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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Serag4000 (talk | contribs) at 14:13, 23 November 2013 (→‎List of flag-carrying airlines: Indicated EgyptAir to be state-owned). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"National airline" redirects here. For a list of airline companies named National Airlines, see National Airlines (disambiguation).
This article is about transportation companies having flag carrier status. For a naval ship which carries the flag, see flagship. For a person who carries the flag, see Flag bearer. For other uses, see flag carrier (disambiguation).

A flag carrier is a transportation company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations. The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government,[1] even long after their privatization. [2]

Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[3]

A flag carrier (if it is a certificated airline rather than a holding company, conglomerate, or multinational private equity firm) may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries.

Background

The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered.[4] U.S. law (14 CFR § 121.153 (a) (1)) requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws.[5] Thus when an airline operates an international route, between two countries, having been designated [6] pursuant to a Bilateral Air Transport Agreement any crime that would be committed on board would be prosecuted under the laws of the airline's state. Article 3 (1) of Tokyo Convention declares that "The State of registration [of the aircraft] is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses and acts committed on board.”" Therefore the aircraft is truly carrying the flag of its country.[7] The American definition of "U.S.-flag air carrier service" contained in 48 CFR 47.403-1.[8] is based on this first definition. The U.S. requirements under the Fly America Act,[9] are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code (U.S. Criminal Law) would protect U.S. government employees on flights to foreign countries.

The second and more broadly used definition of "flag carrier" is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies. Governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers[10] as they were the "main national airline"[11] and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.[12][13]

The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al[14] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[15] for nationalist reasons, or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.[16]

In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition.[17] Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.[18]

In the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized.[19] The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized,[20] permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement.[21] One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".[22] The United States does not actually have a flag carrier, however colloquially Delta Airlines, American Airlines, United Airlines and US Airways are all considered[according to whom?] to be the flag carrier of the United States.[23]

List of flag-carrying airlines

The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership, or other verifiable designation as a national airline.

