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Three teams<ref name="CoordinatedAttacks" /><ref name="Nossiter Breeden Bennhold 2015">{{cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|last3=Bennhold|first3=Katrin|title=Three Teams of Coordinated Attackers Carried Out Assault on Paris, Officials Say; Hollande Blames ISIS|website=The New York Times|date=14 November 2015|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/world/europe/paris-terrorist-attacks.html|accessdate=15 November 2015}}</ref> launched seven distinct attacks,<ref>{{cite web|title=EN DIRECT. Fusillades à Paris : assaut terminé au Bataclan|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/une-fusillade-en-plein-paris-plusieurs-morts-13-11-2015-1981515_19.php|website=Le Point|accessdate=14 November 2015|language=fr}}</ref> comprising four suicide bombings and six shootings.<ref name="Ing Fieldstadt Press 2015">{{cite news|last=Ing|first=Nancy|last2=Fieldstadt|first2=Elisha|agency=Associated Press|title=Dozens Dead, Hostages Held in Multiple Paris Attacks|publisher=NBC News|date=13 November 2015|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/french-police-report-paris-shootout-explosion-n463186|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Shapiro 2015">{{cite web|last=Shapiro|first=Emily|title=Several Dead After Explosions and Shootings in Paris|website=ABC News|date=13 November 2015|url=http://abcnews.com/International/paris-shootings-explosions-leave-dead-source/story?id=35186222|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref> Three explosions occurred near the {{lang|fr|Stade de France}} and another on {{lang|fr|[[boulevard Voltaire]]}}; two of the Bataclan shooters also detonated their suicide vests as police ended the stand-off.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paris Attacks|url = http://abcnews.com/International/paris-attacks-raid-ends-bataclan-concert-hall-hostages/story?id=35190509|website = ABC News}}</ref> Shootings were reported in the vicinity of the {{lang|fr|[[rue Alibert]]}}, the {{lang|fr|rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi}}, the {{lang|fr|rue de Charonne}}, the [[Bataclan (theatre)|Bataclan theatre]], and {{lang|fr|avenue de la République}}.<ref name="Goldstein 2015">{{cite web|last=Goldstein|first=Sasha|title=At least 26 dead after explosion, shooting reported in Paris|website=Daily News|location=New York|date=13 November 2015|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/dead-explosions-shooting-reported-paris-article-1.2434381|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Paris Terror Attacks|url = http://heavy.com/news/2015/11/paris-terror-terrorist-attacks-shooting-explosions-locations-map-sites-timeline-where-when-cafes-theater-concert-stadium-restaurant-cambodge-bataclan-republique/|website=heavy.com|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = As It Happened|url = http://www.thelocal.fr/20151113/several-dead-in-paris-shootings|website=thelocal.fr|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref> According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers wearing suicide vests used [[acetone peroxide]] as an explosive.<ref name="car hire" />
Three teams<ref name="CoordinatedAttacks" /><ref name="Nossiter Breeden Bennhold 2015">{{cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|last3=Bennhold|first3=Katrin|title=Three Teams of Coordinated Attackers Carried Out Assault on Paris, Officials Say; Hollande Blames ISIS|website=The New York Times|date=14 November 2015|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/world/europe/paris-terrorist-attacks.html|accessdate=15 November 2015}}</ref> launched seven distinct attacks,<ref>{{cite web|title=EN DIRECT. Fusillades à Paris : assaut terminé au Bataclan|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/une-fusillade-en-plein-paris-plusieurs-morts-13-11-2015-1981515_19.php|website=Le Point|accessdate=14 November 2015|language=fr}}</ref> comprising four suicide bombings and six shootings.<ref name="Ing Fieldstadt Press 2015">{{cite news|last=Ing|first=Nancy|last2=Fieldstadt|first2=Elisha|agency=Associated Press|title=Dozens Dead, Hostages Held in Multiple Paris Attacks|publisher=NBC News|date=13 November 2015|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/french-police-report-paris-shootout-explosion-n463186|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Shapiro 2015">{{cite web|last=Shapiro|first=Emily|title=Several Dead After Explosions and Shootings in Paris|website=ABC News|date=13 November 2015|url=http://abcnews.com/International/paris-shootings-explosions-leave-dead-source/story?id=35186222|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref> Three explosions occurred near the {{lang|fr|Stade de France}} and another on {{lang|fr|[[boulevard Voltaire]]}}; two of the Bataclan shooters also detonated their suicide vests as police ended the stand-off.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paris Attacks|url = http://abcnews.com/International/paris-attacks-raid-ends-bataclan-concert-hall-hostages/story?id=35190509|website = ABC News}}</ref> Shootings were reported in the vicinity of the {{lang|fr|[[rue Alibert]]}}, the {{lang|fr|rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi}}, the {{lang|fr|rue de Charonne}}, the [[Bataclan (theatre)|Bataclan theatre]], and {{lang|fr|avenue de la République}}.<ref name="Goldstein 2015">{{cite web|last=Goldstein|first=Sasha|title=At least 26 dead after explosion, shooting reported in Paris|website=Daily News|location=New York|date=13 November 2015|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/dead-explosions-shooting-reported-paris-article-1.2434381|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Paris Terror Attacks|url = http://heavy.com/news/2015/11/paris-terror-terrorist-attacks-shooting-explosions-locations-map-sites-timeline-where-when-cafes-theater-concert-stadium-restaurant-cambodge-bataclan-republique/|website=heavy.com|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = As It Happened|url = http://www.thelocal.fr/20151113/several-dead-in-paris-shootings|website=thelocal.fr|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref> According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers wearing suicide vests that used [[acetone peroxide]] as an explosive.<ref name="car hire" />


