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[[File:Qur'anic Manuscript - 3 - Hijazi script.jpg|thumb|200px|Quran from the 7th century written on [[vellum]].]] |
[[File:Qur'anic Manuscript - 3 - Hijazi script.jpg|thumb|200px|Quran from the 7th century written on [[vellum]].]] |
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'''Quranism''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|القرآنية}}}} ''al-Qur'āniyyat'') is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] [[religion]] that views the [[Koran|Quran]] as the only legal authority and rejects the validity of the [[hadith]] and [[sharia]] law, considering them [[lie|falsehoods]]. Unlike the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Ismailism|Ismaili]] and [[Zaidism|Zaidi]] faiths, Quranism allows the use of [[alcohol]] and prohibits [[circumcision]]. Quranism is not a branch of [[Islam]] |
'''Quranism''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|القرآنية}}}} ''al-Qur'āniyyat'') is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] [[religion]] that views the [[Koran|Quran]] as the only legal authority and rejects the validity of the [[hadith]] and [[sharia]] law, considering them [[lie|falsehoods]]. Unlike the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Ismailism|Ismaili]] and [[Zaidism|Zaidi]] faiths, Quranism allows the use of [[alcohol]] and prohibits [[circumcision]]. Quranism is not a branch of [[Islam]] though the two religions may be related in some ways, rather Quranists believe Quranism is a distinct Abrahamic religion that precedes Islam.<ref name=intro>{{cite web |title=The Quranist Path |url=http://www.quranists.com/ |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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Revision as of 14:38, 10 August 2015
Quranism (Arabic: القرآنية al-Qur'āniyyat) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that views the Quran as the only legal authority and rejects the validity of the hadith and sharia law, considering them falsehoods. Unlike the Sunni, Ismaili and Zaidi faiths, Quranism allows the use of alcohol and prohibits circumcision. Quranism is not a branch of Islam though the two religions may be related in some ways, rather Quranists believe Quranism is a distinct Abrahamic religion that precedes Islam.[1]
Etymology
Quranists are called[according to whom?] Quraniyyoon (قرآنيّون), Muslimoona Qur'aniyyoon (مسلمون قرآنيّون) "Quranist Muslims", or Muslimoona Haqq (مسلمون حق ) meaning "true Muslims" (from Quran verse 8:4). Another name is Mu'taziloon (معتزلون), meaning "[those who] disasocciate themselves from falsehood and innovation."
Beliefs
| Belief | Sunni, Jafari and Ismaili doctrines | Quranism |
|---|---|---|
| Alcoholic drinks | Under Sunni and Shia Sharia law the consumption of alcoholic drinks is a hudood offense which carries a penalty of flogging of eighty stripes and even death for repeated offenses. According to the Hadith:
|
Quranism allows all alcoholic drinks. |
| Circumcision (khitan) |
Some Sunni scholars do not consider circumcision to be necessary to be a Muslim but it is highly recommended as part of Fitra, other Sunni scholars consider it compulsory. Most Shia denominations regard the practice as compulsory.[citation needed] | Circumcision is considered a mutilation of the inviolable body of man and is prohibited. |
| Apostasy | The penalty for apostasy is death under Sunni and Shia Hudood law.
|
In Quranism apostasy is not a crime and everyone is free to choose their religion. |
| Adultery | The penalty for adultery or fornication is death under Sunni and Shia Hudood law.
|
Only adultery (extra-marital sex) is a crime and only if proved by four witnesses both the male and female offenders shall be given one hundred lashes. Quranism rejects the death penalty for adultery. |
| Stoning (rajm) |
Sunni and Shia shariah law orders that adulterers and homosexuals be stoned to death.
|
Quranism rejects stoning as a pagan practice which Abraham's father threatened Abraham with if he left polytheism.(– Quran 19:46) |
| Homosexuality | Under Sunni and Shia Islam's Sharia law homosexuality is a hudud crime punished by stoning to death.