Country/Region Airline Details of current state ownership Details of former state ownership
 Afghanistan Ariana Afghan Airlines[24] Majority[25]
 Algeria Air Algérie[26] State-owned[27]
 Angola TAAG Angola Airlines[28] State-owned
 Argentina Aerolíneas Argentinas[29] State-owned[29]
 Australia Qantas[30] None State-owned until 1992[31]
 Austria Austrian Airlines[32] None - owned by Lufthansa State-owned until 5 Dec 2008[33]
 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Airlines[34]
 Bahamas Bahamasair[35] State-owned
 Bahrain Gulf Air[36]
 Bangladesh Biman Bangladesh Airlines[37] Public-limited company State-owned until 23 July 2007
 Belarus Belavia[38] State-owned[38]
 Belgium Brussels Airlines[39] None
 Bhutan Druk Air[40] None
 Bolivia Boliviana de Aviación State-owned[41]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina B&H Airlines[42] Majority (50.93%) 99.93% prior to 2008
 Botswana Air Botswana State-owned
 Brunei Royal Brunei Airlines[43] State-owned[43]
 Bulgaria Bulgaria Air[44] Majority (59.58%)
 Burkina Faso Air Burkina
 Burundi Air Burundi State-owned
 Cambodia Cambodia Angkor Air[45] Majority (51%)[46]
 Cameroon Camair-Co[47]
 Canada Air Canada None State-owned until 1989[48]
 Cape Verde TACV[49]
 Cayman Islands Cayman Airways State-owned (100%)[50]
 Chad Toumaï Air Tchad
 Chile LAN Airlines[51] None
 China Air China[52] Majority (51.8%)[53] State-owned until 2004, and indirectly control through parent company till now[54]
 Colombia Avianca[55] None
 Costa Rica Lacsa State-owned Owned by Taca[contradictory]
 Croatia Croatia Airlines[56] Majority (98%)[57]
 Cuba Cubana de Aviación[58]
 Cyprus Cyprus Airways[59] Majority (70%)[59]
 Czech Republic Czech Airlines[60] Majority (56%)[60]
 Denmark Scandinavian Airlines[61] Joint-Venture[nb 1]  
 Norway
 Sweden
 Djibouti Djibouti Air Joint venture
 Ecuador TAME[63] State-owned[64]
 Egypt EgyptAir State-owned
 Equatorial Guinea Ecuato Guineana
 Eritrea Eritrean Airlines State-owned
 Estonia Estonian Air State-owned[65]
 Ethiopia Ethiopian Airlines[66] State-owned
 Fiji Fiji Airways[67] Majority (51%)[68]
 Faroe Islands Atlantic Airways[69]
 Finland Finnair[70] 55.8[71]
 France Air France[72] Minority (~20%)[citation needed]
 French Polynesia Air Tahiti Nui[73] Majority[74]
 Georgia Georgian Airways None
 Germany Lufthansa[75] None State-owned until 1994;[76] remaining government shares were sold in 1997[77]
 Guyana Caribbean Airlines[78] None
 Greenland Air Greenland[79] Joint venture[citation needed]
 Haiti Tortug' Air
 Hong Kong Cathay Pacific Cross Holding with Air China (29.9%)[80][additional citation(s) needed]
Dragonair[citation needed] Holding by Cathay Pacific in 100%
 Iceland Icelandair[81]
 India Air India[82] State-owned[83]
 Indonesia Garuda Indonesia[84] Majority
 Ireland Aer Lingus[85] Minority (25%)[86]
 Iran Iran Air 100% state-owned [87]
 Iraq Iraqi Airways[88]
 Israel El Al[89] Minority[citation needed] State-owned until June 2004
 Italy Alitalia[90] State-owned until 2008[citation needed]
 Ivory Coast Air Côte d'Ivoire[91] Minority (49%)
 Jamaica Air Jamaica
 Japan Japan Airlines[92] None State-owned until 1987
 Jordan Royal Jordanian[93]
 Kazakhstan Air Astana[94] Majority (51%)[95]
 Kenya Kenya Airways[96] Minority (29.8%)[97]
 Kiribati Air Kiribati
 Kuwait Kuwait Airways[98] State-owned[99]
 Laos Lao Airlines[100] State-owned[100]
 Libya Afriqiyah Airways[101] State-owned[102]
Libyan Airlines[103] State-owned[103]
 Latvia Air Baltic Majority (99.8%)[104]
