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Revision as of 20:03, 23 October 2011

Ilaiyaraaja
இளையராஜா
Ilaiyaraaja at his studio in Chennai
Ilaiyaraaja at his studio in Chennai
Background information
Birth nameGnanadesikan
Also known asIlaiyaraaja, Raja
OriginPannaipuram, Theni, Madras Presidency
GenresFilm score, world music
Occupation(s)Film score composer, lyricist, music director, songwriter, singer, conductor, instrumentalist and Film producer
Instrument(s)Vocals, (playback singing), guitar, keyboard, harmonium, piano
Years active1976–present
Websitewww.raaja.com

Ilaiyaraaja (Tamil: இளையராஜா) (born Gnanadesikan[2] on 3 June 1943) is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist mainly in the Tamil film Industry.[3][4] He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India.[5][6][7][8][9] Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter. To date, he has composed over 4500 songs and provided film scores for more than 950 Indian films in various languages in a career spanning more than 30 years,[10][11][12][13] particularly being acclaimed for his background scoring for Indian films. His songs and background score played a very crucial role in the success of many films.[4][14][15][16] He remains one of the most popular composers ever in the South Indian film industry,[17] and also in the list of world's top selling music artists.[18]

Ilaiyaraaja has been a prominent composer of film music in South Indian cinema since the late 1970s.[19] His works are mainly in Tamil, but has also scored music for Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi[20] and Hindi film industries. He integrated folk lyricism (in Tamil) and introduced broader Western musical sensibilities into the South Indian musical mainstream. A gold medalist in classical guitar from Trinity College of Music, London, in 1993 he became the first Asian to compose a full symphony performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London's Walthamstow Town Hall.[21][22][23][24] In 2003, according to a BBC international poll, people from 155 countries voted his composition "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" from the 1991 film Thalapathi fourth in the world's top 10 most popular songs of all time.[25] He was also nominated in the Best Indian album Music Awards category[26] at US based Just Plain Folks Music Organization, which is the largest grassroots music organization in the world,[27] and stood third for his "Music Journey: Live in Italy".[26][28]

In the 2000s, he composed a variety of non-film music, including religious and devotional songs, an oratorio, and world music, while shifting his focus to Malayalam films. He is usually referred to by the title Isaignani (Tamil: இசைஞானி; English: A man with great knowledge in music), or as The Maestro. He has won four Indian National Film Awards; three for Best Music Direction and one for Best Background Score[29] and is a recipient of the prestigious Padma Bhushan Award from the Government of India. He is married to Jeeva, and the couple's two sons (Karthik Raja and Yuvan Shankar Raja) and daughter (Bhavatharini) are film composers and singers.[30][31]

Early life

Ilaiyaraaja was born as Gnanadesikan in Pannaipuram, Theni district, Tamil Nadu,[32] India, but when he was joined in the school his father changed his name as "Raajayya" but his village people used to call him as "Raasayya". Ilaiyaraaja joined Dhanraj Master as a student to learn musical instruments and the master renamed and called him as just "Raaja".[33] In his first movie Annakkili Tamil film producer Panchu Arunachalam added "Ilaiya" (Ilaiya means younger in Tamil language) as prefix in his name Raaja and he named as "Ilaiyaraaja" because in 1970's there was one more music director A. M. Raja who was a popular one.

Early exposure to music

Ilaiyaraaja was growing up in a rural area, he was exposed to a range of Tamil folk music.[34] At the age of 14, he joined a travelling musical troupe headed by his elder stepbrother, Pavalar Varadarajan, and spent the next decade performing throughout South India.[35][36] While working with the troupe, he penned his first composition, a musical adaptation of an elegy written by the Tamil poet laureate Kannadasan for Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister.[37] In 1968, Ilaiyaraaja began a music course with Professor Dhanraj in Madras (now Chennai),[33] which included an overview of Western classical music, compositional training in techniques such as counterpoint, and study in instrumental performance.[38] Ilaiyaraaja specialized in classical guitar and had taken a course in it at the Trinity College of Music, London.[39]

Session musician and film orchestrator

In the 1970s in Chennai, Ilaiyaraaja played guitar in a band-for-hire, and worked as a session guitarist, keyboardist, and organist for film music composers and directors such as Salil Chowdhury from West Bengal.[40][41][42] After being hired as the musical assistant to Kannada film composer G. K. Venkatesh, he worked on 200 film projects, mostly in the Kannada language.[43] As G. K. Venkatesh's assistant, Ilaiyaraaja would orchestrate the melodic outlines developed by Venkatesh. During this period, Ilaiyaraaja also began writing his own scores. To hear his compositions, he would persuade Venkatesh's session musicians to play excerpts from his scores during their break times.[35] Ilaiyaraaja would hire instruments from composer R. K. Shekhar, father of composer A. R. Rahman, who later joined Ilaiyaraaja's orchestra as a keyboardist.

