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James Rumsey Monument
James Rumsey Monument
Map showing the location of James Rumsey Monument
Map showing the location of James Rumsey Monument
Map showing the location of James Rumsey Monument
Map showing the location of James Rumsey Monument
Map showing the location of James Rumsey Monument
Map showing the location of James Rumsey Monument
LocationShepherdstown, Jefferson County, West Virginia, U.S.[1]
Coordinates39°25′58.20″N 77°47′56.81″W / 39.4328333°N 77.7991139°W / 39.4328333; -77.7991139 (James Rumsey Monument)[1][2]
Area4.09 acres (1.66 ha)[3]
Elevation394 ft (120 m)[1][2]
DesignationMunicipal Park
Former West Virginia State Park
Established1916 (erected)
1956 (state park)
1978 (municipal park)
Named forJames Rumsey
OwnerRumseian Society (1907–2007)[3][4]
Corporation of Shepherdstown (2007–present)[4][a]

The James Rumsey Monument, also known as Rumsey Monument Park, is a municipal park and former West Virginia state park in Shepherdstown, Jefferson County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The park overlooks the Potomac River; it commemorates local inventor James Rumsey and his successful public demonstration of his steamboat invention on the Potomac in 1787. The monument consists of a 75-foot (23 m) column of Woodstock granite, which is capped with a globe and stands atop a tall, concrete plinth consisting of a 40-square-foot (3.7 m2) plaza. Two plaques are affixed to the monument–one at the front bears a text inscription and one at the rear bears a visual approximation of Rumsey's steamboat.

Interest in building a monument to Rumsey and his steamboat demonstration began in the 1830s in reaction to the success and popularity of fellow steamboat inventor Robert Fulton. Congressman Alexander Boteler started planning a monument and attempted to acquire suitable site along the Potomac. In 1903, state senator William Campbell introduced bills to fund a monument and in 1905, the West Virginia Legislature provisioned an initial $1,750 for the monument (equivalent to $59,344 in 2023). The Rumseian Society[b] was incorporated in 1906 to facilitate the monument's construction and acquired land from Norfolk and Western Railway in 1907, raised the necessary funds by 1913, and commenced construction in 1915 following a contract with Forbes Granite Company of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

The monument was completed in 1916 and became a state park in 1956, when the legislature transferred its operation to the state Conservation Commission's Division of State Parks. The commission was succeeded by the Department of Natural Resources, and in 1971, the legislature authorized the department to acquire the monument from the Rumseian Society but negotiations between the department and the society were unsuccessful. The department ceased operating the state park in 1978, and transferred its adjacent property to the corporation of Shepherdstown for use as a public park. The society retained ownership of the monument. In 1987, the monument and the park were added as a contributing property to Shepherdstown Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography and setting

The Potomac River at Shepherdstown, as viewed from the monument

The James Rumsey Monument and surrounding park are located off Mill Street at the end of Rumsey Monument Road, within the eastern area of the corporation of Shepherdstown in Jefferson County, West Virginia.[1][3][5] The site consists of a granite column monument atop a plinth, and a small adjacent park.[6][7] It is situated atop a promontory overlooking the Potomac River at an elevation of 394 feet (120 m).[1][2][5] The monument and park are surrounded by forested land.[1][5] The platform around the monument's column provides a panoramic view of the Potomac River, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the surrounding Potomac Valley, and the Blue Ridge Mountains.[7][8][9]

The James Rumsey Monument is located approximately 1,490 feet (454 m) southeast of the New James Rumsey Bridge (Maryland Route 34), 878 feet (268 m) southeast of the confluence of Town Run with the Potomac River, 783 feet (239 m) southwest of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (on the Maryland side of the Potomac), and 345 feet (105 m) west of Shepherdstown Railroad Bridge.[1][5] The monument is a contributing property to the Shepherdstown Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.[6][9]

History

James Rumsey

Main article: James Rumsey
Oil painting portrait of a man in a dark jacket with gold collar, and gray hair
Portrait of Rumsey, c. 1790