 Lebanon Middle East Airlines[105]
 Luxembourg Luxair[106] Minority (49.96%)
 Macau Air Macau[107] Minority (5%)
 Madagascar Air Madagascar[108] Majority
 Malawi Air Malawi State-owned
 Malaysia Malaysia Airlines[109]
 Maldives Maldivian
 Malta Air Malta[110] Majority[111]
 Mauritania Mauritania Airlines International
 Mauritius Air Mauritius[112]  
 Mexico Aeroméxico None State-owned until 2007
 Moldova Air Moldova
 Mongolia MIAT Mongolian Airlines[113] State-owned[114]
 Montenegro Montenegro Airlines[115]
 Morocco Royal Air Maroc[116] State-owned
 Mozambique LAM Mozambique Airlines[117] State-owned
 Myanmar Myanma Airways[118] State-owned
 Namibia Air Namibia[119] State-owned (100%)[120]
 Nauru Our Airline[121] State-owned[121]
 Nepal Nepal Airlines[122] State-owned
 Netherlands KLM[72]
 New Zealand Air New Zealand[123] Majority (73.13%)[124] State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001
 North Korea Air Koryo State-owned[125]
 Oman Oman Air[126] Majority[127]
 Pakistan Pakistan International Airlines[37] Majority (90.2%)[128]
 Panama Copa Airlines None
 Papua New Guinea Air Niugini
 Philippines Philippine Airlines[129]
 Poland LOT Polish Airlines[130] Majority (93%)[131]
 Portugal TAP Portugal[132] Full[133]
 Qatar Qatar Airways State-owned
 Réunion Air Austral[134]
 Romania TAROM Majority (95%) [135]
 Russia Aeroflot[136] Majority (51%)
 Rwanda RwandAir[137]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVG Air
 Samoa Virgin Samoa[138] Joint-venture, minority (49%)[139]
 São Tomé and Príncipe STP Airways None
 Saudi Arabia Saudia[140] Majority
 Serbia Air Serbia[141] Majority (51%)[142][additional citation(s) needed]
 Seychelles Air Seychelles[143] None
 Solomon Islands Solomon Airlines State-owned (100%)[144]
 Sierra Leone Arik Air None
 Singapore Singapore Airlines[145] 54.5% through Temasek Holdings[146]
 Slovenia Adria Airways[147] Majority (70%)[115]  
 South Africa South African Airways[148] State-owned[149]
 South Korea Korean Air[150] None[151]
 South Sudan Southern Star Airlines
 Spain Iberia[152] Minority (5%)[153]
 Sri Lanka SriLankan Airlines[37] State-owned[154]
 Sudan Sudan Airways State-owned[155]
 Suriname Surinam Airways[156] State-owned[157]
 Eswatini Swaziland Airlink Joint venture
 Switzerland Swiss International Air Lines[158]
 Syria Syrian Air[159] State-owned
 Taiwan China Airlines[160] None State-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation.[161]
 Tajikistan Tajik Air State-owned
 Tanzania Air Tanzania State-owned
 Thailand Thai Airways International[162] Majority (51%)
 Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Airlines[163] Majority (84%)[164]
 Tunisia Tunisair[165] Majority[165]
 Turkey Turkish Airlines[42] Minority (49%)
 Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Airlines State-owned
 Uganda Air Uganda None
 Ukraine Ukraine International Airlines[166]  
 United Arab Emirates Etihad Airways[167] State-owned[167]
Emirates[168] State-owned
 United Kingdom British Airways[169] None Privatised in 1987[170]
 Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Airways Majority
 Venezuela Conviasa[citation needed] State-owned
 Vietnam Vietnam Airlines[171] Majority (80%) [172]
 Vanuatu Air Vanuatu[173]
 Yemen Yemenia[174] Majority
 Zimbabwe Air Zimbabwe[175] State-owned[176]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ SAS is partly owned by the governments of Denmark (14.3%), Norway (14.3%) and Sweden (21.4%), and is the flag carrier for all three nations.[62]

