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Milan Malpensa Airport: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 45°37′48″N 008°43′23″E / 45.63000°N 8.72306°E / 45.63000; 8.72306 (Milan Malpensa Airport)
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|[[Niki (airline)|Niki]] |Vienna | 1A
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|[[Oman Air]] |Muscat{{Ref|1|1}} [begins 3 December] | 1B
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|[[Pakistan International Airlines]] |Islamabad, Lahore | 1B
|[[Pakistan International Airlines]] |Islamabad, Lahore | 1B
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Revision as of 07:33, 3 December 2010

Milan Malpensa Airport
"City of Milan"

Aeroporto di Milano-Malpensa
"Città di Milano"
File:LogoSea.png
Summary
Airport typePublic
OperatorSocietá Enti Aeroportuali (SEA) Aeroporti di Milano
ServesMilan
LocationSomma Lombardo, Italy
Hub for
Elevation AMSL768 ft / 234 m
Coordinates45°37′48″N 008°43′23″E / 45.63000°N 8.72306°E / 45.63000; 8.72306 (Milan Malpensa Airport)
Websitewww.sea-aeroportimilano.it
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
17L/35R 3,920 12,861 Asphalt
17R/35L 3,920 12,861 Asphalt
Source: Italian AIP at EUROCONTROL[1]

Milano Malpensa Airport "City of Milan" (IATA: MXP, ICAO: LIMC), former "Aeroporto Città di Busto Arsizio" [2] is Milan's largest airport. It is located 39.97 km (24.83 mi) northwest[1] of central Milan, Italy. It is one of 3 airports in the Milan metropolitan area.

The airport is connected to Milan by the Milano-Varese highway as well as by the "Malpensa Express" train starting from the Milan Cadorna railway station (LeNord regional railways) and taking about 40 minutes. It is also connected to Linate Airport by a scheduled bus service and by Milan's local transportation. The Milan airport system has a third international airport, Orio al Serio Airport, which serves low-cost traffic.

Malpensa was the 23rd busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers, handling 17,551,635 passengers in 2009 (25.8 million with Linate, the second airport of Milan, closer to downtown and over 33 million with Orio al Serio Airport, Milan's low-cost airport). As of early 2008, Malpensa remains the top Italian airport in terms of international traffic, together with Rome Leonardo da Vinci Airport in terms of total passengers. As far as hub transit passengers are concerned it is also the second airport in Italy after Rome, according to ASSAEROPORTI traffic data. It is also the leading air freight gateway to Italy. Malpensa serves a population of over 15 million inhabitants.

easyJet has a dedicated Terminal (T2) and Malpensa is that company's biggest base outside the UK.

In 2008 Lufthansa announced plans to create its first Hub outside Germany, and its fourth European hub.[3] In October 2008 Lufthansa set up its Italian division, Lufthansa Italia. SEA (the company which controls Milan's airports) and Lufthansa have a memorandum of understanding for future development and improvement of current facilities. In July 2009 Lufthansa announced that it had requested 10 additional daily slots at Malpensa.[4] As of July 2010, "Lufhtansa Italia" serves fifteen destinations from Milan.

Malpensa has two terminals and a third runway has been announced, with completion set for 2012.[4] There is also a dedicated cargo terminal called "CargoCity", which currently handles over 410,000 tons of yearly traffic.

Ground handling

Ground handling services have been slowly deregulated and have seen SEA (the airport authority) create SEA Handling and the arrival of private handler ATA Handling. ATA Handling provides all services apart from bus transport to/from aircraft (originally subcontracted to SEA Handling, now subcontracted to Air Pullman) and disabled assistance. Up to 2001 all ground handling services were provided by SEA and TWA. In the first few years of deregulation some airlines put their own staff for customer assistance but Air One and British Airways realised that it was too expensive and so dismissed them. United Airlines stopped flying to Malpensa. To date the only airline with its own check-in staff remains KLM. Passenger handling is provided by SEA Handling, ATA Handling, Aviapartner, Globeground Italia and ICTS Italia. Ramp services are provided by SEA Handling, ATA and recently Aviapartner. SEA Handling provides 80% of ramp services mostly thanks to its major customer Alitalia.

