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Ruscism

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Not to be confused with Racism or Russicism.

A combination of the Saint George's ribbon and the letter Z, both associated with Rashism, that has been compared to the fascist swastika (so-called zwastika).[1][2]

Rashism (Russian: рашизм, romanized: rashizm, pronounced [rɐˈʂɨzm]; a portmanteau of "Russia" and "fascism";[3][4] Ukrainian: рашизм, romanized: rashyzm[4]), also known as Ruscism, Russism (Russian: русизм),[5] or Russian fascism (Russian: русский фашизм), is a term used by scholars, politicians and publicists to describe the political ideology and social practices of the Russian authorities of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It is also used to refer to the ideology of Russian military expansionism,[6][7][1][8] and has been used as a label to describe an undemocratic system and nationality cult mixed with ultranationalism and a cult of personality.[9][10] That transformation was described as based on the ideas of the "special civilizational mission" of the Russians, such as Moscow as the third Rome and expansionism,[11][12][13] which manifests itself in anti-Ukrainianism.[14][15] This is also a term widely used to identify members of the Russian Armed Forces[16] and supporters of Russian military aggression on Ukraine.[17]

The concept was first coined and popularized by the President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Dzhokhar Dudayev, during the First Chechen War in 1995, and he referred to it many times in interviews. It became more internationally well-known after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February 2022.[citation needed]

Etymology and terminology

Rashism and Ruscism are both attempts to transliterate the Ukrainian and Russian term рашизм (Rashizm, pronounced [rɐˈʂɨzm]), a multilingual portmanteau of "Russia" and "fascism". According to Timothy D. Snyder, the word is complex, reflecting and referencing pronunciations of words in both English, Ukrainian and Russian.[4]

An alternative term (and transliteration), Russism (Russian: русизм), was popularized by President of Ichkeria Dzhokhar Dudayev in 1995.[18]

History of use

The term was, in the form Russism (русизм) popularized, described and extensively used in 1995 by President of Ichkeria Dzhokhar Dudayev, who saw the military action by Russia in Chechnya as a manifestation of the rising far-right ideology.[18][19][20] According to Dudayev, 'русизм' is "a variety of individual-hating ideology which is based on Great Russian chauvinism, spiritlessness and immorality. It differs from other forms of fascism, racism, and nationalism by a more extreme cruelty, both to man and to nature. It is based on the destruction of everything and everyone, the tactics of scorched earth."[21]

The term рашизм (Ruscism/Rashism) became increasingly common in informal circles in 2008, during the Russo-Georgian War.[22][23] Its popularity in Ukrainian mass media grew after the annexation of the Ukrainian Crimean peninsula by the Russian Federation,[24] the downing of a Boeing 777 near Donetsk on 17 July 2014, and the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014[25][26] largely due to the Russian-speaking song "That's, Baby, Ruscism" by Ukrainian composer and singer-songwriter Boris Sevastyanov.[27]

The Committee of the Verkhovna Rada on Humanitarian and Information Policy supports the initiative of Ukrainian scientists, journalists, political scientists and all civil society to promote and recognise the term "Ruscism" at the national and international levels.[28]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

A destroyed Russian MT-LB with a Z symbol during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Z symbol is widely used by the Russian Armed Forces.
A poster against Ruscism
Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

By 2022 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the terms Rashism and Rashist had come into common usage among military and political elites of Ukraine, as well as by journalists, influencers, bloggers, et al.[29][30][31] For example, Oleksiy Danilov, Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, actively advocates the use of the word in the meaning of Vladimir Putin's fascism to describe Russia's aggression against Ukraine. He also stated that Rashism is much worse than fascism.[32]

"Today, I would like to appeal to all journalists to use the word 'Rashism', because this is a new phenomenon in world history that Mr. Putin has made with his country – modern Rashists who are not much different from fascists. I will explain why: because before there was no such opportunity to destroy cities with so many aerial bombs, such equipment, there was no such force. Now absolutely other capacities and they use them as inhuman." — Oleksiy Danilov.[33]