Currently in Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen homosexuality is punished with the death penalty.[3][4][5][6] |
Under Quranism homosexuality is not a crime and is considered a personal choice. |
| Polygyny | According to Sunni and Shia Sharia law a man may have up to four legal wives at any one time. | According to Quranism a man may have up to four wives at any one time. |
| Theism | Sunnis, Jafaris and Ismailis believe in one God called Allah and take the Shahada as the declaration of their faith. Jafaris and Ismailis add Ali's name to the Shahada. Bahais believe Bahaullah is a god. Alawites believe in a trinity of three gods Mohammad, Ali and Salman the Persian. | Quranists believe in one deity. Their creed in Arabic is لا إله إلا الله ومحمد رسول الله La ilaha illa al-lah wa mohammad rasool al-lah There is no deity but Al-lah and Mohammad is the emissary of Al-lah. Polytheism (shirk) is seen as the unforgivable crime, the one that God will not pardon whereby salvation becomes impossible. |
| Prayer (salat) |
Sunni pray five obligatory prayers a day, optional prayers such as those prayed by Prophet Muhammad known as sunnah salat or extra prayers known as nafl salat may be offered. Sunni Muslims touch their heads directly to the floor in contrast to Shias in prostration and fold their arms while standing in prayer. Shia Muslims pray five times a day while they can join two prayers such as the evening prayer (Maghrib) and the night prayer (Isha) salat together. Shia Muslims use a hard tablet made of clay - turbah, to rest their heads during prostration. Shia and Sunni Islam says menstruating women should not pray.[citation needed] | Quranists pray three times a day, in the morning, at noon (zuhr) also known as (as-salat alwusta), and at the evening (ishaa). Menstruating women may not pray until they have washed themselves. |
| Charity (zakat) |
Shia and Sunni Moslems provide 2.5% of their wealth in a prescribed manner with formulas based on the Hadith. | Quranists give the "excess" (al'afwu) that they can give [7] |
| Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) |
Pilgrimage to Mecca is performed from the 8th to 12th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the 12th and last month of the Islamic calendar.[citation needed] | The Hajj is performed in four months Dhul-Qa'dah, Dhul-Hijjah, Muharram and Ramadan. The Umra is performed in the rest of the months. Quranists consider the Hajj to compulsory in the lifetime of every Muslim who is able. These considered necessary manaasik or rites of the religion. However during the Hajj and Umra Quranists do not stone the devil or kiss the black stone, as Sunnis and Shias are wont to do. Quranists consider these fabrications. |
| Friday congregational Prayer (Jumu'ah) |
Sunni Muslims attach special importance to the Friday congregational prayers and consider it to be obligatory on every healthy Muslim male.[citation needed] | Quranists believe in the jum'a prayer as a time of remembrance of Al-lah. |
| Women as Imams | Sunni scholars believe a woman cannot lead a mixed gender congregation.[citation needed] | Males of any age can lead mixed gender congregations. Women may not lead mixed gender congregations. |
| Domestic violence | Some Sunni and Shia scholars interpret and translate the Quran 4:34 to allow men to beat their wives.[8][9][10][11] | If a male's wives are malicious first men should warn them, then forsake them in the bed, then as a last resort hit them if they are malicious to discipline them, but if they become obedient then they are not to be blamed. |
| Tribute (jizya) |
Sunni scholars believe a tribute can be taken from non-Muslims living in Muslim lands.[citation needed] | Quranists believe non Quranists must pay a tax (jizya) in Quranist administered lands. |
| War (jihad and qital) | Some Sunni scholars believe jihad can be understood as an offensive "holy war" against non-Muslims.[12] | Jihad is is the assistance through weapons, supplies, and shelter of fellow Quranists who are suffering persecution and apartheid. |