In May 2006, Italy's Civil Aviation Authority took off the limitation of two ramp handlers. Aviapartner and ARE Group announced that they would create a new company called Aviapartner (owned 51% by Aviapartner and 49% ARE Group) to serve Milan Malpensa and Rome Fiumicino. There are fears that luggage mishandling will go up.

Aviapartner has started operating serving Iberia flights and signing more contracts as time has gone on. However, SEA Handling maintains a dominant position and is reorganising itself to be more competitive by going from a monopolistic mentality to free market one.

Security services

Airport security services were transferred in 2000 from the Polizia di Stato (State Police) to SEA which created an internal division called SEA Airport Security. Up to 2002 SEA was assisted by IVRI in providing security services but the contract was not renewed. SEA Airport Security is supervised by Polizia di Stato (Italian State Police), Guardia di Finanza (Italian Military Customs Police) and Ente Nazionale Aviazione Civile (Italy's Civil Aviation Authority). Carabinieri supervise ramp entrance. Furthermore some airlines rely on private security companies (such as ICTS Italia, SEA Airport Security, Gruppo Sicurezza etc) to provide ID check and airplane guarding.

Terminals, airlines and destinations

Malpensa has two terminals:

Terminal 1
  • will be divided into three sections:
    • 1A, which handles domestic and intra-Schengen flights
    • 1B, which handles non-Schengen flights
    • 1C, which is currently under construction
Terminal 2
  • is used by Low Cost Carriers (currently only easyJet). Previously Terminal 2 was also used for charter services. Charter flights are now operated from Terminal 1.
Terminal 1, as seen from outside
The new Check-In area available in Terminal 1
Lufthansa's first A380 making a special visit, with the main terminal in the background
AirlinesDestinationsTerminal
Aegean Airlines Athens, Heraklion, Mykonos, Santorini 1A
Aer Lingus Seasonal: Dublin 1B
Aeroflot Moscow-Sheremetyevo 1B
Aerosvit Airlines Odessa 1B
Afriqiyah Airways Tripoli 1B
Air Berlin Berlin-Tegel, Düsseldorf, Nuremberg, Stuttgart 1A
Air China Beijing-Capital [begins 15 June][5], Shanghai-Pudong 1B
Air France Paris-Charles de Gaulle 1A
Air France operated by RégionalLyon, Nantes, Toulouse 1A
Air Italy Barcelona, Copenhagen, Dublin, Heraklion, Ibiza, Kos, Minorca, Olbia, Palma de Mallorca, Rhodes, Skiathos 1A
Air Italy Boa Vista, Cartagena, Dubai, Edinburgh, Fortaleza, La Romana, Luxor, Maceió, Mersa Matruh, Mombasa, Natal, Nosy Be, Porto Seguro, Salvador da Bahia, Sharm el-Sheikh, Recife 1B
Air Mauritius Mauritius 1B
Air Moldova Chişinău 1B
Air OneBari, Brindisi, Catania, Lamezia Terme, Naples, Palermo, Trapani
Seasonal: Alghero, Ibiza, Olbia, Palma de Mallorca
1A
Air OneCairo, Tirana, Tunis 1B
Air Seychelles Mahé 1B
Air Volga Krasnodar 1B
Albanian Airlines Tirana [begins 14 December] 1B
Alitalia Rome-Fiumicino 1A
Alitalia Miami, Moscow-Sheremetyevo, New York-JFK, Tokyo-Narita 1B
Alitalia operated by Air Alps Salerno 1A
American Airlines New York-JFK 1B
Atlasjet Antalya 1B
Austrian Airlines Vienna 1A
Azerbaijan AirlinesBaku 1B
Belavia Minsk 1B
Belle Air Tirana 1B
Blu-express Seasonal: Lampedusa, Pantelleria 1A
Blu-expressIstanbul-Sabiha Gökçen 1B
Blue Air Antalya 1A
Blue Panorama Airlines Heraklion, Lampedusa, Lourdes, Rhodes, Santorini 1A
Blue Panorama Airlines Antalya, Aruba, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Cancún, Cayo Largo del Sur, Curaçao[6], Freeport, Havana, La Romana, Marsa Alam, Mersa Matruh, Mombasa, Montego Bay, Phuket, Punta Cana, Roatán, Santa Clara, Varadero, Yangon
Seasonal: Fort Lauderdale
1B
Blue1 Helsinki 1A
British Airways London-Heathrow 1B
Brussels Airlines Brussels 1A
Bulgaria Air Sofia 1B
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong 1B
