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[[da:Nuværende suveræne monarker]]
[[da:Nuværende suveræne monarker]]
[[ja:現在の君主の一覧]]
[[ka:ამჟამინდელი მონარქების სია]]
[[ka:ამჟამინდელი მონარქების სია]]
[[hu:Kortárs uralkodók listája]]
[[hu:Kortárs uralkodók listája]]

Revision as of 15:44, 21 November 2011

King and queen of Sweden, seated in a pulled cart, with mounted royal guards in background
King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden
Japanese emperor, dressed in a dark suit
Emperor Akihito of Japan

There are currently 45 monarchs in the world reigning as sovereign heads of state. A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in many absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads who exercise only reserve power, with actual authority vested in a parliament or other governing bodies (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]

Monarchs are distinguished by their titles and styles, which in most cases are defined by tradition, and guaranteed under the state's constitution. A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,[7] have been applied where typical.

In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family.[6][8] Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.[9] These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics.[10] Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of a royal bloodline.[11][12]

Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For current claimants to abolished thrones, see pretenders.

Monarchs by country

Legend
Key Description
Monarch Name of monarch, preceded by title, with link to list of predecessors.
Since Date of assumption of throne; coronation date listed in footnotes.
House Name of royal family, with information on bloodline.
Type Form of monarchy, with link to information on role of the monarch within government.
Succession Method or pattern of succession, with link to current line of succession.
Standard Heraldry attributed to the relevant monarch or monarchy.
N/A Denotes where specific field is not applicable.
— Denotes where data is not available.
State Monarch Since House Type Succession Standard Ref(s)
 Andorra Co-Prince Joan Enric Vives Sicília
Co-Prince Nicolas Sarkozy 		12 May 2003
16 May 2007		 N/A Constitutional Ex officio N/A [13][14]
 Antigua and Barbuda Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 1 November 1981[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][16]
 Australia Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 6 February 1952 Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Australia [15][17]
 Bahamas Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 10 July 1973[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][18]
 Bahrain King Hamad ibn Isa 6 March 1999[fn 4] Al Khalifah[fn 5] Mixed Hereditary Royal Standard of Bahrain [19]
 Barbados Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 30 November 1966[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Barbados [15][21]
 Belgium King Albert II 9 August 1993 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[fn 6] Constitutional Hereditary Personal Standard of Albert II, King of the Belgians [23]
 Belize Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 21 September 1981[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][24]
 Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyel 14 December 2006[fn 7] Wangchuck Constitutional Hereditary Royal Emblem of Bhutan [26]
 Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 4 October 1967[fn 8] Bolkiah Absolute Hereditary Brunei royal Standard [27]
 Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni 14 October 2004[fn 9] Norodom[fn 10] Constitutional Hereditary and elective[fn 11] Royal Standard of the King of Cambodia [29]
 Canada Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 6 February 1952 Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Canada [15][31]
 Denmark Queen Margrethe II 14 January 1972 Glücksburg[fn 12] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Denmark [34]
 Grenada Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 7 February 1974[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][35]
 Jamaica Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 6 August 1962[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Jamaica [15][36]
 Japan Emperor Akihito[fn 13] 7 January 1989[fn 14] Yamato[fn 15] Constitutional Hereditary Standard of the Japanese Emperor [38]
 Jordan King Abdullah II 7 February 1999[fn 16] Hāshim Constitutional Hereditary[fn 17] Royal Standard of Jordan [44][45]
 Kuwait Emir Sabah al-Ahmad 29 January 2006 Al Sabah[fn 5] Constitutional Hereditary and elective[fn 18] — [49]
 Lesotho King Letsie III 7 February 1996[fn 19] Moshesh Constitutional Hereditary and elective Royal Standard of Lesotho [50][51]
 Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II 13 November 1989[fn 20] Liechtenstein Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of the Prince of Liechtenstein [53]
 Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 7 October 2000[fn 21] Nassau-Weilburg[fn 22] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg [55]
 Malaysia King Mizan Zainal Abidin[fn 23] 13 December 2006[fn 24] Terengganu[fn 25] Constitutional Elective and hereditary[fn 26] Royal Standard of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia [56]
 Monaco Prince Albert II 6 April 2005[fn 27] Grimaldi Constitutional Hereditary Personal Standard of Prince Albert II of Monaco [60]
 Morocco King Mohammed VI 23 July 1999[fn 28] Alawi Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Morocco [62]
 Netherlands Queen Beatrix 30 April 1980 Orange-Nassau[fn 29] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of the Netherlands [65]
New Zealand New Zealand Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 6 February 1952 Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of New Zealand [15][66]
 Norway King Harald V 17 January 1991[fn 30] Glücksburg[fn 12] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Norway [67]
 Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 23 July 1970 Al Bu Sa‘īd Absolute Hereditary Standard of the Sultan of Oman [68][69]
 Papua New Guinea Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 16 September 1975[fn 31] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][70]
 Qatar Emir Hamad bin Khalifa 27 June 1995 Al Thani Absolute[fn 32] Hereditary N/A [72]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 19 September 1983[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][73]
 Saint Lucia Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 22 February 1979[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][74]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 27 October 1979[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][75]
 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah bin Abdul‘aziz 1 August 2005[fn 33] Al Saud Absolute Hereditary and elective[fn 34] Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia [79]