Film composer

In 1976, film producer Panchu Arunachalam commissioned him to compose the songs and film score for a Tamil-language film called Annakkili ('The Parrot').[44] For the soundtrack, Ilaiyaraaja applied the techniques of modern popular film music orchestration to Tamil folk poetry and folk song melodies, which created a fusion of Western and Tamil idioms.[45][46] Ilaiyaraaja's use of Tamil music in his film scores injected new influence into the Indian film score milieu.[47] By the mid-1980s Ilaiyaraaja was gaining increasing stature as a film composer and music director in the South Indian film industry.[19] He has worked with Indian poets and lyricists such as Gulzar, Kannadasan, Veturi Sundararama Murthy, Sirivennela Sitaramasastri, Vairamuthu and T. S. Rangarajan (Vaali),[48] and film directors such as Bharathiraja, K. Balachander, K. Vishwanath, Singeetam Srinivasa Rao, Vamsy, Balu Mahendra, R. Balki and Mani Ratnam.[49]

Impact and musical style

Ilaiyaraaja was one of the earliest Indian film composers to use Western classical music harmonies and string arrangements in Indian film music.[50] This allowed him to craft a rich tapestry of sounds for films, and his themes[51] and background score gained notice and appreciation among Indian film audiences.[52] The range of expressive possibilities in Indian film music was broadened by Ilaiyaraaja's methodical approach to arranging, recording technique, and his drawing of ideas from a diversity of musical styles.[50]

According to musicologist P. Greene, Ilaiyaraaja's "deep understanding of so many different styles of music allowed him to create syncretic pieces of music combining very different musical idioms in unified, coherent musical statements".[19] Ilaiyaraaja has composed Indian film songs that amalgamated elements of genres such as Afro-tribal,[53] bossa nova,[54] dance music (e.g., disco),[55] doo-wop,[56] flamenco,[57] acoustic guitar-propelled Western folk,[58] funk,[59] Indian classical,[60] Indian folk/traditional,[61] jazz,[62] march,[63] pathos,[64] pop,[65] psychedelia,[66] and rock and roll.

By virtue of this variety and his interfusion of Western, Indian folk and Carnatic elements, Ilaiyaraaja's compositions appeal to the Indian rural dweller for its rhythmic folk qualities, the Indian classical music enthusiast for the employment of Carnatic ragams,[67] and the urbanite for its modern, Western-music sound.[68] Ilaiyaraaja's sense of visualization for composing music is always to match up with the storyline of the running movie and possibly by doing so, he creates the best experience for the audience to feel the emotions flavored through his musical score. He mastered this art of blending music to the narration, which very few others managed to adapt themselves over a longer time.[17]

Although Ilaiyaraaja uses a range of complex compositional techniques, he often sketches out the basic melodic ideas for films in a very spontaneous fashion.[19][34] The Indian filmmaker Mani Ratnam illustrates:

Ilayaraja [sic] would look at the [film] scene once, and immediately start giving notes to his assistants, as a bunch of musicians, hovering around him, would collect the notes [musical parts] for their instrument[s] and go to their places... A [film] director can be taken by surprise at the speed of events.[69]

Musical characteristics

Ilaiyaraaja's music is characterised by the use of an orchestration technique that is a synthesis of Western and Indian instruments and musical modes. He uses electronic music technology that integrates synthesisers, electric guitars and keyboards, drum machines, rhythm boxes and MIDI with large orchestras that feature traditional instruments such as the veena, venu, nadaswaram, dholak, mridangam and tabla as well as Western lead instruments such as saxophones and flutes.[19][70]

He uses catchy melodies fleshed out with a variety of chord progressions, beats and timbres.[71][72][73] Ilaiyaraaja's songs typically have a musical form where vocal stanzas and choruses are interspersed with orchestral preludes and interludes.[74] They often contain polyphonic melodies, where the lead vocals are interwoven with supporting melody lines sung by another voice or played by instruments.[75]

The basslines in his songs tend to be melodically dynamic, rising and falling in a dramatic fashion.[72] Polyrhythms are also apparent, particularly in songs with Indian folk or Carnatic influences. The melodic structure of his songs demand considerable vocal virtuosity, and have found expressive platform amongst some of India's respected vocalists and playback singers, such as S. P. Balasubramaniam, K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki, K. S. Chitra, Swarnalatha, S. P. Sailaja, T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela, Sujatha, Malaysia Vasudevan, Asha Bhonsle, Lata Mangeshkar, Sadhana Sargam and the latest sensation Shreya Ghoshal.[76] Ilaiyaraaja has sung over 400 of his own compositions for films,[77][78] and is recognisable by his stark, nasal voice. He has penned the lyrics for some of his songs in Tamil and other languages.[79][80][81] Ilaiyaraaja's film scores are known both for the dramatic and evocative melodies, and for the more subtle background music that he uses to provide texture or mood for scenes in films such as Johnny (1980), Mouna Raagam (1986), Geethanjali (1989) and Guna (1991).