=== Stade de France explosions ===
=== Stade de France explosions ===

Revision as of 18:27, 18 November 2015

November 2015 Paris attacks
Locations of the attacks
LocationParis, France
Saint-Denis, France
1: near Stade de France[a]
2: Rue Bichat and rue Alibert (Le Petit Cambodge; Le Carillon)[b]
3: Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi (Café Bonne Bière; La Casa Nostra)[c]
4: The Bataclan theatre[d]
5: Rue de Charonne (La Belle Équipe)[e]
Stars denote individual suicide bombings (excl. Bataclan)
Date13 November 2015 –
14 November 2015 (2015-11-14)
21:20 – 00:58 (CET)
Attack type
Mass shooting, hit-and-run tactics, bombing, hostage-taking, suicide attack
Weapons
Deaths136:
  • 129 victims[2] (3 of whom died in hospital after the event)[3]
  • 7 perpetrators[4]
Injured430[5] (77 seriously)[6]

On the evening of 13 November 2015, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks—consisting of mass shootings, suicide bombings, and hostage-taking—occurred in Paris, the capital of France, and its northern suburb, Saint-Denis. Beginning at 21:20 CET, there were three suicide bombings outside the Stade de France, along with mass shootings and another suicide bombing at four locations near central Paris.[10] The deadliest attack was at the Bataclan theatre, where the attackers took hostages before engaging in a stand-off with police until 00:58 on 14 November. The attacks killed 129 people,[2][11] 89 of whom were at the Bataclan theatre.[12] 433 people were admitted to hospital with injuries sustained in the attacks,[5] including 80 described as being critically injured.[6] In addition to the victims, seven attackers died, and the authorities continued to search for any accomplices still at large.[4] The attacks were the deadliest in France since World War II[13][14] and the deadliest in Europe since the Madrid train bombings in 2004.[15]

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks,[16][17][18] and French President François Hollande stated that he considered the attack to be "an act of war" carried out by ISIL,[19][20][21] "planned in Syria, organised in Belgium, perpetrated on our soil with French complicity".[22] France had been bombing various targets in the Middle East, including Syria, since October 2015.[23] ISIL's stated motive was retaliation for French involvement in the Syrian Civil War and the Iraqi Civil War.[24][25] In the weeks leading up to the attacks, ISIL had claimed responsibility for several attacks, such as twin suicide bombings in Beirut two days earlier, and the crashing of Metrojet Flight 9268 on 31 October. France had been on high alert since the January 2015 attacks in Paris that killed 17 people, including civilians and police officers.[8]

In response, a state of emergency was declared, the first since the 2005 riots,[15] and temporary controls were placed on the country's borders.[26] People and organisations expressed solidarity, some through social media. On 15 November, France launched its largest single airstrike of Opération Chammal, its contribution to the anti-ISIL bombing campaign, by striking targets in Al-Raqqah, in retaliation for the attacks.[27]