| Slavery | Some Sunni and Shia scholars believe that slavery is permissible if the slaves are non-Muslim and they are treated kindly. Other Sunni and Shia scholars believe that slavery was permissible during Muhammad's lifetime, but that now it should be gradually abolished where it exists.[13][14][15][16] | Slavery is wrong as really all people are slaves of their creator. Slavery that exists is valid because it is grandfathered, but should be utlimately abolished. |
| Abrogation (naskh) |
Sunnis believe that there a few certain verses in the Quran that abrogate certain other verses in the Quran.[citation needed] | Certain verses in the Quran may abrograte or supersede others. |
| Evolution | Some Sunni scholars like Adnan Oktar, Fethullah Gülen, and Yasir Qadhi have argued against evolution.[17] | Quranism accepts evolution however Quranism holds that one deity is the original initiator of creation who fashioned man's ancestors mitochondrial Adam and mitochondrial Eve. |
| Calendar | Sunni and Shia follow a lunar calendar.[citation needed] | Quranists use a solar calendar for general purposes. The Hajri calendar is used to determine religious dates such as the Hajj. |
| Clothing | Sunni Muslims are encouraged to dress in the way of the prophet Muhammad or his wives. Some Sunni scholars emphasize covering of all body including the face in public whereas some scholars exclude the face from hijab. Shias believe that the hijab must cover around the perimeter of the face and up to the chin.[citation needed] | The only condition in Quranism is that women dress in a way that is not provocative, not like robbers. |
| The Dajjal and Mahdi | Sunni Muslims believe that when the world has widespread corruption, the Mahdi will come and fight the Anti-Christ. Shias also believe in the emergence of the Mahdi, but unlike the Sunni doctrine, they claim that the Mahdi has already been born. Shia Muslims believe that the Mahdi is hiding for a period known as the occultation, and will emerge and fight the Anti-Christ (Dajjal) at a time prescribed by God.[citation needed] | Quranism does not believe in the emergence of a mahdi or dajjal. Rather Quranists believe that two powerful people called Gog and Magog are sealed between two walls of walls of iron in a mountainous place, and near the final days they will be released and cause terrible mischief, only Jesus Christ will be able to defeat them. After living for a while Jesus will himself die and day of resurrection will come. |
| Food | Sunni Muslims consider food slaughtered by the Christians and Jews to be religiously consumable. The Quran forbids that animals die by a blow, so techniques for animal slaughter common in Western countries are regarded by Sunni Muslims as unlawful. Some Sunni Muslims forbid using the left hand when eating. This is because the right hand is considered cleaner due to the tradition of using the left hand in order to clean oneself after having used the toilet.[citation needed] | Quranists can eat food produced by Christians and Jews as long as it is not blood poured out (dam masfūḥ) and the animal is not strangled, fallen to death, swine or carrion. Quranists consider the belief of some that food must be eaten with the right hand a lie; they eat with any hand or both. |
| Inter-religious marriages | Sunni and Shia Muslims generally consider marriages between a Muslim man and a Christian or Jewish woman acceptable but discouraged, and completely forbid Muslim women to marry Christian or Jewish men. Other Sunnis consider marriages between Muslims and non-Muslims, regardless of gender, totally unacceptable. | Quranism permits men to marry Jewish or Christian women. Women may only marry Quranist men. |
History
Quranists believe Mohammed himself was a Quranist and the founder of Quranism, and that his followers distorted the faith and split into schisms and factions such as Sunni, Ismailism, Zaidism, Bahai or Druze.
The early Quranists have cited these verses from the Quran as proof.
Nothing have we omitted from the Book, and they (all) shall be gathered to their Lord in the end. [Quran 6:38].[18]
We have cited in this Quran every example for the people. But the human being is always most argumentative. [Quran 18:54].