Non-cinematic output

Thiruvasakam album cover, a symphony oratorio based on ancient Tamil poem.

Ilaiyaraaja's first two non-film albums were explorations in the fusion of Indian and Western classical music. The first, How To Name It? (1986),[82] is dedicated to the Carnatic master Tyāgarāja and to J. S. Bach. It features a fusion of the Carnatic form and ragas with Bach partitas, fugues and Baroque musical textures.[83] The second, Nothing But Wind (1988), was performed by flutist Hariprasad Chaurasia and a 50-piece orchestra and takes the conceptual approach suggested in the title — that music is a natural phenomenon akin to various forms of air currents (e.g., the wind, breeze, tempest etc.).[84]

He has composed a set of Carnatic kritis that was recorded by electric mandolinist U. Srinivas for the album Ilayaraaja's Classicals on the Mandolin (1994).[85] Ilaiyaraaja has also composed albums of religious/devotional songs. His Guru Ramana Geetam (2004) is a cycle of prayer songs inspired by the Hindu mystic Ramana Maharishi,[86] and his Thiruvasakam: A crossover (2005) is an oratorio of ancient Tamil poems transcribed partially in English by American lyricist Stephen Schwartz and performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra.[87][88] Ilaiyaraaja's most recent release is a world music-oriented album called The Music Messiah (2006).[89] Its musical concept is based against a mythological narrative.[74][90] His recent release in November 2008, is Manikantan Geet Mala released by India Tales with 9 songs praising Lord Ayyappa in almost all south Indian languages.[citation needed]

Albums (instrumental, non-film)

Year Album Year Album Year Album
1986 How to Name It 1988 Nothing but Wind 2000 Raajavin Ramanamalai, Guru Ramana Geetam
2001 Geethanjali 2002 Amma Paamalai 2003 India 24 Hours
2005 Thiruvasagam 2007 The Music Messiah 2008 Manikantan Geet Mala
2009 Namratha Ke Sagar 2010 Ramana Saranam Saranam, Baba Pugazh Maalai 2011 Amma - Short film

Notable works

Ilaiyaraaja's composition "Rakkama Kaiya Thattu", sung by SPB and Swarnalatha in the movie Thalapathi (1991), was among the songs listed in a BBC World Top Ten music poll.[91] He composed the music for Nayagan (1987), an Indian film ranked by TIME Magazine as one of the all-time 100 best movies,[92] a number of India's official entries to the Oscars, such as Anjali (1990)[93] and Hey Ram (2000),[94] and for Indian art films such as Adoor Gopalakrishnan's FIPRESCI Prize-winning Nizhalkkuthu ('The Dance of Shadows') (2002).[95] Ilaiyaraaja has composed music for events such as the 1996 Miss World beauty pageant that was held in Bangalore, India, and for a documentary called India 24 Hours (1996).[96][97] The pop/hip-hop band The Black Eyed Peas sampled an Ilaiyaraaja composition called "Unakkum Ennakum", from the film Sri Raghavendra (1985), for their tune "The Elephunk Theme" from their breakout album, Elephunk (2003).[98] The alternative artist M.I.A. sampled his composition "Kaatukuyilu" from the film Thalapathi (1991) for her song "Bamboo Banga" on the album Kala (2007).[99] His music compositions for the Hindi movie "Paa" (3 December 2009) has won critical acclaim in several media reviews.

Live performances

Ilaiyaraaja rarely performs his music live, which may be due to the time he devotes to his composing activities.[100] His last major live performance, the first in 25 years, was a four-hour concert held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium in Chennai, India on 16 October 2005.[101] The show was widely televised both in India and abroad, in which he played a song with just three notes (sa re ga).[102] Less well-known was his live 2004 performance in Italy at the Teatro Comunale di Modena, an event-concert presented for the 14th edition of Angelica, Festival Internazionale Di Musica, co-produced with the L'Altro Suono Festival.[103][104] He had done a few small-scale shows early in his career in Sri Lanka and Malaysia and was involved in a charity concert to raise funds for the construction of a Hindu temple in India.[100] A television retrospective titled Ithu Ilaiyaraja ('This is Ilaiyaraja') was produced, chronicling his career.[105]

Awards and honours

National Film Awards

Year Name of the film Category Language
1984 Saagara Sangamam Best Music Direction Telugu
1986 Sindhu Bhairavi Best Music Direction Tamil
1989 Rudra Veena Best Music Direction Telugu
2009 Pazhassi Raja Best Background Score Malayalam

Ilaiyaraaja has won the National Film Award for Best Music Direction for the Tamil film Sindhu Bhairavi (1986) and the Telugu films Rudraveena (1989) and Saagara Sangamam (1984).[106] He also won the National Film Award for Best Background Score for Malayalam film Pazhassi Raja (2010).[107] He won the Gold Remi Award for Best Music Score jointly with film composer M. S. Viswanathan at the WorldFest-Houston Film Festival for the film Vishwa Thulasi (2005).