References

  1. ^ "flag carrier noun". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  2. ^ Don Sull (1999). "Case Study easyJet's $500 Million Gamble". European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 1. pp. 21–22.
  3. ^ "flag carrier definition". Businessdictionary.com. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  4. ^ "Convention on International Civil Aviation" (PDF). [International Civil Aviation Organization]. Retrieved 6 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ P. Paul Fitzgerald (2011). "In defense of the nationality of aircraft". Annals of Air and Space Law,. p. 87.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  6. ^ "Air Agreements and Designated Air Carriers". [Canadian Transportation Agency]. Retrieved 6 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ P. Paul Fitzgerald (2011). "In defense of the nationality of aircraft". Annals of Air and Space Law,.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. ^ "48 CFR 47.403-1 - Availability and unavailability of U.S.-flag air carrier service" (PDF). [U.S. Government Printing Office]. Retrieved 6 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Guidelines for International Travel Paid for by the Government. Wright State University.
  10. ^ Paul Stephen Dempsey (1991). "Airline Management; Strategies for the 21st Century". Coast Aire Publication. p. 299.
  11. ^ "flag airline definition". [MacMillan Dictionary]. Retrieved 9 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Henry Ladd Smith (1991). "Airways Abroad; The Story of American World Air Routes". Smithsonian History of Aviation Series,.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  13. ^ Anthony Sampson (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton,.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  14. ^ Arnold Sherman (1972). "To the Skies: The El Al Story". Bantam Books,.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  15. ^ Anthony Sampson (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton,. p. 82.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  16. ^ Tim Pat Coogan (2002). "Wherever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora". Palgrave Macmillan,. p. 265.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  17. ^ David Warnock-Smith and Peter Morrel (2008). "Air transport liberalisation and traffic growth in tourism-dependent economies: A case-history of some US-Caribbean markets". Journal of Air Transport Management 14. p. 230.
  18. ^ R.E.G. Davies (1987). "Rebels and Reformers of the Airways". Airlife England,. pp. 250–254.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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  20. ^ Tai Hoon Oum and A.J. Taylor (1995). "Emerging Patterns in Intercontinental Air Linkages and Implications for International Route Allocation Policy". Transportation Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4 (SUMMER 1995),. pp. 5–27.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  21. ^ "Open Skies Partners". [U.S. State Department]. Retrieved 6 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Joanna Mastalerek (2006). "The Future of the Open Skies Agreements after the ECJ judgements - Legal and Economic Aspects". GRIN Verlag. p. 12.
  23. ^ Airlines considered to be the flag carrier of the US
  24. ^ "EU To Impose Ban On Afghan Planes". Airwise News. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Kabul-based Safi is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines.
  25. ^ [1][dead link]
  26. ^ "Air Algerie Eyeing African Tie-Ups - CEO". Airwise News. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Algeria's national airline Air Algerie is considering tie-ups...
  27. ^ "Air Algerie Tenders For 16 Planes". Airwise News. Reuters. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 April 2013.
  28. ^ Buyck, Cathy (14 June 2011). "Ex-Im Bank arranges financing for TAAG 777-300". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013. The aircraft will be used to expand the Angolan national flag carrier's intercontinental service provided by its all-Boeing fleet.
  29. ^ a b "Aerolineas Argentinas to focus on expansion in protected domestic market following 737-800 order". Centre for Aviation. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
  30. ^ Govindasamy, Siva (6 February 2012). "Qantas CEO pushes back against proposed legislative changes". Singapore: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. The Qantas Sale Act was passed in 1993 when the airline was privatised and the main aim of the act is to keep the airline "a majority Australian-owned flag carrier".
  31. ^ "Accelerating Change in the 1990s". Qantas. 31 March 2002. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  32. ^ "Austrian Airlines' restructuring moves forward with the transfer of operations to Tyrolean Airways". Centre for Aviation. 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Mr Albrecht has accepted that there are no sacred houses in the very competitive European market and Austrian Airlines is remaining Austria's flag carrier only in name.
  33. ^ "AUA-Verkauf besiegelt: Kranich soll Flügel verleihen «". Diepresse.com. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  34. ^ "Azerbaijan Airlines expands network as Azerbaijan aims to raise tourism profile". Centre for Aviation. 15 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. The flag carrier accounts for 46% of international capacity (seats) at Baku, according to Innovata data.
  35. ^ "About us". Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  36. ^ "Gulf Air Cuts Boeing, Revises Airbus Order". Airwise News. Reuters. 12 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012. Gulf Air, Bahrain's struggling national carrier, has cut its order for Boeing's 787 Dreamliner and also revised a deal with Airbus, as it restructures its fleet to cope with a tough market.