Continental Airlines Newark 1B
Cyprus Airways Larnaca, Rome-Fiumicino 1B
Czech Airlines Prague 1A
Darwin AirlineFoggia 1A
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, New York-JFK 1B
EasyJet Agadir, Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Bari, Berlin-Schönefeld, Bordeaux, Brindisi, Bristol, Brussels, Bucharest-Otopeni, Cagliari, Casablanca, Catania, Copenhagen, Corfu, Edinburgh, Ibiza, Lamezia Terme, London-Gatwick, London-Luton, Lisbon, Lyon, Madrid, Malaga, Malta, Marrakech, Mykonos, Naples, Olbia, Palermo, Palma de Mallorca, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto, Prague, Rome-Fiumicino, Split, Stockholm-Arlanda [ends 26 March], Thessaloniki, Toulouse
Seasonal: Dubrovnik, Heraklion, Rhodes, Santorini
2
EgyptAir Cairo 1B
El Al Tel Aviv 1B
ElbaFly Seasonal: Elba 1A
Emirates Dubai 1B
Estonian Air Tallinn, Vilnius [begins 18 December] 1A
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi 1B
Europe Airpost Lourdes 1A
Europe AirpostTangier [begins 6 May] 1B
Finnair Helsinki 1A
Flybe Birmingham, Manchester 1B
Germanwings Cologne/Bonn, Hanover 1A
Iberia Madrid 1A
Icelandair Seasonal: Reykjavík-Keflavík 1A
Iran Air Tehran-Imam Khomeini 1B
ItAli Airlines Lampedusa, Lourdes, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca 1A
Jat Airways Belgrade 1B
Jet Airways Delhi [begins 5 December][7] 1B
Jet4you Casablanca 1B
KLM Amsterdam 1A
Korean Air Seoul-Incheon 1B
Libyan Airlines Tripoli 1B
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw 1A
Lufthansa Barcelona, Bari, Budapest, Catania [begins 27 March], Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Lisbon, Madrid, Munich, Naples, Palermo, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Prague, Stockholm-Arlanda, Warsaw
Seasonal: Cagliari [begins 2 July][8], Ibiza, Olbia, Palma de Mallorca [begins 2 July]
1A
Lufthansa London-Heathrow 1B
Lufthansa Regional operated by Air Dolomiti Munich 1A
Lufthansa Regional operated by Contact Air Stuttgart 1A
Lufthansa Regional operated by Eurowings Düsseldorf, Hamburg 1A
Lufthansa Regional operated by Lufthansa CityLine Düsseldorf, Hamburg 1A
Luxair Luxembourg 1A
Malév Hungarian Airlines Budapest 1A
Meridiana Fly Athens, Boa Vista, Cagliari, Fuerteventura, Heraklion, Ibiza, Kos, Lampedusa, Lourdes, Minorca, Olbia, Tenerife-South, Tortolì
Seasonal: Mykonos, Rhodes, Santorini
1A
Meridiana Fly Alexandria-Borg El Arab, Antalya, Cairo, Chişinău, Colombo, Dakar, Dalaman, Hurghada, Mahé, Malé, Marsa Alam, Mauritius, Mersa Matruh, Mombasa, Mostar, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tel Aviv, Zanzibar 1B
Middle East Airlines Beirut 1B
Niki Vienna 1A
Norwegian Air Shuttle Oslo-Gardermoen 1A
Oman Air Muscat1 1B
Pakistan International Airlines Islamabad, Lahore 1B
Qatar Airways Doha1 1B
Rossiya Saint Petersburg 1B
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca, Marrakech 1B
Royal Jordanian Amman-Queen Alia 1B
Saudi Arabian Airlines Jeddah, Riyadh 1B
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen, Oslo-Gardermoen 1A
Skybridge AirOps Perugia 1A
Skybridge AirOps Sharm el-Sheikh 1B
Singapore Airlines Singapore1 1B
SriLankan Airlines Colombo 1B
SunExpress Seasonal: Antalya, Istanbul-Atatürk, İzmir 1B
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich 1A
Syrian Air Aleppo, Damascus 1B
TAM Airlines São Paulo-Guarulhos 1B
TAP PortugalLisbon, Porto 1A
Thai Airways International Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi 1B
Transavia.com Rotterdam [begins 21 April] 1A
Tunisair Djerba, Monastir, Tabarka, Tozeur, Tunis 1B
Turkish Airlines Istanbul-Atatürk
Seasonal: Antalya, Bodrum
1B
Twin JetGeneva, Marseille 1A
Ukraine International Airlines Kiev-Boryspil 1B
Uzbekistan Airways Tashkent, Urgench 1B
Vueling AirlinesBarcelona, Bilbao, Valencia
Seasonal: Ibiza, Palma de Mallorca
1A
Wind JetCatania 1A