Background

France had been on high alert for terrorism since the Charlie Hebdo shooting and a series of related attacks in January 2015,[8] and had increased security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Paris from 30 November to 11 December, as well as restoring border checks a week before the attacks.[8]

The Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 occurred in the 11th arrondissement (district) of the city, where the Bataclan theatre is situated.[28] France witnessed other, smaller, attacks throughout 2015, including the stabbing of three soldiers in Nice guarding a Jewish community centre in February;[29] an attempt to blow up a factory in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier in June, resulting in the death of an employee;[30] and a shooting and stabbing attack on a train in August.[31]

Two Jewish brothers, Pascal and Joël Laloux,[32][33] owned the Bataclan theatre for more than 40 years until they sold it in September 2015.[34] The venue had been threatened several times because of their public support for Israel.[35] In 2011, a group calling itself Army of Islam, believed to be responsible for the murder of a French student in Egypt in 2009, told French security services they had planned an attack on the Bataclan because its owners were Jewish.[35][36][37][38]

ISIL and their branches claimed responsibility for numerous deadly attacks which took place in the weeks leading up to the Paris attacks. On 12 November, twin suicide bombings took place in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 43 people. On 31 October, Metrojet Flight 9268, carrying mostly Russian passengers, crashed in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, killing 224 people, for which ISIL's Sinai branch claimed responsibility. ISIL social media outlets shared images of weapons, the Eiffel Tower and blessings to the perpetrators 72 hours prior to the attacks.[39]

The Paris attacks happened on the first day of the Islamic lunar month of Safar. Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Safar migrates through the seasons. ISIL has referred to the Paris attacks as a "ghazwa" (religious raid).[40] When performed within the context of Islamic warfare, a ghazwa's function is to weaken and demoralise an enemy in preparation for their eventual conquest and subjugation.[41]

Intelligence agencies of Turkey, Iraq, and Israel had warned of an imminent attack on French soil months before and even the day before the attacks but got no response from French authorities.[42]

Attacks

Timeline of attacks

13 November:

  • 21:20 – First suicide bombing near the Stade de France.[10]
  • 21:25 – Shooting at the rue Bichat.[10]
  • 21:30 – Second suicide bombing near the Stade de France.[10]
  • 21:32 – Shooting at the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi.[10]
  • 21:36 – Shooting at the rue de Charonne.[10]
  • 21:40 – Suicide bombing on boulevard Voltaire.[10]
  • 21:40 – Three men enter the Bataclan theatre and begin shooting.[10]
  • 21:53 – Third suicide bombing near the Stade de France.[10]
  • 22:00 – Hostages are taken at the Bataclan.[43]

14 November:

  • 00:20 – Security forces enter the Bataclan.[10]
  • 00:58 – French police end the siege on the Bataclan.[43]
All times are CET (UTC+1).

Three teams[22][44] launched seven distinct attacks,[45] comprising four suicide bombings and six shootings.[46][47] Three explosions occurred near the Stade de France and another on boulevard Voltaire; two of the Bataclan shooters also detonated their suicide vests as police ended the stand-off.[48] Shootings were reported in the vicinity of the rue Alibert, the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, the rue de Charonne, the Bataclan theatre, and avenue de la République.[28][49][50] According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers wearing suicide vests that used acetone peroxide as an explosive.[51]

Stade de France explosions

President François Hollande was at the Stade de France during the attacks.

Three explosions occurred near the country's national sports stadium, the Stade de France, in the suburb of Saint-Denis, resulting in four deaths, including the three suicide bombers.[52] The explosions happened at 21:20, 21:30, and 21:53.[53] The first explosion near the stadium was about 20 minutes after the start of an international friendly football match between France and Germany, which President François Hollande was attending.[54][55] The first bomber was prevented from entering the stadium after a security guard patted him down and discovered the suicide vest;[56] a few seconds after being turned away, he detonated his suicide vest, killing himself and a bystander.[57] Investigators later surmised that the first suicide bomber had planned to detonate his vest within the stadium, triggering the crowd's panicked exit onto the streets where two other bombers were lying in wait.[58] Ten minutes after the first bombing, the second bomber blew himself up near the stadium. Another 33 minutes after that, the third bomber detonated his vest nearby at a McDonald's.[56][59][60]