  37. ^ a b c "Subcontinent flag carriers struggle". Centre for Aviation. 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  38. ^ a b "Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors". Centre for Aviation. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  39. ^ Trimble, Stephen (27 December 2011). "Brussels Airlines to launch JFK service in June". Washington, D.C.: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 20135-30. Belgian flag carrier Brussels Airlines has announced plans to resume service to North America from 1 June, with an Airbus A330-300 flying daily between Brussels and New York John F. Kennedy International airport. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  40. ^ "Bhutan's Drukair Firms Order For One A319". Airwise News. Reuters. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012. Airbus said Bhutan's national airline Drukair has firmed up an order for an Airbus A319 with sharklet fuel-saving wingtip devices.
  41. ^ "Boliviana de Aviacion set to expand as re-launch of Aerosur is unlikely due to government roadblocks". Centre for Aviation. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. Even though BoA now has a monopoly on domestic trunk routes, it is unlikely the government owned carrier will abuse its new dominant position.
  42. ^ a b "Turkish Airlines To Quit Bosnia JV". Airwise News. Reuters. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012. Turkey's national carrier Turkish Airlines will pull out of a joint venture with Bosnia's flag carrier BH Airlines and transfer its stake to the government free of charge, a senior official of the Bosnian carrier said on Thursday.
  43. ^ a b "Royal Brunei Airlines takes another step forward as it becomes first 787 operator in Southeast Asia". Centre for Aviation. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013.
  44. ^ "Bulgaria Air strengthens its European network with new E-Jets, but cost reduction is also essential". 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. As the national carrier of Bulgaria, Bulgaria Air is based at Sofia Airport and operates scheduled services, ad hoc charter services and business jet transportation.
  45. ^ "Cambodia poised for more double-digit growth as Cambodia Angkor Air expands and Qatar Airways enters". Centre for Aviation. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013.
  46. ^ "Cambodia launches national carrier with Vietnam's help". Manila Bulletin. Reuters. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
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  49. ^ . 4 July 2006 http://www.eyefortravel.com/archive/cabo-verde-airlines-transportes-aereos-de-cabo-verde-tacv-republic-cape-verde%E2%80%99s-flag-carrier. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  51. ^ "BOC Aviation to lease one new A320-200 to LAN". Air Transport World. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012. This deal marks the second time that BOC has worked with Chile's flag carrier.
  52. ^ Kirsty McGregor (10 January 2012). "Chinese carriers could be banned from Europe over ETS row". Flightglobal.com. London. Retrieved 8 February 2012. The China Air Transport Association, which represents the country's four major airlines, including flag carrier Air China, is reported to have said that it would not comply with the European Union's Emissions Trading System (ETS), which came into effect on 1 January.
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  58. ^ "First direct Brazil flight to take off in July". Cuba Standard. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Flag carrier Cubana de Aviación is resuming direct flights to Brazil with a Havana-São Paulo route on July 10, the tourism ministry said in a press release.
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  60. ^ a b "Korean Air Completes Czech Airlines Investment". Airwise News. Reuters. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013.
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  63. ^ Cathy Buyck (3 February 2012). "Ecuador may partially privatize TAME". Air Transport World. Ecuador's national flag carrier operates on a mostly domestic network and some international routes to Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Panama...
  64. ^ Uphoff, Rainer (9 May 2013). "Ecuador's LAC announces launch of commercial flights". Madrid: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. LAC will compete with state-owned Tame, LAN Ecuador and Avianca subsidiary Aerogal.
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  87. ^ Accessed on 14th September 2011
  88. ^ "Kuwait Airways and Iraqi Airways face brighter future following settlement of long-running dispute". Centre for Aviation. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  89. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (15 November 2011). "El Al to use electric nose-gear drive for 737 taxiing". Flightglobal.com. London. Flight International. Retrieved 8 February 2012. Israeli flag-carrier El Al is to become an initial customer for an electric nose-gear drive system, designed to enable aircraft to taxi without the use of engines.
  90. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (25 January 2012). "Alitalia plans merger with Blue Panorama and Wind Jet". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. Italian flag-carrier Alitalia has tentatively agreed to merge with fellow Italian operators Blue Panorama and Wind Jet.
  91. ^ "Bombardier to sell eight Q400 NextGen aircraft to Palma Holding". Reuters. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2013. Bombardier also said Ivory Coast's national airline, Air Cote d'Ivoire, has agreed to buy two Q400 NextGen aircraft.
  92. ^ "JAL Ups 787 Order Despite Delivery Delay". Airwise News. Reuters. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. The Japanese flag carrier is investing JPY¥478 billion yen (USD$6.1 billion) in new aircraft to revamp its fleet over five years.
  93. ^ "Royal Jordanian Stops Flying Over Syria". Airwise News. Reuters. 3 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013.
  94. ^ "Air Astana adds services to Ukraine and Russia". Flightglobal. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Kazakhstan's flag carrier Air Astana will launch services to Ukraine and Russia.
