Pahari-Pothwari: Difference between revisions
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Since [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]/[[Hindi]] are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the [[dialect]] versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations.<ref>Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.</ref> |
Since [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]/[[Hindi]] are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the [[dialect]] versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations.<ref>Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.</ref> |
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It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In the 1920s, Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified into Northern cluster of Western Punjabi (Lahnda). Recently Potowari is standardized as language contrasting the view of being a dialect of Punjabi, However this standardization is controversial to date. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="rahman1997">Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.</ref>{{rp|838}} The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Potowari speakers since 1981.<ref name="Javaid">Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. [http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab]. ''[http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/ Journal of Research (Humanities)]'', 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, [http://www.pu.edu.pk/ University of the Punjab]. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)</ref>{{rp|46}} |
It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In the 1920s, Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified into Northern cluster of Western Punjabi (Northern Lahnda/Modern Panjistani). Recently Potowari is standardized as language contrasting the view of being a dialect of Punjabi, However this standardization is controversial to date. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="rahman1997">Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.</ref>{{rp|838}} The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Potowari speakers since 1981.<ref name="Javaid">Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. [http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab]. ''[http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/ Journal of Research (Humanities)]'', 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, [http://www.pu.edu.pk/ University of the Punjab]. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)</ref>{{rp|46}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 16:54, 20 January 2016
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2015) |
| Pothohari | |
|---|---|
| Potwari, Potowari | |
| پوٹھوہاری | |
| Native to | Pakistan |
| Region | Pothohar region, Azad Kashmir and Poonch (Jammu and Kashmir) |
Native speakers | 2.5 million including Dhundi-Kairali, Chibhali, & Punchhi, but perhaps not 1.04 million Mirpuri (2007)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | phr (includes other dialects) |
| Glottolog | paha1251 Pahari Potwarimirp1238 Mirpur Panjabi |
 Punjabi–Lahnda dialects. Pothohari is center-north. | |
Pothohari (پوٹھوہاری), Pahari-Potowari, or Potwari is a dialect of Western Punjabi (Lahnda)[2] spoken by inhabitants of the Pothohar Plateau in northern Punjab and in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Poonch of Jammu and Kashmir.
Classification
Since Sindhi, Punjabi, Urdu/Hindi are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the dialect versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations.[3]
It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In the 1920s, Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified into Northern cluster of Western Punjabi (Northern Lahnda/Modern Panjistani). Recently Potowari is standardized as language contrasting the view of being a dialect of Punjabi, However this standardization is controversial to date. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947.[4]: 838 The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Potowari speakers since 1981.[5]: 46
References
- ^ Pothohari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Colin P. Masica, 1991, The Indo-Aryan Languages
- ^ Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.
- ^ Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.
- ^ Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab. Journal of Research (Humanities), 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
External links
- Miki Kharo England - GeoPakistani
- Pahari.org
- Jumtree.co.uk, examples of Potwari Sher (sung poetry)