He was conferred the title Isaignani (English: Savant of Music) in 1988 by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi in a grand public function held in Karaikudi and received the Kalaimamani Award, an annual award for excellence in the field of arts from the Government of the State of Tamil Nadu, India.[108] He also received State Government Awards from the governments of Kerala (1994, 1995, 1998), Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh (The Lata Mangeshkar Award) (1998) for excellence in music.[109] In 2010, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour.[110] Alongside he also won the Akshaya Samman of the year (2010), a prestigious musical award from Orissa for his outstanding contribution in the field of music.[111][112]

He was awarded honorary doctorates by Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India (Degree of Doctor of Letter (Honoris causa)) (March 1994), the World University Round Table, Arizona, U.S.A. (Cultural Doctorate in Philosophy of Music) (April 1994), and Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu (Degree of Doctor of Letters) (1996).[109] He received an Award of Appreciation from the Foundation and Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America (1994), and later that year was presented with an honorary citizenship and key to the Teaneck township by Mr. John Abraham, Mayor of Teaneck, New Jersey, U.S.A.[109] In a poll conducted by the BBC, his track "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" from the 1991 movie Thalapathi rated Number 4 in the World's Top Ten list.[113]

Partial discography

Main article: Ilaiyaraaja discography

Tamil

Year Album Year Album Year Album
1978 Sigappu Rojakkal, 16 Vayathinile, Bairavi,Mullum Malarum, Priya 1979 Annai Oru Aalayam, Lakshmi 1980 Ullasa Paravaigal, Thai Pongal, Sridevi, Savithri, Nizhalgal,Naan Potta Saval, Murattu Kaalai, Anbukku Naan Adimai
1981 Tik Tik Tik, Ellam Inba Mayyam, Panneer Pushpangal, Meendum Kokila, Kazhugu 1982 Moondram Pirai, Sagalakala Vallavan 1983 Aanandha Kummi, Aayiram Nilave Vaa, Andha Sila Naatkal, Annae Annae, Kokkarakko
1984 Enakkul Oruvan, Nallavanuku Nallavan 1985 Muthal Mariyathai, Sindhu Bhairavi, Udhaya Geetham, Kaakki Sattai, Pillai Nila, Sri Raghavendra 1986 Mouna Raagam, Punnagai Mannan, Vikram
1987 Nayagan, Kadhal Parisu, Idaya Kovil 1988 Sathya, Dharmathin Thalaivan, Agni Natchathiram, Unnal Mudiyum Thambi, 1989 Rajadhi Raja, Siva, Apoorva Sagodharargal, Vetri Vizha, Karagattakaran
1990 Pandian, Adhisaya piravi, Anjali 1991 Thalapathi, Guna, Chinna Thambi, Captain Prabhakaran 1992 Mannan, Chembaruthi, Chinna Gounder, Bharathan, Thevar Magan
1993 Ejamaan, Marupadiyum, Poovilangu, Valli 1994 Mahanadhi, Sethupathi IPS, Veera 1995 Makkal Aatchi, Chinna Vaathiyaar, Nandhavan Theru, Sathi Leelavathi
1996 Poo Mani, Poovarasan 1997 Kadhalukku Mariyadhai, Raaman Abdhullah 1998 Andhapuram
1999 Sethu, Kadhal Kavithai,"House Full" 2000 Hey Ram, Bharathi, Kaadhal Rojave, Kaakai Chiraginile, Kannukkul Nilavu 2001 Friends, Kutty
2002 Azhagi, Ivan, Enn Mana Vaanil, Ramanna, Solla Marantha Kadhai 2003 Pithamagan, Julie Ganapathy, Manasellam 2004 Virumaandi, Kamaraj
2005 Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam,Mumbai Express,Oru Naal Oru Kanavu,Karakattakari 2006 Pachakudhira 2007 Ajantha, Maya Kannadi
2008 Dhanam, Inimale Nngathane, Uliyin Osai. 2009 Naan Kadavul, Azhagar Malai,Jagan Mohini 2010 Nandalala
2011 Ayyan, Ponnar Shankar,Mayilu[114] 2012 2013