On 23 April 2022, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated that "what Russia is doing is not Nazism but Rashism, this new concept will be in history books":[34]

"This country will have a word in our history textbooks that no one has invented, which everyone is repeating in Ukraine, and in Europe – Rashism. It's not just random that everyone is saying that this is Rashism. The word is new, but the actions are the same as they were 80 years ago in Europe. Because for all of these 80 years, if you analyse our continent, there has been no such barbarism like this. So Rashism is a concept that will go into the history books, it will be in Wikipedia, it will be [studied] in classes. And small children around the world will stand up and answer their teachers when they ask when Rashism began, in what land, and who won the fight for freedom against this terrible concept." — Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[34][35]

Ideological history

Ivan Ilyin

Timothy D. Snyder believes that the ideology of Putin and his regime was influenced by philosopher Ivan Ilyin (1883–1954).[10][36][37][38][39] A number of Ilyin's works advocated fascism.[36] Ilyin has been quoted by President of Russia Vladimir Putin, and is considered by some observers to be a major ideological inspiration for Putin.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46] Putin was personally involved in moving Ilyin's remains back to Russia, and in 2009 consecrated his grave.[47]

According to Snyder, Ilyin "provided a metaphysical and moral justification for political totalitarianism" in the form of a fascist state, and that today "his ideas have been revived and celebrated by Vladimir Putin".[48]

Aleksandr Dugin

In 1997, Russian fascist[49][50] Aleksandr Dugin in his book The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, which had a significant impact on Russia's military, police and foreign policy elites, argued that Ukraine should be annexed by Russia because "Ukraine as a state has no geopolitical meaning", "no particular cultural import or universal significance, no geographic uniqueness, no ethnic exclusiveness", "[its] certain territorial ambitions represen[t] an enormous danger for all of Eurasia and, without resolving the Ukrainian problem, it is in general senseless to speak about continental politics". Ukraine should not be allowed to remain independent, unless it is "sanitary cordon", which would be "inadmissible".[51] The book may have been influential in Vladimir Putin's foreign policy, which eventually led to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[52] Also in 1997, Dugin hailed what he saw as the arrival of a "genuine, true, radically revolutionary and consistent, fascist fascism" in Russia, in an article titled "Fascism – Borderless and Red"; previously in 1992, he had in another article defended "fascism" as not having anything to do with "the racist and chauvinist aspects of National Socialism", stating in contrast that "Russian fascism is a combination of natural national conservatism with a passionate desire for true changes."[53] Another of Dugin's books, The Fourth Political Theory, published in 2009, has been cited as an inspiration for Russian policy in events such as the war in Donbas,[54] and for the contemporary European far-right in general.[55]

Timofey Sergeitsev

Further information: What Russia should do with Ukraine

According to Euractiv, Russian political operative Timofey Sergeitsev is "one of the ideologists of modern Russian fascism".[56]

During the large-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, when the victims of the massacres in Kyiv Oblast became known,[57][58] the website of the Russian state news agency RIA Novosti published an article by Sergeitsev titled "What Russia should do with Ukraine", which was perceived to justify a Ukrainian genocide. It calls for repression, de-Ukrainization, de-Europeanization, and ethnocide of the Ukrainians.[59][60][61][62][63][64][65] According to Oxford expert on Russian affairs Samuel Ramani, the article "represents mainstream Kremlin thinking".[66] The head of the Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Edgars Rinkēvičs called the article "ordinary fascism".[67] Timothy D. Snyder described it as a "genocide handbook", and as "one of the most openly genocidal documents I have ever seen".[68]

Similar rhetoric appeared in 26 February op-ed by Peter Akopov in RIA Novosti titled "The Coming of Russia and of the New World", which praised Putin for a timely "solution of the Ukrainian question". It was un-published after three hours.[59]

In Russia

A mosaic in the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces blending Eastern Orthodox iconography with Soviet military symbolism
File:Rusich meets Jared Taylor.jpg
Paramilitary leaders Alexei Milchakov and Yan Petrovsky of the Russian Wagner Group meeting with American white nationalist Jared Taylor and presenting him with a Kolovrat Rusich badge at Saint Petersburg's International Russian Conservative Forum [ru], 22 March 2015.