James Rumsey was born in Bohemian Manor in Cecil County, Maryland, in March 1743.[3][10] He left his family's farm to operate a tavern on the Bohemia River, moved to Baltimore,[10] and in 1782, he purchased land along Sleepy Creek near Bath, Virginia (present-day Berkeley Springs, West Virginia).[11] Rumsey relocated to the Bath area in 1783,[3] and built and operated a sawmill on his Sleepy Creek property.[11] Rumsey worked in Bath as an innkeeper, general store operator, builder, and millwright.[3][11]

Rumsey was also an inventor and developed innovations in iron mining, smelting, gristmill and sawmill operation, and canal construction.[3] His most significant invention is his development of steam power technology for operating water vessels.[3] In October 1783, he successfully demonstrated a model steam-powered vessel on Sir John's Run at its confluence with the Potomac River, near the present-day community of Sir Johns Run.[3] In Bath in September 1784, Rumsey met George Washington, who was traveling across the Blue Ridge Mountains to assess the feasibility of transportation by road, rivers, and canal.[12] Washington was concerned with unifying the United States through increased trade and improved transportation routes across the Appalachian Mountains, especially via canals and rivers.[12] Rumsey demonstrated to Washington a small, wooden, model steamboat that traveled upstream in Warm Spring Run.[13] Washington was excited by the potential of Rumsey's boat, and Rumsey requested a written statement from Washington to solicit support, and funding from investors and the state of Virginia.[14] That same day, Washington hired Rumsey to build stables, a kitchen, and a house on his property in Bath by 1785.[15][3] Afterward, Washington publicly supported Rumsey over rival inventor John Fitch.[16]

Rumsey was hired as superintendent of the Potomac Navigation Company in July 1785.[17] He relocated from Bath to Shepherdstown, which was closer to the Potomac River, where he tested his model steam-powered vessels.[3] In December 1785, Rumsey tested an improved version of the pipe boiler on the Potomac in Shepherdstown.[18] In December 1787, he successfully demonstrated the practical utility of his steamboat invention in a public trial on the river.[3][19] In 1788, following successful demonstrations, a group of investors that included Benjamin Franklin, established the Rumseian Society to promote and support Rumsey's work.[3][20][b] In 1791, Rumsey traveled to England to obtain additional support and funding for his projects, and to register patents for his inventions.[3] While in England, Rumsey became ill and died the day before a scheduled steamboat demonstration in London. His body was buried at St Margaret's, Westminster.[3][21]

Monument establishment

Black and white photograph of a bearded man wearing eyeglasses, a suit, and tie.
Portrait of Alexander Boteler, c. 1870

Interest in building a monument to Rumsey at Shepherdstown, and to the first successful public demonstration of his steamboat, began in the 1830s in reaction to the success and popularity of fellow steamboat inventor Robert Fulton.[4] In around 1890, congressman Alexander Boteler made the first substantial move toward planning such a monument; he began correspondence with the Norfolk and Western Railway to acquire the company's small quarry and adjacent property at the present site of the monument and park.[4] More efforts to memorialize Rumsey with a monument were instigated in 1900 by the state of New York's preparations for a centennial celebration of Fulton's birth.[4] In January 1903, West Virginia senator William Campbell introduced bills to appropriate funds for a Rumsey monument and a monument to the Battle of Point Pleasant.[22][23] Prominent Jefferson County resident George Beltzhoover Jr. also took an interest in the movement to build a monument, and enlisted the support of the West Virginia Historical and Antiquarian Society under the leadership of W. S. Laidley.[22]

In January 1905, Governor Albert B. White endorsed the monument in a message to the West Virginia Legislature.[24] The following March, an extra session of legislature passed a general appropriations bill, which included a provision of $1,750 for the Rumsey monument (equivalent to $59,344 in 2023) and $5,000 for the monument to the Battle of Point Pleasant (equivalent to $169,556 in 2023).[25] The state senate had inserted $1,750 into the bill, which passed the House of Delegates unchallenged.[25] Supporters of the Rumsey monument were disappointed with the small appropriation, which was a fraction of the $5,000 originally requested from the state legislature.[25] In 1906, Beltzhoover, Daniel B. Lucas and the West Virginia Historical Society secured the initial grant for the Rumsey monument from the state legislature.[4] By January 1907, Shepherdstown's town council passed an order to pay society treasurer Lemen $250 toward the monument (equivalent to $8,175 in 2023).[26] In March that year, the West Virginia Legislature appropriated $2,000 for the proposed monument in the general appropriation bill for the 1907 and 1908 fiscal years (equivalent to $65,400 in 2023); Governor William M. O. Dawson, however, cut this appropriation along with several others before approving the bill.[27][28]