Telugu

Year Album Year Album
1976 1978 Vayasu Pilichindi
1979 Yugandhar 1980 Guru
1981 Seethakoka Chiluka, Tik Tik Tik 1982 Nireekshana, Vasantha Kokila
1983 Abhilasha, Manthrigari Viyyankudu, Saagara Sangamam, Seethakoka Chiluka, Sitaara 1984 Challenge, Merupu Daadi
1985 Anveshana, Swathi Muthyam 1986 Ladies Tailor, Manchi Manasulu, Rakshasudu, Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam
1987 Aakhari Poratam, Marana Mrudangam, Rudraveena, Swarna Kamalam 1988 Abhinandana
1989 Geethanjali, Kokila, Shiva 1990 Bobbili Raja, Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari, Kondaveeti Donga
1991 Surya IPS, Chaithanya, Nirnayam, Killer, Meera, Aditya 369 2007 Anumanaspadam, Sunny
2008 Mallepuvvu 2010 Om Shanti, Gaayam 2
2011 Sri Rama Rajyam 2012 Baba Sathya Sai

Malayalam

Year Album Year Album
1978 Aaru Manikkoor, Vyamoham 1980 Dooram Arike
1981 Garjanam 1982 Olangal, Aa Rathri, Aalolam
1983 Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu, Oomakkuyil, Pinnilavu 1984 My Dear Kuttichathan, Mangalam Nerunnu, Onnanu Nammal, Unaru
1985 Yathra 1986 Poomukhapadiyil Ninneyum Kathu, Kaveri
1988 Moonnam Pakkam 1989 Adharvam, Chaithram, Season
1991 Anaswaram, Ente Sooryaputhrikku 1992 Pappayude Swantham Appoos, Aparatha
1993 Jackpot 1996 Kaalapani, Man of the Match
1997 Guru, Kaliyoonjal, Oru Yathramozhi 1998 Anuragakottaram, Manjeera Dhwani
1999 Friends 2000 Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal, Kallu Kondoru Pennu
2003 Manassinakkare, Nizhalkuthu 2005 Ponmudipuzhayorathu, Achuvinte Amma
2006 Rasathanthram, Pachakuthira 2007 Vinodayathra, Sooryan
2008 Innathe Chintha Vishayam, S M S 2009 Bhagyadevatha, Pazhassi Raja
2010 Kadha Thudarunnu 2011 Snehaveedu, Twinkle Twinkle Little Star

Hindi

Year Album Year Album Year Album
1983 Sadma 1987 Kamagni 1989 Mahaadev
1990 Appu Raja, Shiva 1991 Anjali, Aadmi Aur Apsara 1996 Aur Ek Prem Kahani, Saza-E-Kala Pani, Chhaila
1999 Hey Ram, Velu Nayakan 2001 Lajja 2005 Mumbai Xpress, Divorce
2006 Shiva 2007 Cheeni Kum, Desi Pandits 2009 Chal Chalein, Paa
2011 Happi,[115] SRK, Ra.One 2012 2013

Kannada

Year Album Year Album
1978 Maathu Tappada Maga 1981 Geetha, Janma Janmada Anubandha, Nee Nanna Gellalare
1983 Accident, Pallavi Anu Pallavi 1984 Bharjari Bete
1996 Nammoora Mandara Hoove, Shivasainya 1998 Hoomale
2004 Namma Preetiya Ramu 2007 Aa Dinagalu
2009 Nannavanu, Bhagyadha Balegara, Prem Kahani 2010 Suryakaanti
2011 Hare Rama Hare Krishna