Several scholars have posited that Russia has transformed into a fascist state, or that fascism best describes the Russian political system, especially following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In 2017, Russian academician Vladislav Inozemtsev considered that Russia is an early-stage fascist state, thus claiming the current Russian political regime as fascist.[69] Tomasz Kamusella, a Polish scholar on nationalism and ethnicity, and Allister Heath, a journalist at The Daily Telegraph, describe the current authoritarian Russian political regime as Putin's fascism.[70][71] Maria Snegovaya[who?] believes that Russia as led by Putin is a fascist regime.[12][72]

In March 2022, Yale historian Odd Arne Westad said that Putin's words about Ukraine resembled, which Harvard journalist James F. Smith summarized, "some of the colonial racial arguments of imperial powers of the past, ideas from the late 19th and early 20th century".[73]

In April 2022, Larysa Yakubova from the Institute of History of Ukraine in her article "The Anatomy of Ruscism" stated that Russia has never reflected on the tragedies of totalitarianism and did not decommunize its Soviet totalitarian heritage unlike Ukraine.[citation needed] That was the major reason for the formation and rapid development of Ruscism in modern Russia both among political and intellectual/cultural elites.[citation needed] She also noted that Ruscism, in the form of a threat to the world order and peace, will remain until there is a global condemnation of Soviet communist ideology and its heir Ruscism.[74]

On 24 April 2022, Timothy D. Snyder published an article in The New York Times Magazine where he described the history, premises and linguistic peculiarities of the term "Ruscism".[4] According to Snyder, the term "is a useful conceptualization of Putin's worldview", writing that "we have tended to overlook the central example of fascism's revival, which is the Putin regime in the Russian Federation".[4] On the wider regime, Snyder writes that "[p]rominent Russian fascists are given access to mass media during wars, including this one. Members of the Russian elite, above all Putin himself, rely increasingly on fascist concepts", and states that "Putin's very justification of the war in Ukraine [...] represents a Christian form of fascism."[4]

Snyder followed this article in May with an essay titled "We Should Say It. Russia Is Fascist".[10] According to Snyder, "[m]any hesitate to see today's Russia as fascist because Stalin's Soviet Union defined itself as antifascist", stating that the key to understanding Russia today is "Stalin's flexibility about fascism": "Because Soviet anti-fascism just meant defining an enemy, it offered fascism a backdoor through which to return to Russia [...] Fascists calling other people 'fascists' is fascism taken to its illogical extreme as a cult of unreason. [...] [It is] the essential Putinist practice".[10] Based on this, Snyder refers Putin's regime as schizo-fascism.[75][10] The German magazine Der Spiegel wrote, citing a confidential Federal Intelligence Service report, that on early March and sometime before early April at least two Russian neo-Nazi groups—the Russian Imperial Legion and Military-Patriotic Club "Rusich"—had joined the Russian forces fighting in Ukraine.[76][77]

Characteristics

The greatest extent of the Soviet Empire (Soviet Union proper plus satellite states).
The Russian Empire in 1867, including Alaska.
One element of Rashism is irredentism, revanchism and a desire to restore Russia to a perceived "former glory". Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2005 called the dissolution of the Soviet Union "a genuine tragedy" for the Russian people, as "tens of millions of our fellow citizens and countrymen found themselves beyond the fringes of Russian territory", and as "the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century".[78]
A 2007 photo of a shirtless Putin flishing in Tuva published on the official Russian President website.