  95. ^ "Air Astana plans more rapid growth in 2014 but Kazakhstan airline market shows signs of slowing down". Centre for Aviation. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. The carrier, which is 51% owned by the government with the remaining 49% stake held by BAE Systems, has been profitable every year since 2004.
  96. ^ Rivers, Martin (12 March 2013). "Kenya Airways adds flights to Livingstone, Zambia". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Livingstone will become the Kenyan flag carrier's second Zambian destination, alongside capital city Lusaka.
  97. ^ "Government now largest shareholder of Kenya Airways". Sunday Nation. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  98. ^ Dron, Alan (24 January 2013). "Kuwait Airways receives approval for privatization". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013.
  99. ^ "Assembly approves law to privatise Kuwait Airways – Carrier to buy 20 new planes – Corporate law passed". Kuwait Times. 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013.
  100. ^ a b "Laos aviation market poised for more rapid growth after doubling in size in only 15 months". Centre for Aviation. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013.
  101. ^ Rivers, Martin (20 December 2012). "PICTURE: Afriqiyah Airways unveils new livery". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012. Libyan flag carrier Afriqiyah Airways unveiled its new livery at an event in the Rixos Al Nasr Hotel, Tripoli on 19 December.
  102. ^ "Libya's economy recovers as airlines restore networks post-revolution". Centre for Aviation. 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. The country's two state-owned airlines, Libyan Air and Afriqiyah Airlines, which both suffered extensive damage to aircraft, resumed operations late 2011 and are gradually reestablishing their pre-war networks as aircraft return to service.
  103. ^ a b "Libyan Airlines Takes Delivery of its First Airbus A330". The Tripoli Post. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Libya's national carrier and state-owned Libyan Airlines has taken delivery of its first Airbus A330-200, a 259-seater plane that will be used on the carrier's longer-haul routes.
  104. ^ http://www.airbaltic.com/public/corporate_profile.html
  105. ^ "Middle East Airlines Joins SkyTeam" (Press release). SkyTeam. 28 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012. The flag carrier of Lebanon, MEA becomes SkyTeam's second Middle Eastern member, offering customers from the region access to an extensive global network.
  106. ^ Hofmann, Kurt (20 July 2012). "Luxair faces uncertain future". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Nevertheless, LG remains one of the smallest flag carriers in Europe.
  107. ^ "Air Macau takes encouraging steps to support the Macau market as "resort" tourism balloons". Centre for Aviation. 3 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  108. ^ "More ATRs for Madagascar". Flightglobal. 16 June 2005. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013.
  109. ^ "Malaysia Airlines pursues rapid expansion but yields and profits are under pressure". Centre for Aviation. 21 November 2013. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. The flag carrier hopes it can eventually improve yields across both cabins, leveraging the improvements in its product and new membership in oneworld.
  110. ^ Paylor, Anne (28 June 2012). "EU clears €130 million worth of state aid for Air Malta". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. The European Commission has given the Maltese government the go-ahead to provide €130 million ($162.3 million) in state aid for restructuring national carrier Air Malta (KM).
  111. ^ "Flights to Malta | Book your flights to Malta with Air Malta". Airmalta.com. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  112. ^ Endres, Günter (24 November 2006). "Bhuckory helps to boost tourism in Mauritius". Flightglobal.com. Airline Business. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012. How Air Mauritius fits into this scenario is not difficult to answer, says Sanjay. "We will maintain our course providing an excellent service and state-of-the-art comfort aboard our aircraft, and make a link between the hotel sector and the national airline."
  113. ^ Blachly, Linda (14 May 2013). "MIAT Mongolian Airlines receives first direct purchase Boeing 767". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013.
  114. ^ "MIAT Mongolian Airlines". Miat.com. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  115. ^ a b "Flag carriers of the former Yugoslavia urged to unite". Centre for Aviation. 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  116. ^ "Royal Air Maroc fighting back LCC tide with new fleet, cost cuts and possible privatisation". Centre for Aviation. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012. Regional unrest in North Africa and the onslaught of LCC competition has taken its toll on Morocco's national carrier, Royal Air Maroc (RAM).
  117. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (19 April 2011). "Mozambique is latest state to face EU blacklist ban". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. All carriers from Mozambique, including flag-carrier LAM, are being placed on the European Union's blacklist of airlines, in addition to a pair of Boeing 767s operating for Air Madagascar.
  118. ^ Blachly, Linda (25 September 2012). "Myanma Airways acquires two E-190s". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. Myanma Airways (8M), the flag carrier of Myanmar, has acquired two Embraer E-190s under a lease agreement with GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS).
  119. ^ Ihuhua, Corry (24 February 2012). "Air Namibia aims to soar higher". Windhoek: Namibian Sun. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012. Air Namibia intends to further spread its wings by acquiring more modern planes and expanding its routes, in view of restoring its credibility as the country's flagship air carrier.