References and notes

  1. ^ Ilayaraja celebrates birthday in style, sify.com., Moviebuzz 02 June 2010, 16:05:06
  2. ^ UK. "Thursday, 10 June. Accessed 9 June 2009". Myspace.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  3. ^ Ilayaraja gets Padma Bhushan, Published January 26, 2010
  4. ^ a b "Ilayaraja's Profile". Breezemagic.net. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  5. ^ "An 'Unknown' Indian Film Music master". Film Score Monthly. 9 March 2009.
  6. ^ "‘No words can describe Ilayaraja’: Amitabh Bachchan". Anon. blog, Planetradiocity.com. 2010.
  7. ^ Anand Subramanian, "Upperstall Profile: Ilayaraja". Upperstall.com, [n.d.].
  8. ^ Anon., "Maestro Ilaiyaraaja—An Introduction", album notes to CD recording, Ilaiyaraaja's Music Journey: Live in Italy. Agi Music 9555356800022. Bologna: I dischi di angelica, [n.d.]. Cited on CDBaby.com website. A music director and composer
  9. ^ Trinity College of London to felicitate Illayaraja and 5 others, radioand music.com, 25 Aug 10 14:07 IST
  10. ^ SEARCH showing results "Ilaiyaraaja” JOINT SCENE INDIA
  11. ^ Allirajan, M. "Musical journeys". The Hindu. 10 June 2004. Accessed 12 October 2006.
  12. ^ Behal, S. "Melodious music". The Hindu. 23 July 2006. Accessed 12 October 2006.
  13. ^ "Ilaiyaraja to score music for a Marathi film". Kollytalk. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  14. ^ "Specials, One man show". Cinesouth.com. 21 April 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  15. ^ "Ilaiyaraaja - film composer". Mfiles.co.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  16. ^ Subramanian, Vignesh (16 February 2009). "Indian composer Ilaiyaraaja is a genius". Thecommentfactory.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  17. ^ a b S. Theodore Baskaran "Jnana To Gana: Consistent eclecticism has kept Tamil film music virile", Outlookindia.com, 26 June 2006.
  18. ^ Ilayaraja: Ilayarajas Music Journey, By Duncan Glenday, 14 March 2006.
  19. ^ a b c d e Greene, P.D. 1997. Film music: Southern area. Pp. 542-546 in B. Nettl, R.M. Stone, J. Porter and T. Rice (eds.). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Volume V: South Asia — The Indian Subcontinent. New York: Garland Pub. (p. 544).
  20. ^ "Now, Ilayaraja makes melodies in Marathi". dnaindia.com. 26 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  21. ^ "Profile, Ilaiyaraaja". Ilayaraja.freeservers.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  22. ^ "Legend, Ilaiyaraaja". Ilayaraja.freeservers.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  23. ^ "Indiaglitz, 2 June 2007". Indiaglitz.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  24. ^ "Home, Ilaiyaraaja". Ilayaraja.freeservers.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  25. ^ THE WORLD'S TOP TEN, BBC World Service.com
  26. ^ a b A. R. Rahman wins 'Grassroot Grammy', THE HINDU, New Delhi Sep 2, 2009
  27. ^ "JPF". Justplainfolks.org. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  28. ^ Ilaiyaraaja's Music Journey: Live in Italy, Live Recording Genre: World Asian Release Date: 2005, cdbaby.com
  29. ^ Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. 2006. Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Accessed 22 November 2006.
  30. ^ Sangeetha Devi, K. "Music from the past". The Hindu. 13 January 2007. Accessed 3 March 2007.
  31. ^ Staff reporter. "Ilaiyaraja's daughter gets engaged". The Hindu. August 5, 2005. Accessed 3 March 2007.
  32. ^ "Pride of Tamils". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 November 2004.
  33. ^ a b "Humorist springs a surprise". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 8 August 2008.
  34. ^ a b Mohan, A. 1994. Ilaiyaraja: composer as phenomenon in Tamil film culture. M.A. thesis, Wesleyan University (pp. 106-107).
  35. ^ a b Ramnarayanan, G. "Matchless in quality and speed!" The Hindu. 26 May 1989. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  36. ^ Ilaiyaraja. 1999. Sangeetha Kanavugal (2nd edition). Chennai, India: Kalaignaan Pathipagam.
  37. ^ Rangarajan, M. "Memorable evening in many ways". The Hindu. 9 July 2004. Accessed 19 November 2006.
  38. ^ Panneerselvan, A.S. 1989. "Ilaiyaraaja — Musical mission (Part 1)". Frontline, (date of publication indeterminate). Accessed 5 March 2008.
  39. ^ Author unknown. "No point in classifying music, says Ilayaraja". The Hindu. 19 June 2005. Accessed 1 February 2007.
  40. ^ Gautam, S. "'Suhana safar' with Salilda". The Hindu. 13 November 2004. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  41. ^ Chennai, S. "Looking back: flawless harmony in his music". The Hindu. 20 November 2005. Accessed 15 November 2006.
  42. ^ Choudhury, R. 2005. The films of Salil Chowdhury: Introduction. Accessed 16 November 2006.