The 1905 act appropriating $1,750 for the monument stipulated its construction should be facilitated by a chartered corporation for that expressed purpose.[29] Accordingly, in February 1906, a meeting was held at Shepherd College to organize an association to facilitate the monument's construction.[29][30] The meeting decided to proceed with incorporation as "The Rumseyan Society",[b] selecting Beltzhoover as chairman and H. L. Snyder as secretary, and Lucas, Beltzhoover, state senator Campbell, William Price Craighill, Snyder, W. N. Lemen, Charles Ghiselin, H. C. Haithcox, B. F. Harrison, M. B. Baker, and A. S. Dandridge as incorporators.[29][30] The meeting also agreed once the society secured a charter, the organization would elect a board of directors.[29] In June 1906, the society was formally chartered to facilitate the monument's construction, following a meeting in Shepherdstown.[3][4][31] The society's incorporators were elected as its board of directors with Lucas as president, Snyder as secretary, Beltzhoover as vice president, and Lemen as treasurer.[31] Society members Lucas, Craighill, and Ghiselin were appointed to a committee to select a site for the monument.[31] In August 1909, the society's officers prepared and exhibited a model of the proposed monument in Shepherdstown.[32]

Following Boteler's death in 1892,[4] the Rumseian Society continued its attempts to secure a site for the monument along the Potomac River on property owned by the Norfolk and Western Railway.[33] Beginning in 1905, Lucas and the society sought to acquire a deed to the Norfolk and Western right-of-way at the promontory site.[34] By January 1907, a Rumseian Society committee consisting of Beltzhoover, state senator Campbell, and Snyder traveled to Philadelphia to meet with Joseph I. Doran, the chief counsel for Norfolk and Western.[33] The company agreed to transfer property at the selected promontory site and a deed to the property was executed. The promontory property was subject to a mortgage with stringent conditions, requiring the company to charge the Rumseian Society for the deed.[33] Norfolk and Western counsel Doran stated the quarry lot, which was not subject to the mortgage for the promontory site, could be donated.[33] According to the company, once its approaches to the new railroad bridge downstream were complete, the company would no longer use the quarry, which could then be donated to the society.[33] Norfolk and Western officials expressed their support for the monument project.[33] As planned, Norfolk and Western shifted the railroad downstream to the new rail bridge, making available the promontory and surrounding area for a monument and park.[4] On August 16, 1907, Beltzhoover and Lucas transferred 0.64 acres (0.26 ha) to the Rumseian Society for the monument's construction.[3] In April 1910, Governor William E. Glasscock visited Shepherdstown and formally designated the monument site.[35] In 1915, the society agreed to pay U. S. Martin $300 (equivalent to $9,036 in 2023) for his alleged rights to the land purchased from the railway to avoid further delay to construction and the potential for litigation with Martin.[36]

The monument's cost was $15,200 (equivalent to $515,449 in 2023),[4][36][37] with $13,625 (equivalent to $462,039 in 2023) allocated incrementally by the state legislature over seven years and the remainder raised through local donations.[4] By 1913, the Rumseian Society had raised the necessary funds.[4] In December 1914, the society held a meeting with representatives of firms that competed to design and build the monument,[38] and by June 1915, the Rumseian Society contracted with the Forbes Granite Company of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, which had previously built the Indiana Monument at the nearby Antietam National Battlefield, to build the monument.[37][36][39][4]