Hollande was evacuated from the scene at half-time, while the German foreign minister, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, stayed behind.[26][61] Hollande, concerned that the safety of the crowd outside the stadium could not be assured if the match were immediately cancelled, personally took the decision to continue the game without a public announcement.[58] Hollande met with his interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve to co-ordinate a response to the emergency.[62] Two of the explosions were heard on the live televised broadcast of the match; both football coaches were informed by French officials of a developing crisis, but players and fans were kept unaware of it until the game had finished.[63] Following the game, fans were brought onto the pitch to await evacuation as police monitored all the exits around the venue.[8] Security sources said all three explosions were suicide bombings.[8]

The German national football team was advised not to return to their hotel, where there had been a bomb threat earlier in the day, and they spent the night in the stadium on mattresses, along with the French team, who stayed with them in a display of camaraderie.[64] The attacks were seven months before France was due to host the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament.[56]

Street shootings and bombing

Rue Bichat and rue Alibert

At approximately 21:20, the first shootings occurred on the rue Bichat and the rue Alibert, near the Canal Saint-Martin in the 10th arrondissement. Attackers shot at people outside Le Carillon, a café and bar,[65] before crossing the rue Bichat and shooting people inside the restaurant Le Petit Cambodge. According to French police, eleven people were killed at the restaurant,[26] and an eyewitness said one of the gunmen shouted "Allahu Akbar". The assailants fled in one or two vehicles after the shootings.[66] One vehicle had a Belgian number plate.[67] Doctors and nurses from the nearby Hôpital Saint-Louis were in Le Carillon when the attacks happened and supplied emergency assistance to the wounded.[67]

Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi

At 21:32, a man with a machine gun fired shots outside Café Bonne Bière,[53] close to the Italian restaurant La Casa Nostra, on the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi south of the rue Bichat. The Paris prosecutor said five people were killed and eight were injured.[26] An eyewitness reported a gunman firing short bursts.[68]

Rue de Charonne

At approximately 21:36, two attackers fired shots for several minutes at the outdoor terrace of the restaurant La Belle Équipe on the rue de Charonne in the 11th arrondissement before returning to their car and driving away.[54][69] Nineteen people were killed and nine were left in a critical condition.[69]

Boulevard Voltaire bombing

At about 21:40, an attacker detonated his suicide vest on the boulevard Voltaire, also in the 11th arrondissement, near place de la Nation.[8] He sat down in the Comptoir Voltaire café and placed an order before detonating his suicide vest and killing himself. Fifteen people were injured, one of them seriously.[69][70]

Bataclan theatre massacre

The Bataclan theatre in 2009

At approximately 21:45, a mass shooting and hostage-taking occurred at the Bataclan theatre on the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement. The American band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to an audience of around 1,500 people.[26][61] About an hour into the concert,[71] three dark-clad men with AK-47 assault rifles entered the hall.[8] Witnesses heard shouts of "Allahu Akbar" just before the gunmen opened fire on the crowd.[8][72] Initially, the audience mistook the gunfire for pyrotechnics.[73][74] The attack lasted 20 minutes, and witnesses also reported seeing the attackers throw hand grenades into the crowd.[72] A radio reporter attending the concert described the attackers as calm and determined, telling CNN they had reloaded three or four times.[72]

Around 22:00, the attackers took 60–100 concertgoers hostage as police gathered outside the venue.[26][28][72] The band's members escaped without injury.[75] A witness who escaped the attack told a journalist that the gunmen had mentioned Syria.[73][76] One witness in the Bataclan said that a gunman yelled, "This is because of all the harm done by Hollande to Muslims all over the world."[77][78] There were further attacks on police and first responders who arrived at the scene.[79]

From 00:15 to 00:58, the police launched an assault on the theatre after reports the attackers had begun killing hostages.[8][72][80] Initial police reports estimated that 100 people were killed at the theatre,[62][73] but the toll was later revised to 89.[12] Two attackers died by detonating their suicide vests.[8][72][73] Another was hit by police gunfire and his vest blew up when he fell.[8] The area was cordoned off after the attacks.[81] Identification and removal of bodies from the theatre took 10 hours, a process made difficult because some audience members had left their identification papers in the Bataclan's cloakroom.[82]