  43. ^ Vijayakar, R. "The prince in Mumbai". Screen. 21 July 2006. Accessed 6 February 2007.
  44. ^ "Let down by screenplay -- Maayakkannaadi". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 20 April 2007.
  45. ^ Greene, P.D. 2001. "Authoring the Folk: the crafting of a rural popular music in south India". Journal of Intercultural Studies 22 (2): 161–172.
  46. ^ Sivanarayanan, A. 2004. Translating Tamil Dalit poetry. World Literature Today 78(2): 56-58.
  47. ^ Baskaran, S.T. "Music for the people". The Hindu. 6 January 2002. Accessed 15 November 2006.
  48. ^ RaajaNGAHM Online. 2000. Discography: Film database — Lyricist list. Accessed 7 February 2007.
  49. ^ Ilaiyaraja.com. Undated. Directors. Accessed 14 February 2007.
  50. ^ a b Venkatraman, S. 1995. "Film music: the new intercultural idiom of 20th century Indian music". pp. 107-112 in A. Euba and C.T. Kimberlin (eds.). Intercultural Music Vol. I. Bayreuth: Breitinger (p. 110).
  51. ^ e.g., the title themes for the films Sigappu Rojakkal (1978), Netrikkan (1981) and Mouna Raagam (1986), and the instrumental themes in Raja Paarvai (1981) and Punnagai Mannan (1986).
  52. ^ Venkatraman, S. 1995. "Film music: the new intercultural idiom of 20th century Indian music". pp. 107-112 in A. Euba and C.T. Kimberlin (eds.). Intercultural Music Vol. I. Bayreuth: Breitinger (p. 111).
  53. ^ "Aasayil Kaatrula" from Johnny (1980).
  54. ^ "Kadhal Oviyam" from Alaigal Oivathillai (1981).
  55. ^ e.g., "Solla Solla Enna Perumai" from Ellam Inba Mayam (1981); "Ilamai Itho" from Sakalakalavallavan (1982); "Paatu Enggey" from Poovizhi Vasalile (1987).
  56. ^ "Pudhu Mappilaiku", Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989).
  57. ^ refer, for instance, to the musical vignettes/interludes that accompany the rock-lifting scenes in the film Muthal Mariyathai (1985).
  58. ^ "Roja Ondru" and "Ponmane Theduthey" from the soundtrack of the film Oh Maane Maane (1984).
  59. ^ e.g., the comedic funks "Oru Nayagan Uthayamagiraan" from Dhavani Kanavugal (1984), and "Ada Machamulla" from Chinna Veedu (1985).
  60. ^ "Kalaivaniye" and "Paadariyen Padipariyen" from Sindhu Bhairavi (1985).
  61. ^ e.g., "Poongatru Thirumbuma" from Muthal Mariyathai (1985).
  62. ^ e.g., the fusion-jazz/pop sound of "Vikram", from Vikram (1986).
  63. ^ "Raja Kaiya Vecha", Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989).
  64. ^ e.g., "Chittukku Chella Chittukku" from Nallavanukku Nallavan (1984); "Aarariro" from Thaaikku Oru Thaalaattu (1986).
  65. ^ e.g., "Antha Naal Nyaabagam" from Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam (2005); "Videya Videya" from Sethu (1999); "Vaan Engum" from Moondram Pirai (1983).
  66. ^ e.g., "Vaanam Keezhe Vandhal Enna" from Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey (1983).
  67. ^ Panneerselvan, A.S. 1993. Master of melody, Ilaiyaraaja: Challenging musical frontiers. Frontline, 10 September. Accessed 5 March 2008.
  68. ^ Greene, P.D. 1997. Film music: Southern area. Pp. 542-546 in B. Nettl, R.M. Stone, J. Porter and T. Rice (eds.). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Volume V: South Asia — The Indian Subcontinent. New York: Garland Pub. (p. 545).
  69. ^ Rangaraj, R. 2005. Mani Ratnam on Ilayaraja, Rehman. ChennaiOnline, 9 March. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  70. ^ Balaji, R.S. 2002. Lessons from Maestro Ilayaraja: Lesson 10, expressing moods through music — 2. Accessed 15 November 2006.
  71. ^ Subramanian, V. Undated. 9th chords in Rajaa's music. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  72. ^ a b Subramanian, V. Undated. The boss of bass. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  73. ^ Balaji, R.S. 2002. Lessons from Maestro Ilayaraja: A case study on Maestro Ilayaraja's style of music. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  74. ^ a b CD Baby. 2006. Ilaiyaraaja - The Music Messiah (with notes in CD sleeve). Accessed 27 February 2007.
  75. ^ e.g., "Poo Maalayeh Thol Sera Vaa" from Pagal Nilavu (1985).
  76. ^ RaajaNGAHM Online. 2000. Discography: Film database — List of singers. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  77. ^ e.g., "Nila Athu Vaanathu Mele" from Nayakan (1987); "Appanendrum Ammayenrum" from Guna (1991).
  78. ^ RaajaNGAHM Online. 2000. Discography: Film database — List of singers: Ilaiyaraaja. Accessed 19 November 2006.
  79. ^ RaajaNGAHM Online. 2000. Discography: Film database — Lyrics by Ilaiyaraaja. Accessed 7 February 2007.
  80. ^ Rangarajan, M. "From Texas to tinsel town". The Hindu, 15 October 2004. Accessed 1 February 2007.
  81. ^ Ashok Kumar, S.R. "Variety fare for Pongal". The Hindu. 9 January 2004. Accessed 1 February 2007.
  82. ^ This album was also incidentally used as the score for the Balu Mahendra film, Veedu (1988).