Monument construction and initial use

Postcard of the monument and old James Rumsey Bridge

Construction commenced on July 7, 1915; William J. Britner pepared the site and carried out preliminary construction work for the concrete platform.[36][40] Further work was completed by W. "Big Mustache" Jones and Jones's crew.[4] By July 22, workers had made considerable progress toward the construction; blasting atop the bluff was nearly completed and construction of the concrete platform and the blue limestone wall surrounding the platform had begun.[41] The Forbes Granite Company selected Woodstock granite for the monument, and contracted with the Guilford and Watersville Granite Company of Baltimore, which operated quarries in Woodstock.[41] At that time, the monument's column was projected to weigh approximately 300 short tons (270 t) and the granite base projected to weigh between 25 and 30 short tons (23 and 27 t).[41] By August 1915, initial site work was completed and prepared for the arrival of the three railcar-loads of granite for the monument's base and shaft.[42] In October 1915, contractor H. R. Forbes notified the society Norfolk and Western had confirmed the switch leading from the railway to the construction site would be completed that month, allowing for the transport of granite to the site.[43] By January 1916, Forbes had completed the monument's base and pedestal to support the column.[44]

The monument's dedication was originally scheduled for July 4, 1916 but this was delayed by changes to the monument's construction plan.[45] The base of the column was originally planned to be fabricated in one piece but Forbes then fabricated it in four pieces in Chambersburg.[45] In February 1916, the company received two pieces of Oregon fir lumber and built an 80-foot (24 m) derrick to lift the 75-foot (23 m) column into place.[45][46] The monument's column was erected by March 1916,[4] and on March 21, the granite globe weighing 8 short tons (7.3 t) was placed atop the column, completing construction of the monument's columnar section.[47] However, the plinth remained under construction.[47] The brass plaques arrived and were installed in August 1916, and the boundary stone walls and landscaping took slightly longer to complete.[4][48] In June 1917, the corporation of Shepherdstown announced its plan to improve Mill Street, enabling automobile access to the monument from German Street. Norfolk and Western agreed to build a concrete sidewalk along its property on Mill Street, which improved pedestrian access to the monument from German Street.[49] The construction of the paved road to the monument's park to provide accessible by automobiles was completed in mid-1917.[4]

Following its completion, the monument hosted history-related events that included exercises hosted by the Daughters of the American Revolution.[50] The monument became a tourist attraction and local retailers, including B. S. Pendleton and Owens' Drug Store, sold Rumsey Monument postcards.[51][52] In 1931 and 1935, the state's department of agriculture included the monument in illustrated publications highlighting West Virginia's sites of historic and scenic interest.[53][54] In 1955, residents of Shepherdstown gifted a plaque carved with Rumsey's achievements to St Margaret's, Westminster, England, where he was buried.[55]

State and municipal parks

James Rumsey Monument
LocationRumsey Monument Road, Shepherdstown, West Virginia
Area4.09 acres (2 ha)
Built1916
Part ofShepherdstown Historic District[6] (ID87001205[56])
Added to NRHPJuly 22, 1987[56]

In 1925, the West Virginia Legislature established the State Forest, Park and Conservation Commission to study and investigate the state's opportunities and needs for forests, parks, game preserves, and recreational areas.[57] In 1927, the Commission provided its recommendations to the legislature, which included a recommendation for a State Monument System.[57] In its list of extant historical monuments to be included in this system, the Commission named the Grave Creek Mound in Moundsville, the Point Pleasant Monument (now Tu-Endie-Wei) in Point Pleasant, the James Rumsey Monument, the Cadell Rifle Range in Preston County, and the Morgan Morgan Monument.[57]

The monument became a state park in 1956, when the West Virginia Legislature transferred its operation to the West Virginia Conservation Commission's Division of State Parks,[3] which gave the employees of Cacapon Resort State Park, under the supervision of ranger James Ambrose, responsibility of maintaining the monument's grounds.[3] The monument site remained under the Rumseian Society's ownership while the Division of State Parks operated the site as a state park.[3] A 1960 National Park Service survey of U.S. state parks classified the park as a "state monument" and noted its lack of water recreation, and overnight and dining accommodations.[58] The state ceased paying for the park's maintenance in the 1960s, after which private efforts kept the park from deteriorating.[59] The monument's lilac garden was listed in 1960 and 1974 guides to American gardens; author Harry Britton Logan wrote the monument was "well worth a visit in early spring".[60][61] In April 1965, the monument was a stop along an annual hike taken by Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas and 500 other hikers as part of a campaign to make the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal a national historic park.[62][63] The state's Conservation Commission was succeeded by the Department of Natural Resources and in 1971, the West Virginia Legislature passed House Bill 1151, which authorized the department to acquire the monument site from the Rumseian Society and allocated $15,000 for the acquisition (equivalent to $112,851 in 2023).[3] Negotiations with the society were unsuccessful and the department was unable to acquire the monument.[3] Instead, the department used $13,750 (equivalent to $103,447 in 2023) of the original allocation to purchase 3.45 acres (1.40 ha) of land adjoining the monument site.[3] In December 1974, Shepherdstown presented its first official seal, which included the monument as part of a montage of local landmarks.[64]