  120. ^ "Corporate Profile".
  121. ^ a b "Who we are". Our Airline. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  122. ^ "Profile on Nepal". Centre for Aviation. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  123. ^ "Air New Zealand H1 Profit Down On Fuel Costs". Airwise News. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. National carrier Air New Zealand reported a 61 percent fall in first half profits as fuel prices pushed higher...
  124. ^ "Shares on issue". Air New Zealand. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  125. ^ "Air Koryo". Retrieved 31 August 2011.[dead link]
  126. ^ "Oman to restructure organisation of its civil aviation sector". Centre for Aviation. 19 September 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. It has underwritten Oman Air's development as a national carrier over the past five years, doling out for its fleet and personnel expansion.
  127. ^ "Oman Air reports record passengers, but also record losses". Centre for Aviation. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. Since the Oman Government took majority ownership in early 2007, the airline has lost a staggering OMR295 million (USD766.9 million).
  128. ^ "Privatisation Commission". Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. The airline is owned by the Government of Pakistan (90.2%) and other shareholders (9.8%).
  129. ^ Toh, Mavis (31 January 2012). "Cebu Pacific to start long-haul, low-cost services in 2013". Manila: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. The long-haul plans will put it in competition against flag carrier Philippine Airlines, although the full-service carrier does not fly directly to the Middle East or to Europe.
  130. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (29 April 2013). "LOT 787s to be fixed in Ethiopia as flights resume". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Polish flag-carrier LOT is preparing to send two Boeing 787s to Ethiopia for battery modification, as carriers begin resuming commercial services with the type.
  131. ^ "Polish Government adopts regulation enabling privatisation of LOT Polish Airlines". Centre for Aviation. 3 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013.
  132. ^ "Lufthansa May Bid For Portugal's TAP". Airwise News. Reuters. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. Lufthansa is interested in purchasing Portugal's flag carrier TAP that is set to be sold this year, the Financial Times reported on Wednesday.
  133. ^ "TAP Portugal History". Flytap.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  134. ^ "Vanilla Islands carriers Air Seychelles and Air Austral make capacity cuts". Centre for Aviation. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012. ...La Reunion's national carrier, Air Austral, is planning to take a similar approach to some destinations in its long-haul network.
  135. ^ "Mission and people". tarom.ro. Retrieved 28 October 2011.[dead link]
  136. ^ Zaitsev, Tom (23 January 2012). "Aeroflot to replace Superjets with customised versions". Moscow: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Russian flag carrier Aeroflot is to replace its Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft with new, fully-customised variants after the airframer finishes building them to its original specifications.
  137. ^ "Rwanda's National Carrier Plans Fleet Expansion". Airwise News. Reuters. 5 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012. Rwanda's national carrier Rwandair plans to more than double its fleet in the next five years, and to list on the country's stock exchange once it turns profitable, a senior company executive said.
  138. ^ "Virgin Samoa Is Now The New National Airline Of Samoa". 7 December 2011.
  139. ^ "Virgin Blue picks up Samoa flights". CNN. 14 July 2005.
  140. ^ "Saudi Arabian Airlines, now known as Saudia, joins SkyTeam and adds 35 destinations". Centre for Aviation. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. Flag carrier Saudi Arabian Airlines formally joined the SkyTeam alliance on 29-May-2012, becoming the alliance's 16th global member and first member from the Middle East.
  141. ^ "Air Serbia: A New Dawn for Serbia as Revitalised National Airline Takes to the Skies". Centre for Aviation. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013.
  142. ^ "Etihad Airways and Government of Serbia unveil strategic partnership to secure future of Serbian National Airline" (Press release). Etihad Airways. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013.
  143. ^ "Air Seychelles looks to ride Chinese boom & grow in tandem with part-owner Etihad – Australia next?". Centre for Aviation. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.
  144. ^ "Corporate Profile".
  145. ^ "Singapore Air To Suspend Abu Dhabi, Athens Services". Airwise News. Reuters. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. The Singapore flag carrier flies to Athens twice a week, rising to three times a week between early July and late September.
  146. ^ "UPDATE 2-Singapore Air Q1 net profit beats f'cast". Reuters. 26 July 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  147. ^ "Slovenia To Launch Airline, Airport Selloff". Airwise News. Reuters. 20 May 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013.
  148. ^ "South African Airways needs more than a government bailout to pull it out of the financial mire". Centre for Aviation. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. The flag carrier is deeply mired in debt, bereft of a positive outlook.
  149. ^ "SAA Agrees 'Under Protest' To EU CO2 Rules". Airwise News. Reuters. 19 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. State-owned South African Airways (SAA) will increase prices on all European flights to offset the costs of the EU's Emission Trading Scheme, it said on Monday.
  150. ^ "Korean Pleads Guilty To Price-Fixing In Canada". Airwise News. Reuters. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012. South Korean flag carrier Korean Air has pleaded guilty to involvement in an air cargo price-fixing cartel on certain routes from Canada between April 2002 and February 2006, Canada's competition watchdog said on Thursday.