"Shall I seek other than God as a judge when He has sent down to you this book sufficiently detailed?" Those to whom We have given the book know it is sent down from your Lord with truth; so do not be of those who have doubt. The word of your Lord has been completed with truth and justice; there is no changing His words. He is the Hearer, the Knower. [Quran 6:114-115]
The revelation of the book is from God, the Noble, the Wise. . . . These are God's signs that We recite to you with truth. So, in which hadith, after God and His signs, do they acknowledge? [Quran 45:2-6]
It is an honorable Quran. In a protected record. None can grasp it except those pure. A revelation from the Lord of the worlds. Are you disregarding this hadith? [Quran 56:77-81]
So in what hadith after it will they acknowledge? [Quran 77:50]
The extent to which Quranists reject the authenticity of the Sunnah varies,[19] but the more established groups have thoroughly criticised the authenticity of the hadith and refused it for many reasons, the most prevalent being the Quranist claim that hadith is not mentioned in the Quran as a source of Islamic theology and practice, was not recorded in written form until more than two centuries after the death of the prophet Muhammed, and contain perceived internal errors and contradictions.[19][20]
Quranists believe, based on numerous historical accounts, that the Quranist sentiment dates back to the time of Muhammad.[21] According to one account, Muhammad said:
Do not write anything from me except the Qur'an and [if] someone writes anything from me other than the Qur'an, destroy it.[22]
Another account says:
It was reported to the Prophet that some individuals had put his traditions into writing. He mounted the pulpit and after praising God he said, 'What are these books that you are writing as reported to me? I am only a human being. Anyone who keeps such traditions must destroy them.' We collected those traditions and asked, 'O Messenger of Allah! shall we narrate hadith from you?' The Prophet said, 'Sometimes, you narrate hadith from me; there is nothing wrong with it. Anyone who intentionally attributes a lie to me has certainly prepared for himself a place in the hellfire.[22]
This prohibition of hadith is claimed to have been continued by Muhammad's successor, Abu Bakr. According to one account, Aisha said:
My father compiled 500 sayings of the Prophet. One night he was sleeping but he was not at ease. I was sad and I asked him about the reason behind his uneasiness. As the sun rose up, he said, 'My daughter, bring out the traditions in your possessions. I brought them. He asked for fire and burned them.[22]
According to another account, Abu Bakr said:
You report certain statements from the Messenger of Allah and on which you differ among yourselves. After you the differences will multiply. Do not narrate anything from the Messenger of Allah and if someone asks you, tell them, 'There is the Book of Allah between you and us; let us take as lawful (halal) whatever it permits and unlawful (haram) whatever it prohibits.[22]
Quranists claim that this prohibition of hadith was continued by Abu Bakr's successor, Umar. According to one account:
'Umar ibn al-Khattab wanted to record the traditions (sunan) and for this purpose he consulted the Prophet's Companions who also encouraged him to do so. 'Umar reflected on this work for a month, asking for guidance from God until his resolve became stronger and said, 'I wanted to put the sunan into writing but I remember that communities (aqwam) before you compiled a book [regarding the sunnah of their respective prophets] and focused their attention to it while disregarding the Book of God. By God! Indeed I will never mix the Book of God with anything else![22]
According to another account:
It was reported to 'Umar ibn al-Khattab that there were written traditions and collections of traditions among the people. He considered it unfavorable and said, 'O people! It was reported to me that book [of hadiths] exist in your midst. [Be it known that] the firmest of them is the most beloved in the sight of God. When they brought the books to me so that I could express my opinion about them, the people thought that I would review and modify them according to textual differences and variations. However, as soon as the books were brought to me, I put all of them on fire.[22]
According to another account, Muhammad's companion Zayd ibn Thabit said:
The Prophet commanded us not to write down hadith.[22]
Quranist scholars believe the prohibition of hadith is permanent; however, some Sunni scholars believe it was only temporary.[22] According to them, the prohibition was so that people wouldn't confuse the Quran with the hadith during the compilation of the Quran.[22] They believe that once the compilation of the Quran was completed, the prohibition of hadith was abrogated.[22] Other Sunni scholars don't find this explanation for the prohibition of hadith convincing. Muhmud Abu Rayyah said concerning this explanation:
This justification cannot convince any scholar or man of intellect, nor is it acceptable to any inquisitive researcher unless we regard the traditions as of equal elegance with the Qur'an and believe that the hadith's mode of inimitability (a'jaz) is the same as that of the Qur'an – a claim which will be unacceptable even to the proponents of this theory because this is tantamount to the invalidity of the Qur'an's inimitability and the breaking down of the foundation of the Qur'an's miracles.[22]
During the Abassid Caliphate, the poet, theologian, and jurist, Ibrahim an-Nazzam founded a madhhab called the Nazzamiyya that rejected the authority of hadiths and relied on the Quran alone.[23][24] His famous student, al-Jahiz, was also critical of those who followed hadith, referring to his traditionalist opponents as al-nabita (the contemptible).[25] A contemporary of an-Nazzam, al-Shafi'i, tried to refute the arguments of the Quranists and establish the authority of hadiths in his book kitab jima'al-'ilm.[26] And Ibn Qutaybah tried to refute an-Nazzam's arguments against hadith in his book ta'wil mukhtalif al-hadith.[27]
In South Asia during the 19th century, the Ahle Quran movement formed partially in reaction to the Ahle Hadith whom they considered to be placing too much emphasis on hadith.[28] Many Ahle Quran adherents were formerly adherents of Ahle Hadith but found themselves incapable of accepting certain hadiths.[28] In Egypt during the early 20th century, the ideas of Quranists like Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi grew out of Salafism i.e. a rejection of taqlid.[28]
Organizations and branches
Ahle Qur'an
"Ahle Qur’an" is an organisation formed by Abdullah Chakralawi,[29][30] who described the Quran as "ahsan hadith", meaning most perfect hadith and consequently claimed it does not need any addition.[31] His movement relies entirely on the chapters and verses of the Qur’an. Chakralawi's position was that the Qur’an itself was the most perfect source of tradition and could be exclusively followed. According to Chakralawi, Muhammad could receive only one form of revelation (wahy), and that was the Qur'an. He argues that the Qur'an was the only record of divine wisdom, the only source of Muhammad's teachings, and that it superseded the entire corpus of hadith, which came later.[32] Ahle Quran scholars may use Tafsir when pursuing the interpretations of the Quran.[33]
Submitters
In the United States it was associated with Rashad Khalifa, founder of the United Submitters International. The group popularized the phrase: The Qur'an, the whole Qur'an, and nothing but the Qur'an.[20] After Khalifa declared himself the Messenger of the Covenant, he was rejected by other Muslim scholars as an apostate of Islam. Later, he was assassinated in 1990 by a terrorist group. His followers believe that there is a mathematical structure in the Qur'an, based on the number 19. A group of Submitters in Nigeria was started by Isa Othman.
Others
Quranists in Nigeria are sometimes referred to as Kalo Kato, which means "a mere man said it" in the Hausa language (referring to the hadith attributed to Muhammad).[34] They're sometimes mistaken for an unrelated militant group founded by Muhammadu Marwa (also known as Maitatsine) called Yan Tatsine. One of the most well-known Quranist leaders in Nigeria is an Islamic scholar Malam Isiyaka Salisu.[35] Other notable Nigerian Quranists include High Court judge Isa Othman[36][37] and Islamic scholar Mallam Saleh Idris Bello.[38]
Criticism and Apologetics
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List of Quranists
See also
- Hadith of Umar's ban on hadith
- Criticism of Hadith
- Qur'an
- Monotheistic religion
- Abrahamic religion
- Karaism
- Judaism
- Christianity
- Sola scriptura
References
- ^ "The Quranist Path". Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ a b The sunnah and surah describe the Lot's people in context of homosexuality and sodomy such as any form of sex between a man and woman that does not involve penetration of man's penis in woman's vagina.
- ^ Abu Dawud 32:4087
- ^ Sahih Bukhari 7:72:774
- ^ Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1903
- ^ "UK party leaders back global gay rights campaign". BBC Online. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
At present, homosexuality is illegal in 76 countries, including 38 within the Commonwealth. At least five countries - the Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mauritania and Sudan - have used the death penalty against gay people.
- ^ From the Qur'an 2:219: "...They also ask you what to give to charity: say, "The excess." God thus clarifies the revelations for you, that you may reflect". .