Perpetrators

On 14 November, President François Hollande said ISIL organised the attacks abroad with help from inside France.[21] Syrian and Egyptian passports were found near the bodies of two of the perpetrators at two attack sites,[83] but Egyptian authorities said the passport belonged to a victim, Aleed Abdel-Razzak, and not one of the perpetrators.[84] By 16 November, the focus of the French and Belgian security services' inquiry turned to Abdelhamid Abaaoud, the radical jihadist whom they believed was the leader of the plot.[85] Abaaoud, a Belgian of Moroccan origin, had escaped to Syria[86] after having been suspected in other plots in Belgium and France, including the thwarted 2015 Thalys train attack.[87] Abaaoud had recruited an extensive network of accomplices, including Ibrahim and Salah Abdeslam, to execute terrorist attacks.[88]

Identification

Three teams executed the attacks, according to the Paris prosecutor. They wore explosive vests with identical detonators.[89] One of the suicide bombers had previously been arrested eight times, but had not been linked to terrorism.[89]

Seven of the perpetrators died at the scenes.[4][90]

  • Three suicide bombers detonated their vests near the Stade de France. Minister of Citizen Protection in Greece Nikos Toskas said one of the Syrian passport-holders had passed through Leros in October. The man had been registered and fingerprinted after having arrived by boat from Turkey.[91]
    • Bilal Hadfi, a 20-year-old Belgian who previously fought in Syria with ISIL for over a year and a supporter of Boko Haram.[92]
    • Abbdulakbak B.[93]
  • Ibrahim Abdeslam, a French 31-year-old member of the Molenbeek terror cell living in Belgium, detonated his vest at the Comptoir Voltaire restaurant on the boulevard Voltaire near the Bataclan theatre.[8][92] He was born in France, on 30 July 1984.[94]
  • Three attacked the Bataclan theatre wearing black clothing and using AK-47 assault rifles.[8] Two killed themselves with their suicide vests during the police raid on the theatre. The third was killed by police gunfire just before his vest detonated.[8] According to French police, suspects included:
    • Samy Amimour, a 28-year-old from Paris who fought in Yemen.[95] He had reportedly been on the run from police for two years prior to the attack, due to terrorism related charges.[96]
    • A man carrying a Syrian passport which identified him as a 25-year-old Syrian native Ahmad Almuhammad[92] (or Ahmad Al Mohammad[90]). The passport, which is likely to be a forgery made in Turkey, suggested that the man entered France through Greece and Macedonia.[97] Fingerprint similarities were found between those taken from the scene in Paris and those taken during a control in Greece.[98][99][100][101] French officials declared that "Ahmad Al Mohammad" is probably a dead Syrian soldier who was killed in Syria and whose passport was stolen.[102][103]
    • Omar Ismaïl Mostefaï, a 29-year-old from the Paris suburb of Courcouronnes, identified as a bomber by a severed finger found inside the theatre.[92][104] Mostefaï was born to an Algerian father and a Portuguese mother and converted to Islam.[105][106][107][108]

A gunman[who?] was found with a passport of a Syrian man who had been born in 1980. The man on the passport was not previously known to French police.[51]

On 15 November, François Molins, the Paris prosecutor, identified two attackers: Ibrahim Abdeslam and a 20-year-old man[who?] who was one of three suicide bombers outside the Stade de France.[94]

Search for further attackers

Three cars were recovered in Paris after the attacks. One, a Volkswagen Polo with Belgian number plates abandoned near the Bataclan theatre, was rented by a French citizen living in Belgium, and contained a parking ticket from the town of Molenbeek.[109] The other car, a black Seat, was found in the Paris suburb of Montreuil on 15 November, and contained assault rifles.[110] A black Renault Clio which had been rented by Salah Abdeslam was discovered on 11 November near Montmartre and also contained assault rifles.[111][112]

On 14 November, a car was stopped at the Belgium–France border and its three occupants were questioned but then released. Three more people were arrested in Molenbeek.[113] Links to the ISIL attack in France were investigated in an arrest in Germany on 5 November, when police stopped a 51-year-old man from Montenegro and found automatic handguns, hand grenades and explosives in his car.[114]