The Department of Natural Resources ceased operation of the state park on November 6, 1978, when it transferred the 3.45 acres (1.40 ha) to the corporation of Shepherdstown for use as a municipal park adjoining the monument site.[3] In 1987, members of the modern Rumseian Society built a half-scale model of Rumsey's steamboat. The society sponsors the Rumsey Regatta, in which it runs its model up and down the Potomac.[55] On July 22, 1987, the monument and the adjoining park were added as a contributing property to the Shepherdstown Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.[56] The Rumseian Society donated the monument to the corporation of Shepherdstown in 2007.[4] According to the 2016 Jefferson County Parks and Recreation Commission master plan, the park consists of passive open space, picnic tables, paths and walkways, security cameras, and trash receptacles, and allows for pedestrian access from the street.[65] As of 2022, the corporation of Shepherdstown refers to the monument and park together as "Rumsey Monument Park",[9] which is administered by the corporation's Parks and Recreation Committee.[66]

Monument description

The James Rumsey Monument consists of a 75-foot (23 m) fluted, Ionic column that is made of gray, hammered, Woodstock granite. The column is capped by a polished, granite globe upon which the outlines of all continents are inscribed. The column stands atop a tall, concrete plinth consisting of a 40-square-foot (3.7 m2) plaza.[7][9][36][47] The 1927 West Virginia Blue Book described the monument's column as "a towering shaft".[67] The monument is accessed by a stairway that leads to the bluff, where the monument's concrete plinth is enclosed by an iron railing.[9] The monument's park is surrounded by a stone wall.[9]

Two plaques are affixed to the monument; the front plaque bears a text inscription and the rear plaque bears an image approximating Rumsey's steamboat[4][9] that is approximately the size of a small skiff with a steam engine at the center of the vessel near a rower.[4][9] Beltzhoover drafted the front plaque's text, which is not historically accurate because Rumsey did not build and test a full-sized steamboat at the 1783 trial at Sir John's Run.[4] The following text inscription appears on the front plaque:[4]

IN HONOR OF JAMES RUMSEY INVENTOR OF THE STEAMBOAT

Who in October, A. D. 1783, on the Potomac River, near the mouth of Sir John's Run, made the first successful application of steam to the practical purposes of navigation and who on December 3rd, 1787, made a further successful demonstration on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown, Virginia, about three hundreds yards above this site.

Erected by The State of West Virginia Under the auspices of The Rumseyan Society A. D. 1915