- ^ Edip Yuksel, Reformist Translation vs Sectarian Translations, 19.org, accessed May 18, 2013
- ^ Egyptian Cleric Galal Al-Khatib Explains Wife-Beating in Islam, MEMRI, accessed July !9,2013
- ^ Mohamed Hemish, "There is not one law in Saudi Arabia that regards violence toward women as an illegal activity": what's really behind Saudi's domestic abuse problem?, albawaba.com, accessed July 19, 2013
- ^ Kay Johnson, Afghans block law protecting women’s rights: Hardliners say proposed legislation to outlaw domestic violence is against Islamic principles, The Independent, accessed July 19, 2013
- ^ Jacob Neusner, Bruce D. Chilton, R. E. Tully, Just War in Religion and Politics, University Press of America, 2013, pp. 145-148
- ^ Men should be allowed sex slaves and female prisoners could do the job - and all this from a WOMAN politician from Kuwait, The Daily Mail, accessed July 19, 2013
- ^ Madawi Al-Rasheed, Maid in Saudi Arabia, Al-Monitor, accessed July 19, 2013
- ^ Khaled Abou El Fadl, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, HarperCollins, 2005, pg. 255
- ^ Abdul Hakim I Al-Matroudi, The Hanbali School of Law and Ibn Taymiyyah: Conflict or Conciliation, Routledge, 2006 pg. 76
- ^ Yasmin Khan, Muslims engage in quest to understand evolution, The Guardian, accessed April 12, 2013.
- ^ "The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ a b Richard Stephen Voss, Identifying Assumptions in the Hadith/Sunnah Debate, 19.org, Accessed December 5, 2013
- ^ a b Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed May 22, 2013.
- ^ Aisha Y. Musa, Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, Palgrave, 2008, pg. 9
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ali Nasiri, An Introduction to Hadith: History and Sources, MIU PRESS, 2013, pp. 83-98
- ^ I. M. Al-Jubouri, Islamic Thought: From Mohammed to September 11, Xlibris, 2010, pp. 150-152
- ^ Hussein Abdul-Raof, Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis, Routledge, 2012, pp. 33-34
- ^ Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Religion and Politics Under the Early ʻAbbasids: The Emrgence of the Proto-Sunni Elite, Brill, 1997, pg. 55
- ^ Aisha Y. Musa, Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, Palgrave, 2008, pg. 19
- ^ G. H. A. Juynboll, The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern Egypt, E. J. Brill, 1969, pg. 77-80
- ^ a b c Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 38-41
- ^ Khalid Baig. "A Look at Hadith Rejecters' Claims". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ "Aboutquran.com". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ Islamic modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857-1964 - Page 120, Azīz Aḥmad, ʻAzīz Aḥmad, Royal Institute of International Affairs - 1967
- ^ Ahmad, Aziz, Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan 1857-1964, Oxford University Press, 1967, pp 120-121
- ^ http://www.quranists.com/pillars.html
- ^ Diversity in Nigerian Islam retrieved 8 June 2013
- ^ Abiodun Alao, Islamic Radicalisation and Violence in Nigeria, accessed March 1, 2013
- ^ Philip Ostien, A Survey of the Muslims of Nigeria's North Central Geo-political Zone, Nigeria Research Network, accessed March 1, 2013.
- ^ Muhammad Nur Alkali, Abubakar Kawu Monguno, Bellama Shettima Mustafa, Overview Of Islamic Actors In Northeastern Nigeria, Nigeria Research Network, accessed March 1, 2013.
- ^ Quranists. "Quranists Nigeria". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
Further reading
- Aisha Y. Musa, Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, New York: Palgrave, 2008. ISBN 0-230-60535-4.
- Ali Usman Qasmi, Questioning the Authority of the Past: The Ahl al-Qur'an Movements in the Punjab, Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 0-195-47348-5.
- Daniel Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-65394-0.
External links
- The Quranic Arabic Corpus
- Lecture on Issues with Quran Only Approach by Dr. Khalid Zaheer
- 19.org
- International Quranic Center
- Quranic.org
- Quran-Islam.org
- Quran's Message.com
- Quranix.net, a website featuring various English translations of the Quran.
- The Message of Islam / For People Who Think
- Tolu-e-Islam
- free-minds.org, popular Quranist website with a forum of sizable membership.
- How Can We Observe The Salaat Prayers By Following The Quran Alone?
- Islamic-research.org, popular Quranist / Quran-alone website sharing Quran information and articles.
- quran-alone.com, Quranist web directory sharing study tools and translations.