As of 15 November, the French authorities were trying to locate Salah Abdeslam, a 26-year-old Belgian citizen, describing him as dangerous and warning the public not to approach him.[115] According to Belgian officials, his brother, Ibrahim Abdeslam, died in the massacre on 13 November.[116] Another brother, Mohamed, was detained on 14 November in the Molenbeek area of Brussels but was released after several hours of questioning.[117] Mohamed said he had no reason to suspect his siblings of planning anything.[96]

On 15–16 November, French tactical police units, in a raid of over 200 locations in northern and southern France, arrested 23 people and seized weapons.[118] Another 104 people were placed under house arrest.[119][120]

On 18 November, police raided a flat in the northern Paris suburb of Saint Denis. A gunfight lasted several hours and an explosive vest was detonated.[121] A female suicide bomber killed herself and a second suspect was killed by the police. A police dog died at the scene, and five policemen and a resident were slightly injured.[122] Police suspected that Abaaoud might have been at the location and the female bomber may have been a relative of his.[123]

Analysis of tactics

Michael Leiter, former director of the United States National Counterterrorism Center, said the attacks demonstrated great sophistication not seen in a city attack since the 2008 Mumbai attacks and that it would change how the West regards the threat.[124] Further comparisons were made between the Paris attacks and the Mumbai attacks.[125][126][127] Mumbai Police said there were similarities between the two attacks. Mumbai Police Joint Commissioner (Law and Order) Deven Bharti stated "Prima facie the similarity is this- the involvement of multiple targets, indiscriminate firing and use of IEDs."[128][129] According to Bharti, the key difference was that unlike in Mumbai, the attackers in Paris did not attempt to prolong the attack and blew themselves up at the first hint of capture.[130]

ISIS responsibility

ISIS claimed responsibility for the attacks on the morning of 14 November.[131][132][133][134] Less than a day after the attacks, the Al-Hayat Media Group, their media organ, launched a website on the dark web extolling them and recommending the encrypted instant messaging service Telegram.[135][136] Claimed motives include ideological objection to Paris as a capital of "abomination and perversion",[137] retaliation for French airstrikes in Syria and Iraq[24] as well as the foreign policy of François Hollande in relation to Muslims worldwide.[138]

Victims

Victims by citizenship
Citizenship Deaths
 France * TBA
 Belgium * 3[139][f]
 Chile 3[140]
 Spain 3[141]
 Algeria 2[142]
 Egypt * 2[143]
 Germany 2[144][145]
 Mexico * 2[140]
 Portugal * 2[146]
 Romania 2[147][148]
 Senegal 2[146]
 Tunisia 2[146]
 Italy 1[149][150]
 Morocco 1[146]
 Russia 1[151]
 Sweden 1[73]
 Turkey * 1[152][153][g]
 UK 1[140]
 USA * 1[146]
 Venezuela 1[154][155]
Total 129[73]
* Some victims had multiple citizenships. Counts are based on preliminary data and may not be complete.

The attacks killed 129 victims and injured 433,[5] with 80 taken to hospital in a serious condition.[6] Of the victims, 89 died at the Bataclan theatre, 15 at Le Carillon and Le Petit Cambodge, 5 at Café Bonne Bière and La Casa Nostra, 1 at Stade de France, and 19 at La Belle Équipe.[2] Victims were confirmed from at least 26 countries (some holding multiple citizenships). Among those who died at the Bataclan were a music critic of Les Inrockuptibles,[156] an executive of Mercury Records France,[157] and the merchandise manager of Eagles of Death Metal.[158][159]

Aftermath

In front of restaurants Le Carillon and Le Petit Cambodge on 16 November

Local response

Main article: International reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks § Popular reactions

The hashtag #portesouvertes ("open doors") was used by Parisians to offer shelter to those afraid to travel home after the attacks.[160]

As had been the case in January, the Place de la République became a focal point of mourning, memorial, and tributes.[161] An impromptu memorial also developed near the Bataclan theatre.[162] On 15 November, two days after the attacks, a memorial service was held at Notre Dame Cathedral, presided over by the Archbishop of Paris, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, with several political and religious figures in attendance.[163]

