature are Hemchandracharya, Narsinh Mehta, Mirabai, Akho, Premanand Bhatt, Shamal Bhatt, Dayaram, Dalpatram, Narmad, Govardhanram Tripathi, Gandhiji, K. M. Munshi, Umashankar Joshi, Suresh Joshi, Pannalal Patel and Rajendra Keshavlal Shah .
Kavi Kant and Kalapi are famous Gujarati poets and Vipul K Rawal is the famous Bollywood writer who has written blockbusters like Iqbal (film)
Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature. Saraswatichandra is a landmark novel by Govardhanram Tripathi. Writers like Harindra Dave, Suresh Dalal, Jyotindra Dave, Tarak Mehta, Harkisan Mehta, Chandrakant Bakshi, Vinod Bhatt, Kanti Bhatt, Makarand Dave, and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers.
A huge contribution to Gujarati language literature came from the Swaminarayan paramhanso, like Bramhanand, Premanand, with prose like Vachanamrut and poetry in the form of bhajans.
Gujarati theatre owes a lot to bhavai. Bhavai is a musical performance of stage plays. Ketan Mehta and Sanjay Leela Bhansali explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as Bhavni Bhavai, Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature.
Gujarati language is enriched by the Adhytmic Literature written by Srimad Rajchandra and Pandit Himmatlal Jethalal Shah. This Literature is both in the form of Poetry and Prose.
Arts and entertainment
Fabric designs involve use of Batik. The embedding of mirrors (called abhla) in fabric is a favourite among art lovers. Wall hangings demonstrate use of knitting and embedding of mirrors. Gujarati pottery includes different kinds of deeva (lamps) and pots. During the festival of Navratri, youngsters wear traditional dress and go out to play dandia and sing garbas. Typically men wear Kedia and women wear Ghaghra Cholee to dance in Navratri.
Gujarati films have made artists like Upendra Trivedi, Snehlata, Raajeev, Mahesh Kumar Kanodia, Naresh Kanodia, Aruna Irani and Asrani popular in the entertainment industry. In the U.S., Bali Brahmbhatt came up with the hit song "Patel Rap", referring to changing values of Gujarati culture.
There are dedicated television channels airing Gujarati programs.
There are very few well known Gujarati painters like Gulam Mohamad Sheikh, Amit Ambalal, Hakushah. UK based Kamal Koria's work often depicts traditional Gujarati village life.
See also
References
- ^ Languages of India, Ethnologue.com (retrieved 30 October 2007)
- ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=guj
- ^ a b Raymond Brady Williams (2004). Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration By Raymond Brady Williams. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 207. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
- ^ A. Dalby "Gujarati" in Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. p. 237. ISBN 0-231-11568-7
- ^ http://www.rajkot.com/tourism/gandhinagar.htm
- ^ http://www.bharatonline.com/gujarat/culture/religion.html
- ^ http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/09s0052.pdf
- ^ Wilfred Whiteley. Language in Kenya.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/gujarati.shtml
- ^ The Gujaratis of Pakistan
- ^ a b [1] Cite error: The named reference "BMCGenetics" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans
- ^ André Wink (1997) Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, BRILL ISBN 90-04-10236-1 pp.355–356
http://www.Lohanamilan.com/ Website for Gujarati Lohana's
Further reading
- Jhaveri, Krishanlal Mohanlal (ed.) (2003), The Gujaratis: The People, Their History, and Culture, New Delhi: Cosmo Publications
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