 Solomon Islands Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 7 July 1978[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][80]
 Spain King Juan Carlos I 22 November 1975[fn 35] Bourbon Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Spain [81]
 Swaziland King Mswati III 25 April 1986 Dlamini Absolute Hereditary and elective[fn 36] Royal Standard of Swaziland [84]
 Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 15 September 1973[fn 37] Bernadotte Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Sweden [86]
 Thailand King Bhumibol Adulyadej[fn 38] 9 June 1946[fn 39] Chakri Constitutional Hereditary Standard of the King of Thailand [92]
 Tonga King Siaosi Tupou V 11 September 2006[fn 40] Tupou[fn 41] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of Tonga [95]
 Tuvalu Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 1 October 1978[fn 2] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [15][96]
 United Arab Emirates President Khalifa bin Zayed 3 November 2004 Al Nahyan[fn 42] Mixed[fn 43] Elective and hereditary[fn 44] Standard of the President of the United Arab Emirates [100]
 United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1] 6 February 1952[fn 45] Windsor[fn 3] Constitutional Hereditary Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland		 [15]
 Vatican City Pope Benedict XVI[fn 46] 19 April 2005[fn 47] N/A Absolute Ex officio Personal Standard of Pope Benedict XVI [104][105]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Elizabeth II is currently queen regnant of sixteen separate Commonwealth realms (see separate entries), and has previously reigned as queen of sixteen other countries, which have since abolished the monarchy.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The House of Windsor is a line of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which itself is a branch of the House of Wettin.[102]
  4. ^ Hamad ibn Isa reigned as Amir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title of King of Bahrain under a new Constitution.[19]
  5. ^ a b A clan of the Utub tribe.[20]
  6. ^ A branch of the House of Wettin.[22]
  7. ^ Coronation took place 6 November 2008.[25]
  8. ^ Coronation took place 1 August 1968.[27]
  9. ^ Coronation took place 29 October 2004.[28]
  10. ^ A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants of Norodom I.[29]
  11. ^ The king is selected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kings Ang Duong, Norodom, and Sisowath.[30]
  12. ^ a b Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.[32][33]
  13. ^ "Akihito" is the current emperor's given name, but it is not his regnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. The era of Akihito's reign bears the name "Heisei", and according to custom he will be renamed "Emperor Heisei" following his death.[37]
  14. ^ Coronation took place 12 November 1990.[38]
  15. ^ The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.[39][40] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancient Yamato Court.[41] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.
  16. ^ Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.[42]
  17. ^ Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.[43]
  18. ^ The heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.[46] The throne is also traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family: the Al Salem and Al Jaber.[47][48] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.
  19. ^ Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.[50]
  20. ^ Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.[52] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.[53] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Prince Alois as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[54]
  21. ^ Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.[55]
  22. ^ The royal family of Luxembourg is descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon.
  23. ^ Official title: Yang di-Pertuan Agong. It roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is commonly rendered in English as "King".[56]
  24. ^ Coronation took place 26 April 2007. Mizan has previously served as regent from 8 October to 21 November 2001, thereafter reigning as acting Yang di-Pertuan Agong until 13 December 2001.[56]
  25. ^ The present Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the Sultan of Terengganu (see constituent monarchs), whose ruling line is the Bendahara dynasty.[57]
  26. ^ The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states, who form the Council of Rulers. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically rotated between the nine; the order was originally based on seniority.[56]
  27. ^ Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.[58] He had previously been serving as regent since 31 March 2005.[59]
  28. ^ Coronation took place 30 July 1999.[61]
  29. ^ The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe.[63][64]
  30. ^ Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.[67]
  31. ^ Elizabeth II previously reigned over Papua New Guinea as Queen of Australia, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
  32. ^ Monarchy is constitutional by law, but remains absolute in practice.[71]
  33. ^ Coronation took place 3 August 2005.[76] Abdullah previously served as prince regent from 1 January 1996 until 21 February 1996.[77]
  34. ^ Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions.[78]
  35. ^ Formally enthroned on 27 November 1975. Juan Carlos was formally recognised by his father, the Count of Barcelona, as the sole head of the Spanish Royal Household on 14 May 1977.[81]
  36. ^ Succession is subject to customary law, and does not follow primogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the next king. This woman will succeed as Ndlovukati upon her son's ascension to throne, and will rule alongside him for the duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered ineligible.[82][83]
  37. ^ Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[85]
  38. ^ Name is also written as Phumiphon Adunyadet. He is also styled Rama IX,[87] and is publicly acclaimed "the Great".[88][89] Thais refer to him as "Nai Luang" or "Phra Chao Yu Hua".[90]
  39. ^ Coronation took place 5 May 1950.[91]
  40. ^ Coronation took place 1 August 2008.[93]
  41. ^ A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.[94][95]
  42. ^ The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.[97]
  43. ^ The Prime Minister is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.[98]
  44. ^ According to the Constitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.[98] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Emir of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Emir of Dubai.[99]
  45. ^ Coronation took place 2 June 1953.[101]
  46. ^ As Sovereign of the Vatican City, by virtue of being Bishop of Rome.
  47. ^ Inauguration took place 24 April 2005.[103]