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The Rumseian Society owned the monument from 1907 until 2007, when it was transferred to the corporation of Shepherdstown. The West Virginia Conservation Commission Division of State Parks and the succeeding Department of Natural Resources, operated the site as a state park from 1956 until 1978. The Department of Natural Resources purchased 3.45 acres (1.40 ha) adjoining the monument site in 1971, and transferred this land to the corporation of Shepherdstown in 1978.[3]
  2. ^ a b c The society's name was rendered as both "Rumseian" and "Rumseyan" throughout various periods of its existence.[4] For consistency and to avoid confusion, the society is referred to as the Rumseian Society in this article.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Shepherdstown Quadrangle, West Virginia–Maryland (Map). 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic). Reston, Virginia: United States Geological Survey. 2019. OCLC 45952690. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Geographic Names Information System; United States Geological Survey. "Geographic Names Information System: Feature Detail Report for Rumsey Monument (Feature ID: 1546151)". Reston, Virginia. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y West Virginia State Park History Committee 1988, pp. 165–166.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "The Rumsey Monument". Rumseian Society website. Shepherdstown, West Virginia: Rumseian Society. 2021. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Map centered on the James Rumsey Monument (Map). Google Maps. 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c Reed 1987, p. 14 of the PDF file.
  7. ^ a b c Chambers 2004, p. 554.
  8. ^ "Shepherdstown: Delightfully off the beaten path". The Shepherdstown Register. Baltimore. November 7, 2002. p. T3. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Rumsey Monument Park" (PDF). Corporation of Shepherdstown website. Shepherdstown, West Virginia: Corporation of Shepherdstown. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Sutcliffe 2004, p. 5.
  11. ^ a b c Sutcliffe 2004, p. 6.
  12. ^ a b Sutcliffe 2004, pp. xi & 1–2.
  13. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, pp. xi–xii & 2.
  14. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, pp. xii & 3.
  15. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, p. 3.
  16. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, p. xii.
  17. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, p. 14.
  18. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, p. 37.
  19. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, pp. 54–55.
  20. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, p. 59.
  21. ^ Sutcliffe 2004, pp. xiii & 223.
  22. ^ a b "The Rumsey Monument" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. January 22, 1903. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021 – via Chronicling America.
  23. ^ "Gov. White's Reception: Members of West Virginia Legislature Entertained". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore. January 23, 1903. p. 10. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "Monument to James Rumsey" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. January 19, 1905. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  25. ^ a b c "Extra Session At An End" (PDF). The Martinsburg Herald. Martinsburg, West Virginia. March 4, 1905. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021 – via Chronicling America.
  26. ^ "Little Locals" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. January 17, 1907. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  27. ^ "Cuts Down the Appropriations" (PDF). Martinsburg Statesman–Democrat. Martinsburg, West Virginia. March 22, 1907. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  28. ^ "Governor Dawson reduced the general appropriation bill" (PDF). Martinsburg Statesman–Democrat. Martinsburg, West Virginia. March 29, 1907. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  29. ^ a b c d "For the James Rumsey Monument" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. March 1, 1906. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  30. ^ a b "Rumsey To Be Honored" (PDF). The Martinsburg Herald. Martinsburg, West Virginia. March 3, 1906. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  31. ^ a b c "Rumsean Society Meets" (PDF). The Martinsburg Herald. Martinsburg, West Virginia. June 9, 1906. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  32. ^ "Model For Rumsey Monument" (PDF). The Martinsburg Herald. Martinsburg, West Virginia. August 28, 1909. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  33. ^ a b c d e f "Site for Rumsey Monument" (PDF). The Martinsburg Herald. Martinsburg, West Virginia. January 5, 1907. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021 – via Chronicling America.
  34. ^ "Planning for Monument" (PDF). Martinsburg Statesman. Martinsburg, West Virginia. April 14, 1905. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  35. ^ "Governor Will Be Here Friday" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. April 28, 1910. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  36. ^ a b c d e "For the Rumsey Monument" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. July 1, 1915. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  37. ^ a b "Rumsey Monument is to Be Erected at Shepherdstown by Society" (PDF). The Daily Telegram. Clarksburg, West Virginia. June 3, 1915. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021 – via Chronicling America.
  38. ^ "For the Rumsey Monument" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. December 17, 1914. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  39. ^ "Plan Monument Of James Rumsey" (PDF). The West Virginian. Fairmont, West Virginia. July 7, 1915. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  40. ^ "Little Locals" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. July 8, 1915. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  41. ^ a b c "The Rumsey Monument" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. July 22, 1915. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  42. ^ "Little Locals" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. August 26, 1915. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  43. ^ "Little Locals" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. October 14, 1915. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  44. ^ "Little Locals" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. January 27, 1916. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  45. ^ a b c "Rumsey Monument Dedication Later: Event Will Not Take Place As Intended On July 4" (PDF). Martinsburg, W. Va., Evening Journal. Martinsburg, West Virginia. February 1, 1916. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021 – via Chronicling America.
  46. ^ "Little Locals" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. February 10, 1916. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  47. ^ a b c "The Rumsey Monument" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. March 23, 1916. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021 – via Chronicling America.
  48. ^ "State News Notes" (PDF). The Wheeling Intelligencer. Wheeling, West Virginia. August 8, 1916. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  49. ^ "Fine Improvement Insured" (PDF). The Shepherdstown Register. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. June 21, 1917. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
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Bibliography

External links

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