Muslim organisations in France such as the Union of Islamic Organisations of France strongly condemned the attacks in Paris.[164][165][166] The attacks affected business at high profile venues and shopping centres in Paris, and many Parisians were concerned the attacks might lead to a marginalisation of Muslims in the city.[167] Calls for solidarity toward Islam were uncommon in Paris following the attacks.[168]

Official response

French governmental response

President François Hollande issued a statement asking the French people to remain strong in the face of the attacks.[169][170] He also visited the Bataclan theatre and vowed to "mercilessly" fight against terrorism.[62] Hollande also chaired an emergency meeting of the French Cabinet that night and directed his national security council to meet the next morning.[62] The authorities urged the residents of Paris to stay indoors for their own safety and declared a state of emergency.[26][66][171] Hollande cancelled his trip to the 2015 G-20 Antalya summit because of the attacks, instead sending Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Finance Minister Michel Sapin as his representatives.[172] On 14 November, Hollande announced three days of national mourning.[173] On 17 November, Hollande convened a special Congress of the French Parliament where he addressed the attack and laid out various legislative and diplomatic plans which he would seek to undertake in response to them. In the list of proposals were changes to the French constitution which Hollande suggested would enable a more reactive response to future acts of terrorism, as well as plans to increase French military attacks against ISIL.[174]

Intelligence review

French police gathering evidence at the Bataclan theatre on 14 November

Shortly after the attacks, intelligence staff in multiple countries began to review electronic surveillance recorded before the attacks.[61] Adam Schiff, the ranking Democratic member of the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, said he did not know of any intercepted communications that would have provided warning of the attacks.[175]

One source said the French National Police met with German police and intelligence services a month before the attack to discuss suspicions that terrorists were staking out possible targets in France. The exact targets were not known at that time.[176]

Police in Germany stopped a car on 5 November, arrested its driver, and confiscated weapons that may have been connected to the Paris attacks.[177]

Some of the attackers were known to law enforcement officials prior to the attacks, and at least some of the attackers had residences in the Molenbeek neighborhood of Brussels, which is noted for its links to extremist activities.[22] A counter-terrorism expert said the fact that the perpetrators were known to authorities suggests that intelligence was "pretty good" but the ability to act on it was lacking. The number of Europeans who have links to Syria makes it difficult for security services to keep track of them all.[178]

Security changes

File:Paris Shootings - The day after (23012112325).jpg
Local resident walks her dog on 14 November, the day after the attacks

In response to the attacks, France was put under an état d'urgence (state of emergency) for the first time since 2005,[15] borders were temporarily closed, and 1,500 soldiers were called in to help the police maintain order in Paris.[8][66][179] The plan blanc (Île de France) and plan rouge (global), two contingency plans for times of emergency, were immediately activated.[180][181][182] Belgium tightened security along its border with France and increased security checks for people arriving from France.[26]

Flights to and from Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport were mostly unaffected.[61] American Airlines delayed flights to Paris until further notice.[183] Many Paris Métro stations in the 10th and 11th arrondissements were shut down because of the attacks.[66][184] Uber suspended car hails in Paris after the attacks.[185]

All state schools and universities in Paris remained closed the next day.[186][187] Sports events in France for the weekend of 14–15 November were postponed or cancelled.[188][189] Disneyland Paris, which had operated every day since opening in 1992, closed its parks as a mark of respect for those who died in the attacks.[187][190] The Eiffel Tower, a Paris landmark visited by 20,000 people a day, was closed indefinitely.[187][191] Other venues that were to remain closed included shops and cinemas.[187] Protests were banned until 19 November,[187] while bands such as U2, Foo Fighters, Motörhead, and Coldplay cancelled performances in Paris.[192]

Cities in the United States took security precautions, especially at sites where large crowds were expected, as well as sports events, concerts, the French embassy and other French government sites.[193][194] William J. Bratton, the New York City Police Commissioner, said the Paris attacks have changed the way law enforcement deals with security.[195] Singapore raised its national security alert level, stepping up border checks and security across the city-state.[196] Police and military authorities in Manila were placed on full alert in preparation for the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.[197]