References

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  16. ^ Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, Art. 68.
  17. ^ Constitution of Australia, Art. 61.
  18. ^ Constitution of the Bahamas, Art. 71.
  19. ^ a b "The Kingdom of Bahrain: The Constitutional Changes". The Estimate. The International Estimate, Inc. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
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  22. ^ Herzogliche Hauptverwaltung. "The House of Wettin". Das Herzogliche Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha. The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's Family Foundation. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  23. ^ Government of Belgium. "King Albert II". The Belgian Monarchy. Federal Public Service; Chancery of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  24. ^ Constitution of Belize, Art. 36.
  25. ^ Denyer, Simon (7 November 2008). "Bhutan's Dragon King shows he is man of the people". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  26. ^ Staff writers (15 December 2006). "Bhutanese king steps down early". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  27. ^ a b Government of Brunei. "Prime Minister". The Royal Ark. Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
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  38. ^ a b Government of Japan. "Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress". Imperial Household Agency. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
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  42. ^ MEDEA Institute. "Abdullah II (Jordan)". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
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  46. ^ Constitution of Kuwait, Art. 4.
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  71. ^ World and Its Peoples: Arabian Peninsula. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 64. ISBN 9780761475712.
  72. ^ Government of Qatar. "H.H. The Amir's Biography". Diwan of the Amiri Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
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  74. ^ Constitution of Saint Lucia, Art. 59.
  75. ^ Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Art. 50.
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