Notes
  • ^1 These flights have an intermediate stop before arriving at their listed destinations, but the airline does not have local traffic rights on the leg.

Charter

AirlinesDestinationsTerminal
AMC Airlines El Alamein, Marsa Alam, Sharm el-Sheikh 1B
Amsterdam Airlines Lampedusa 1A
Corendon Airlines Antalya 1B
Freebird Airlines Antalya, Istanbul-Atatürk 1B
Iberworld Minorca 1A
Israir Airlines Tel Aviv 1B
Karthago Airlines Djerba, Monastir 1B
Lotus Air Hurghada, Sharm el-Sheikh 1B
Mistral Air Pantelleria 1A
Mistral Air Hurghada, Latakia [begins 28 March], Tel Aviv 1B
Neos Amsterdam, Arrecife, Brindisi, Chania, Copenhagen, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Heraklion, Ibiza, Karpathos, Kos, Lamezia Terme, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Lisbon, Lourdes, Madrid, Málaga, Minorca, Mykonos, Palma de Mallorca, Porto Santo, Rhodes, Santorini, Seville, Skiathos, Tenerife-South 1A
Neos Agadir, Aleppo, Amman-Queen Alia, Amman-Marka, Antalya, Antigua, Aqaba, Banjul, Boa Vista, Cairo, Cancún, Cap Skirring, Djerba, Dubai, Havana, Holguín, Hurghada, La Romana, Larnaca, Luxor, Mahé, Malé, Marsa Alam, Mérida, Mersa Matruh, Mombasa, Montego Bay, Nosy Be, Pointe-à-Pitre, Punta Cana, Ras al-Khaimah, Recife, Sal, Salvador da Bahia, Samaná, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tel Aviv, Zanzibar 1B
Nouvelair Djerba, Monastir, Tabarka 1B
Onur Air Seasonal: Antalya, Istanbul-Atatürk 1B
Sky Airlines Seasonal: Istanbul-Atatürk 1B
Small Planet Airlines Heraklion, Kos, Mykonos, Palma de Mallorca, Rhodes, Samos, Skiathos 1A
SmartLynx Airlines Lourdes, Málaga, Tenerife-South 1A