Dzokhar Dudayev saw the military action by Russia in Chechnya as a manifestation of the rising far-right ideology. According to Dudayev, 'русизм' is "a variety of hate ideology which is based on Great Russian chauvinism, spiritlessness and immorality.[citation needed] It differs from other forms of fascism, racism, and nationalism by a more extreme cruelty, both to man and to nature. It is based on the destruction of everything and everyone, the tactics of scorched earth."[21]

In 2017, Yulia Strebkova (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute) indicated that Rashism in combination with Ukrainophobia constitutes the ethno-national vector of the more broad Russian neo-imperial ideological doctrine of "Russian world".[79]

In 2018, Borys Demyanenko (Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi State Pedagogical University) in his paper "'Ruscism' as a quasi-ideology of the post-Soviet imperial revenge" defined Ruscism as a misanthropic ideology and an eclectic mixture of imperial neocolonialism, great-power chauvinism, nostalgia for the Soviet past, and religious traditionalism.[citation needed] Demyanenko considers that in internal domestic policy, Ruscism manifests itself in a violation of human rights alongside with a freedom of thought, persecution of dissidents, propaganda, ignoring of democratic procedures. While in foreign policy, Ruscism demonstrates itself in a violation of international law, imposing its own version of historical truth, the justification of occupation and annexation of the territories of other states.[80]

Political scientist Stanislav Belkovsky argues that Rashism is disguised as anti-fascism, but has a fascist face and essence.[81] Political scientist Ruslan Kliuchnyk notes that the Russian elite considers itself entitled to build its own "sovereign democracy" without reference to Western standards, but taking into account Russia's traditions of state-building.[citation needed] Administrative resources in Russia are one of the means of preserving the democratic facade, which hides the mechanism of absolute manipulation of the will of citizens.[82] Russian political scientist Andrey Piontkovsky argues that the ideology of Rashism is in many ways similar to Nazism, with the speeches of President Vladimir Putin reflecting similar ideas to those of Adolf Hitler.[83][84]

According to Alexander J. Motyl, an American historian and political scientist, Russian fascism has the following characteristics:[85]

  • An undemocratic political system, different from both traditional authoritarianism and totalitarianism;
  • Statism and hypernationalism;
  • A hypermasculine cult of the supreme leader (emphasis on his courage, militancy and physical prowess);
  • General popular support for the regime and its leader.

According to Professor Oleksandr Kostenko, Rashism is an ideology that is "based on illusions and justifies the admissibility of any arbitrariness for the sake of misinterpreted interests of Russian society.[citation needed] In foreign policy, Rashism manifests itself, in particular, in violation of the principles of international law, imposing its version of historical truth on the world solely in favor of Russia, abusing the right of veto in the UN Security Council, and so on.[citation needed] In domestic politics, Rashism is a violation of human rights to freedom of thought, persecution of members of the 'dissent movement', the use of the media to misinform their people, and so on." Oleksandr Kostenko also considers Rashism a manifestation of sociopathy.[86]

Timothy D. Snyder argued in an essay that a "time traveler from the 1930s" would "have no difficulty" identifying the Russian regime in 2022 as fascist, writing:

"The symbol Z, the rallies, the propaganda, the war as a cleansing act of violence and the death pits around Ukrainian towns make it all very plain. The war against Ukraine is not only a return to the traditional fascist battleground, but also a return to traditional fascist language and practice. Other people are there to be colonized. Russia is innocent because of its ancient past. The existence of Ukraine is an international conspiracy. War is the answer."[10]

Reactions

In Russia

Russian economist Yakov Mirkin said that the term "Rashism" is incorrect because it equates the entire Russian nation with "the ideology that brings trouble". He noted that as Nazism has never been called "Germanism" and Italian fascism has never been called "Italism", Putin's ideology should be called "as you wish", with "the most cruel nicknames", but not "Rashism".[87]

Artyom Yefimov wrote in Signal (email-based media created by Meduza) that although the word "Rashism" was created in Ukraine as an emotional cliché, it may become a real term, as history knows examples of pejoratives being turned into real terms (e.g. Tory and Slavophilia); in Ukraine, he writes, it is being used in scientific works since 2014 (although rarely in scientific publications of other countries).[87][88]