  83. ^ Greene, P.D. 1997. Film music: Southern area. Pp. 542-546 in B. Nettl, R.M. Stone, J. Porter and T. Rice (eds.). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Volume V: South Asia — The Indian Subcontinent. New York: Garland Pub. (pp. 544-545).
  84. ^ Oriental Records. Undated. Nothing But Wind. Accessed 19 November 2006.
  85. ^ Chennai Interactive Business Services (P) Ltd. Undated. Mandolin U. Srinivas plays Ilaiyaraaja's classics. Accessed 6 February 2007.
  86. ^ Ayyar, I. and Govindan, H. Undated. Ilaiyaraja: Guru Ramana Geetam — notes. Accessed 19 November 2006.
  87. ^ Viswanathan, S. 2005. A cultural crossover. Frontline 22 (15), 16 July–29. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  88. ^ Parthasarathy, D. 2004. Thiruvasagam in 'classical crossover'. The Hindu, Friday, 26 November. Accessed 1 March 2007.
  89. ^ Soman, S. 2006. 'The Music Messiah'. The Hindu, Saturday, 30 December. Accessed 27 February 2007.
  90. ^ "'manikantan geet mala'". Raaga.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  91. ^ BBC World Service. 2002. BBC World Service 70th Anniversary Global Music Poll: The World's Top Ten. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  92. ^ TIME Magazine. 2005. 23220, nayakan, 00.html All-TIME 100 Movies. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  93. ^ IMDb (Internet Movie Database). Undated. Biography for Mani Ratnam. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  94. ^ Loewenstein, L. 2001. Hey Ram (review). Variety, 29 January. 381 (10): 60.
  95. ^ Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. 2003. Feature film: Nizhalkkuthu. Accessed 17 November 2006.
  96. ^ Dongre, A. and Malik, R. 1997. A day in the life of India. Hinduism Today, February. Accessed 19 November 2006.
  97. ^ Rakkamma.com. Undated. Albums. Accessed 19 November 2006.
  98. ^ Mehar, R. 2007. Hip-hopping around the world. The Hindu, 17 October. Accessed 14 March 2008.
  99. ^ Track listing and credits as per liner notes on Kala album (Media notes). XL Records. 2007. {{cite AV media notes}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |publisherid= and |titlelink= (help); Unknown parameter |director= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |titleyear= ignored (help)
  100. ^ a b Rangaraj, R. "This one for Ilayaraja fans". ChennaiOnline. 16 October 2005. Accessed 7 March 2007.
  101. ^ Rangarajan, M. "The Raja still reigns supreme". The Hindu. 21 October 2005. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  102. ^ "youtube link for 3 note song". Youtube.com. 8 February 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  103. ^ Rangaraj, R. "Events: Ilayaraja live in Italy". Chennai Online. 3 August 2005. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  104. ^ Van Ryssen, S. "Ilaiyaraaja's Musical Journey". Leonardo Digital Review. December 2005. Accessed 7 March 2007.
  105. ^ "Ithu Ilaiyaraja". The Hindu. 1 July 2005. Accessed 13 October 2006.
  106. ^ CD Baby. 2006. Ilaiyaraaja - Ilaiyaraaja's Music Journey: Live in Italy (notes in CD sleeve). Accessed 8 March 2007.
  107. ^ [1]. Indo Asian News Service, NDTV Thursday 16 September 2010.
  108. ^ Rangarajan, M. 2004. Music magic on a rewind. The Hindu, Monday, 5 April. Accessed 19 November 2006.
  109. ^ a b c RaajaNGAHM Online. 2000. Awards. Accessed 8 March 2007.
  110. ^ Behindwoods. 2010. Ilayaraja and Rahman get Padma Bhushan. Accessed 25 January 2010.
  111. ^ NDTV. 2010. Ilaiyaraaja to be conferred Akshaya Samman 2010. Accessed 18 September 2010 Bhubaneshwar.
  112. ^ "Akshaya Samman for Illayaraja". Indiaglitz. 2010. Accessed 18 September 2010.
  113. ^ "The World's Top Ten". BBC.
  114. ^ http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/61680.html
  115. ^ Jha, Subhash K. "Ilayaraja's musical journey". http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 1 November 2010. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)

Further reading

  • Prem-Ramesh. 1998. Ilaiyaraja: Isaiyin Thathuvamum Alagiyalum (trans.: Ilaiyaraja: The Philosophy and Aesthetics of Music). Chennai: Sembulam.
  • Ilaiyaraaja. 1998. Vettaveli Thanil Kotti Kidakkuthu (trans.: My Spiritual Experiences) (3rd ed.). Chennai: Kalaignan Pathipagam. → A collection of poems by Ilaiyaraaja.
  • Ilaiyaraaja. 1998. Vazhithunai. Chennai: Saral Veliyeedu.
  • Ilaiyaraaja. 1999. Sangeetha Kanavugal (trans.: Musical Dreams) (2nd ed.). Chennai: Kalaignan Pathipagam. → An autobiography about Ilaiyaraaja's European tour and other musings.
  • Ilaiyaraaja. 2000. Ilaiyaraajavin Sinthanaigal (trans.: Ilaiyaraaja's Thoughts). Chennai: Thiruvasu Puthaka Nilayam.
  • Srinivasan, Pavithra (20 September 2010). "Making Music, Raja-style". Rediff.com. Retrieved 15 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)

External links

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