Cargo airlines

AirlinesDestinations
Air Atlanta Icelandic
Air China Cargo Beijing-Capital, Novosibirsk, Shanghai-Pudong, Vienna
AirBridgeCargo Airlines Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Maastricht, Moscow-Sheremetyevo
Asiana Cargo London-Stansted, Seoul-Incheon, Vienna
Atlas Air Lima, Santa Maria
CAL Cargo Air Lines Liège, Tel Aviv
Cargoitalia Abu Dhabi, Almaty, Chicago, Dakar, Dubai, Hong Kong, Krasnijarsk, Liège, New York-JFK, Rio De Janeiro, Shanghai-Pudong, Sharjah, Tel Aviv, Toronto-Pearson
Cargolux Luxembourg, Maastricht, New York-JFK
Cargolux ItaliaAlmaty, Baku, Dubai, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Luxembourg, Osaka-Kansai, Taipei-Taoyuan
Cathay Pacific Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, London-Heathrow, Manchester, New York-JFK
China Airlines Dubai, Manchester, Taipei-Taoyuan
China Cargo Airlines Amsterdam, Shanghai-Pudong, Urumqi
Cygnus Air Madrid
DHL Aviation London-Heathrow, London-Luton, London-Stansted
Emirates SkyCargo Amsterdam, Dubai, Nairobi
Etihad Crystal Cargo Abu Dhabi, Tripoli
European Air Transport London-Heathrow
FedEx Express Ancona, Cologne/Bonn, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Memphis, Newark, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Pisa, Venice-Marco Polo
Great Wall Airlines Amsterdam, Chennai, Shanghai-Pudong
Kalitta Air
Korean Air Navoiy, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Vienna
MNG Airlines Istanbul-Atatürk, Paris-Charles de Gaulle
Nippon Cargo Airlines Amsterdam, Nagoya-Centrair, Tokyo-Narita
Polar Air Cargo
Polet Airlines Khartoum
Qatar Airways Doha
Saudi Arabian Airlines Brussels, Jeddah, Riyadh
Southern Air Atlanta, Chicago-O'Hare, New York-JFK
TAROM Cargo Bucharest-Otopeni
Turkish Airlines Istanbul-Atatürk, Pristina
West Air Sweden
World Airways Baltimore, Chicago-O'Hare, Mexico City, New York-JFK

Traffic and statistics

Busiest International Routes from Malpensa within European Union (2009)[9]
Rank City Passengers
1 France Paris-CDG 998.271
2 Spain Madrid 581.180
3 Netherlands Amsterdam 562.836
4 Spain Barcelona 543.512
5 United Kingdom London-Heathrow 466.155
6 Greece Athens 377.211
7 United Kingdom London-Gatwick 314.771
8 Germany Frankfurt 311.142
9 Portugal Lisbon 296.108
10 Germany Munich 290.326
Busiest International Routes from Malpensa outside the European Union (2009)
Rank City Passengers
1 United States New York-Kennedy 332.555
2 United Arab Emirates Dubai 289.659
3 Turkey Istanbul-Atatürk 289.569
4 Egypt Sharm el-Sheikh 251.997
5 Switzerland Zürich 251.560
6 Egypt Cairo 220.259
7 Brazil São Paulo-Guarulhos 214.449
8 Russia Moscow-Sheremetyevo 213.528
9 Morocco Casablanca 207.249
10 Israel Tel Aviv 199.666

Rail

Malpensa Express at Milano-Cadorna Railway Station
Connection between the rail station and the airport
Malpensa Airport Diagram
  • Malpensa is linked to Milan Cadorna Station (connection with Milan's subway's Line M2 (Green) and Line M1 (Red), and the Suburban and the Regional Railway Service) by the Malpensa Express, with intermediate stops at Busto Arsizio FNM, Saronno Centrale (connection with regional trains bound for Varese and Como) and Milano Bovisa (connection with the Passante track of the suburban railways). Malpensa Express arrives at the Terminal 1, an additional bus travel is required to reach Terminal 2. Journey time is 29 minutes for non-stop services and 34 minutes for services calling at Busto Arsizio, Saronno and Bovisa.[10]
  • A second Express service to Milan Central Station will begin with the winter rail schedule change (13th of December 2010). There will be a train every 30 minutes calling at Milan Porta Garibaldi station; journey time will be 41 minutes. During rush hours, services will also call at Milano Bovisa station and Saronno Centrale; for these services journey time will be 47 minutes.[11]
  • Two daily High Speed (Alta Velocità) services link Milan Malpensa's railway station, to Florence (calling at Milano Centrale, Bologna Centrale and Firenze Santa Maria Novella) and Naples (calling at Milano Centrale, Bologna Centrale, Firenze Santa Maria Novella, Roma Termini, Napoli Centrale).[12]
  • Suburban Line S10 (Milano Rogoredo-Milano Bovisa) has been running to Malpensa since June 2010.[13] Trains call at: Ferno, Busto Arsizio, Castellanza, Rescaldina, Saronno Centrale, Milano Bovisa, Milano Lancetti, Milano Porta Garibaldi M2 (Green), Milano Repubblica M3 (Yellow), Milano Porta Venezia M1 (Red), Milano Dateo and Milano Porta Vittoria.
  • There is also a shuttle connection between Malpensa Airport railway station and Busto Arsizio FS.[14] From here there are connections with Milan's railway stations of Milano Centrale and Milano Porta Garibaldi.
  • The Malpensa-Varese-Mendrisio (CH)-Lugano (CH) line is being built and will be finished by 2012. There are future plans also to connect Gallarate Station (FS) and Milan's Centrale Station (FS) allowing for easy connections onto high-speed international lines.