Official reaction

Russian television presenter Tina Kandelaki, who supported Russia's war against Ukraine,[89][90] criticized Wikipedia's use of the term "Rashism" on her Telegram channel, accusing Wikipedia of "digital fascism" targeting Russian people and calling Russians to stop using it.[91]

Russia's federal censor Roskomnadzor reportedly ordered the English Wikipedia on 18 May 2022 to take down the articles "Rashism" and "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine", asserting that they contain false information about the war the Russian government calls a "special military operation".[92][93]

20 May 2022, on the show Evening with Vladimir Solovyov, the host Vladimir Solovyov and his panelists responded with outrage at Timothy D. Snyder's article "We Should Say It. Russia Is Fascist", an article which according to Russian media watchdog Julia Davis has "spread through Russian state media like wildfire". Solovyov attacked Snyder by calling him a "pseudo-professor of a pseudo-university [...] He is simply a liar", and, addressing Americans, stating: "Let me tell you a secret: first of all, your signs are idiotic in their nature. Secondly, looking at your listed indications, how are they any different from the election campaign of Donald Trump?".[94]

Outside Russia

Latvian journalist Bens Latkovskis of Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze has criticised the equation of Russism to fascism as terminologically inaccurate, stating that on the political spectrum they are actually near opposites.[citation needed] He argues that, unlike fascism that sought to create a new anthropological order and required mass societal involvement, Russism is counter-revolutionary, strictly opposed to any social reforms and social mobilization and aims at the depolitization of society, which it sees as a threat to its existence.[95]

See also

References

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  3. ^ Mishchenko, Mykhailo (1 March 2022). Рашизм і фашизм: знайдіть дві відмінності [Rashism and fascism: find two differences]. Ukrayinskyy Interes (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
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  8. ^ Mohammed, Zahraa Jasim; Challoob, Mahmood Ghazi (2021). Некоторые Инновационные словообразовательные процессы в популярных интернет-текстах в русском и арабском языках [Some innovative word-formation processes in popular Internet texts in Russian and Arabic]. Journal of the College of Languages (in Russian) (43): 186–207. doi:10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.43.0186. S2CID 242426043. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
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  20. ^ Джохар Дудаев: О "РУСИЗМЕ", 1995 г. "ВЗГЛЯД". [Dzhokhar Dudayev: On "RUSCISM", 1995, "VZGLYAD".] (in Russian). Event occurs at 2:40 – via YouTube.
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  22. ^ Настоящий "рашизм": в России составляют списки евреев, которых нужно депортировать как "несогласных" с Путиным [Real "Rashism": in Russia they make lists of Jews who need to be deported as "disagreeing" with Putin]. Bagnet (in Russian). 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  23. ^ Kovalenko, Iryna (21 July 2014). Росія і рашисти: хто стоїть за спиною Путіна [Russia and Rashists: who is behind Putin]. Expres (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
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  25. ^ Томенко назвал борьбу с "рашизмом" новым серьезным мировым испытанием [Tomenko called the fight against "Rashism" a new serious world test]. Obozrevatel (in Russian). 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
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  28. ^ Комітет з питань гуманітарної та інформаційної політики закликає журналістів та медіаорганізації до повноцінного і частого вживання слова «рашизм» та похідних від нього [The Committee on Humanitarian and Information Policy calls on journalists and media organizations to make full and frequent use of the word "Rashism" and its derivatives]. rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada. 12 May 2022. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
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  31. ^ Рашисти влаштували бомбардування території Білорусі [Rashists arranged the bombing of Belarus' territory]. Defense Express (in Ukrainian). 11 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
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  34. ^ a b Kizilov, Yevhen (23 April 2022). Зеленський: Слово "рашизм" увійде в підручники з історії в усьому світі [Zelenskyy: The word "Rashism" will enter history textbooks all over the world]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
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Further reading

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