French domestic politics

All major political parties, including Hollande's governing Socialist Party, Marine Le Pen's National Front, and Nicolas Sarkozy's Republicans temporarily suspended their election campaigns for the upcoming French regional elections.[198] There was a nationwide minute of silence at noon, and François Holland and several ministers observed at a ceremony at the Paris Sorbonne University.[199]

On 15 November, the French Air Force launched the biggest airstrike of Opération Chammal, its bombing campaign against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, sending 10 aircraft to drop 20 bombs on Raqqa, the city where ISIL is based.[118] On 16 November, the French Air Force carried out more airstrikes on ISIL targets in Raqqa, including a command centre and a training camp.[200]

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks
National Gallery in London in French flag colours
File:Christ the Redeemer lit up in French colours after the Novermber 2015 Paris attacks (2).jpg
Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro in French flag colours

Many heads of state and heads of government, as well as the United Nations, offered messages of condolence and solidarity in the wake of the attacks.[201]

The attacks prompted European officials—particularly German officials—to re-evaluate their stance on EU policy toward migrants, especially in light of the ongoing European migrant crisis.[202][203] Many German officials believed a higher level of scrutiny was needed, and criticised the position of German Chancellor Angela Merkel, but the German Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel defended her stance, and pointed out that a lot of migrants were fleeing terrorism.[203]

Poland's European affairs minister designate Konrad Szymański declared that, in the wake of the attacks, he sees no possibility of enacting the recent EU refugee relocation scheme.[204][205] Andrej Babiš, Czech deputy prime minister, proposed closing the Schengen border.[206]

At least 27 governors of U.S. states declared they would refuse to accept Syrian refugees, as they believe it to be too dangerous following the Paris attacks.[207] State governments, however, lack the legal authority to block refugees.[208][209]

On 16 November, there was a minute of silence in Europe at noon CET as a mark of respect to those who lost their lives,[210][211] and the hacktivist group Anonymous declared war on ISIL in its largest operation to date,[212] by the second day taking down 3,824 pro-ISIL Twitter accounts[213] and doxxing recruiters.[214]

Muslim officials

Muslim heads of state,[215] scholars, imams, leaders and groups condemned the attacks, many before ISIL even claimed responsibility.[215] This included the Imam and head of Islam's highest place of theological learning, the University of Al-Azhar in Egypt, the Supreme council of Religious Scholars in Saudi Arabia,[216] the Iranian president Hassan Rouhani,[217] and the Ahmadiyya caliph Mirza Masroor Ahmad.[218]

Syrian president Bashar al-Assad condemned the terror attacks in Paris, but added that France's support for Syrian rebel groups had contributed to the spread of terrorism.[219] France had been a particularly vocal opponent of Assad during the Syrian civil war.[220]

The Syrian branch of Al-Qaeda, al-Nusra Front, praised the attacks, saying that even though they view ISIL as "dogs of hellfire", they applaud when "infidels" get attacked by ISIL. The major mainstream Islamist rebels against the Syrian regime, Ahrar ash-Sham and Jaysh al-Islam, both condemned the attacks.[221]

The leader of Hezbollah, Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah, strongly condemned the attacks and expressed his solidarity with the French people.[222] Statements of condemnation were also issued by militant groups such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.[223]

See also

Notes

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

  1. ^ Coordinates: 48°55′26″N 2°21′43″E / 48.924°N 2.362°E / 48.924; 2.362 (Stade de France attack)
  2. ^ Coordinates: 48°52′19″N 2°22′04″E / 48.8719°N 2.3679°E / 48.8719; 2.3679 (Le Petit Cambodge & Le Carillon attacks)
  3. ^ Coordinates: 48°52′07″N 2°22′06″E / 48.8687°N 2.3682°E / 48.8687; 2.3682 (Café Bonne Bière & La Casa Nostra attacks)
  4. ^ Coordinates: 48°51′47″N 2°22′15″E / 48.8630°N 2.3707°E / 48.8630; 2.3707 (Bataclan theatre attack)
  5. ^ Coordinates: 48°51′14″N 2°22′55″E / 48.8539°N 2.3819°E / 48.8539; 2.3819 (La Belle Équipe attack)
  6. ^ Elif Doğan was a dual Belgian-Turkish national of Turkish origin
  7. ^ The Turk was a dual Turkish Belgian national and is also counted as part of Belgium's death toll

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