Bus

Malpensa Shuttle and Malpensa Bus Express connect the airport to Milan Central Station (Trenitalia's National Railway hub) and the metro. Stops at the Milan Fair are provided on request. Travel time is about an hour (longer during heavy traffic).

A free shuttle bus links Terminal 1 & 2 every 20 minutes 24 hours a day, within the airport. Travel time to go from one terminal to the other is about 15 minutes.

Malpensa is also connected by bus to Linate Airport and to various cities in northern Italy with Lufthansa Airport Bus(like Turin, Novara, Como, Varese, Bergamo and Brescia) and Switzerland.

Since February 2010, Lufthansa Airport Bus, in partnership with Autostrade SpA, connects Milan Central Station, with Terminal 1 & 2 , with stops in Fieramilanocity and Milan Fair - Rho/Pero on request, every 20 minutes. Furthermore this new service links the Airport with the nearby Lombard provinces of Varese, Como, Bergamo and Brescia, those of Alessandria, Novara and Turin in Piedmont, Genoa in Liguria and also Bellinzona, Chiasso and Lugano in Switzerland ). For these destinations passengers can also enjoy an additional limousine transfer service with high-end car or minibus (max. 8 people) bookable until 24 hours.[15]

Taxi

Taxis are available at the Arrivals of Terminal 1 & 2.

Automobile connections

Malpensa Airport is connected by a four-lane highway to the A8 motorway (connecting Switzerland to Milan) and by a four-lane highway to the A4 motorway linking Milan to Turin and to the Strada Statale 11.

References

  1. ^ a b "EAD Basic". Ead.eurocontrol.int. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  2. ^ "Aeroportilombardi | Breve storia di Malpensa". Mxpairport.it. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  3. ^ Third Runway for Malpensa, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 171, 1 (6 July 2009), p. 15
  4. ^ a b AW & ST
  5. ^ http://www.airchina.com.cn/cn/tripmanager/service_notice/109175.shtml
  6. ^ "Blue Panorama lands in US - Italy Airline News - AirSpace blogs - Aviation & Aerospace Blogs". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  7. ^ "New Destination - Milan". Jet Airways. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  8. ^ Lufthansa Italia timetable featuring new routes as of the summer season
  9. ^ "Stampa di foto a pagina intera" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  10. ^ "Collegamento Milano Malpensa - MALPENSA EXPRESS". Malpensaexpress.it. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  11. ^ "Malpensa - Da dicembre parte il treno Malpensa-Milano Centrale | Lombardia | Varese News". .varesenews.it. 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  12. ^ "Ferrovie dello Stato - Homepage". Trenitalia.com. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  13. ^ "Castellanza - Malpensa express più veloci e nuovi suburbani, così cambia l'orario | Lombardia | Varese News". .varesenews.it. 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  14. ^ iPhone. "Busto Arsizio/Castellanza - Grandi opere ferroviarie, treni nel tunnel di Castellanza da dicembre | Busto Arsizio | Varese News". .varesenews.it. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  15. ^ "Italiano". Autostradale.it. 2010-05-31. Retrieved 2010-11-07.