  151. ^ "Member Airline Korean Air". SkyTeam. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  152. ^ "IAG Axes Jobs In Iberia's 'Fight For Survival'". Airwise News. Reuters. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012. IAG will cut almost a quarter of Iberia's workforce and reduce capacity to save the loss-making Spanish flag carrier and restore group profitability.
  153. ^ "Participaciones significativas - Iberia". Grupo.iberia.es. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  154. ^ "SriLankan Airlines buys back 43.6 pc stake from Emirates". The Economic Times. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  155. ^ "Sudan Dreams Big With New Airports". Airwise News. Reuters. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012. State-owned carrier Sudan Airways, known for its delays, has lost out to new carriers offering better service.
  156. ^ Pilling, Mark (24 December 2008). "Putting Surinam on the map". Flightglobal.com. Airline Business. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. The country's flag carrier is Surinam Airways, a small airline with ambitions to carve out a profitable niche connecting this former Dutch colony with the world.
  157. ^ Kuipers, Ank (20 July 2012). "Suriname state oil company considers share offering". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Suriname is also considering selling shares in telecommunications firm Telesur and Surinam Airways, which are state owned, and bank Hakrinbank, which is partly owned by the government.
  158. ^ "Even SWISS is not immune to the LCC offensive". Centre for Aviation. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012. Switzerland's de facto flag carrier has started offering low-cost flights starting at CHF49 (EUR40/USD51) from Geneva to a number of popular destinations such as Madrid and Nice.
  159. ^ http://www.abudhabiairport.ae/english/flight-information/information/operating-airlines/syrian-arab-airlines.aspx. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  160. ^ "SkyTeam Fact Sheet". SkyTeam. 28 June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  161. ^ http://www.china-airlines.com/ch/about/about_mag.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  162. ^ "Thai Air Considering New Budget Airline". Airwise News. Reuters. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. The Thai flag carrier, facing increasing regional competition from bigger rivals such as Singapore Airlines and Cathay Pacific Airways, has reduced flights on some loss-making routes in Europe and focused on profitable destinations in Asia.
  163. ^ "Caribbean Airlines takes delivery of first ATR 72-600". Flightglobal. 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. Caribbean Airlines said that it will deploy some of its new ATR 72-600s in the domestic route network of Air Jamaica, which was recently acquired by Trinidad and Tobago's flag carrier.
  164. ^ "Caribbean Airlines: News/PR".[dead link]
  165. ^ a b "Tunisair's sluggish attitude towards change makes it ill-prepared for Open Skies". Centre for Aviation. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. As a majority state-owned airline in North Africa, Tunisair has retained most of the flag carrier privileges that are cemented in the 1944 Chicago Convention, but those protectionist practices run counter to the present realities of passengers wanting choice and low fares.
  166. ^ "Ukraine International to double international network as Aerosvit restructures". Centre for Aviation. 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. While a relatively large country (both in land mass and population – it has about 45 million people), the Ukrainian market (like many other markets in Eastern Europe) cannot easily sustain two large flag carriers, particularly as low-cost competition continues to increase.
  167. ^ a b "Etihad Holds Roadshows To Finance Aircraft". Airwise News. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
  168. ^ "Etihad Suspends Flights To Damascus". Airwise News. Reuters. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. The website of the UAE's other flag carrier, Emirates, says flights to Damascus remain operational.
  169. ^ Alan Dron (13 April 2012). "BA to cut 1,200 jobs in bmi takeover". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. The UK flag carrier said it is also working to find potential employment opportunities for bmi personnel facing redundancy with its industry partners, such as Rolls-Royce in the Midlands.
  170. ^ "Profile: British Airways". BBC News. 20 September 2001. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. In May the airline reported a sharp rise in profits and revealed that it was making more money from each customer than it has done since it was privatised in 1987.
  171. ^ Francis, Leithen (10 June 2010). "Vietnam Airlines formally joins SkyTeam". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. Vietnam Airlines became a member of SkyTeam Alliance today, paving the way for the Vietnamese national carrier to gain more international traffic.
  172. ^ "Vietnam Airlines gets complete overhaul". investvine.com/. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  173. ^ "All About Air Vanuatu".
  174. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (13 December 2011). "Yemenia faces mounting French pressure over crash probe". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. Yemeni flag-carrier Yemenia could come under pressure from the European Commission as France's government becomes increasingly impatient with investigative progress on a fatal Airbus A310 accident.
  175. ^ "Trade body suspends Air Zimbabwe". BBC News. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 8 November 2011. The company is the national carrier of Zimbabwe...
  176. ^ "AFRAA current members – Air Zimbabwe". AFRAA. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.

External links

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