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Magical girl

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Not to be confused with Magical girlfriend.
For the Spanish film, see Magical Girl (film).
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Magical girl (Japanese: 魔法 少女, Hepburn: mahō shōjo) is a subgenre of Japanese fantasy light novels, manga, anime, and video games which features girls with magical powers or who use magic.

Genre history

Anime and manga

Manga and anime historians regard the Princess Knight manga, released in 1953, as the prototype for the magical girl genre.[1]: 77  Himitsu no Akko-chan, serialized nine years later (1962) in Ribon, is generally accepted to be the earliest magical girl manga.[2]: 8  Sally the Witch, adapted from the manga of the same name, is regarded by historians as the first magical girl anime.[1]: 78 [3] Sally the Witch was inspired by the Japanese dub of the television series Bewitched.[4]

Mahōtsukai Chappy (1972) and Majokko Megu-chan (1974–1975) popularized the term "majokko" (little witch or witch girl) as a name for the genre. Megu-chan has been noted for its portrayal of multiple magical girls and the friendship between girls. Due to the women's lib movement in Japan, magical girls began displaying a "certain coquettishness" in the 1970s.[4]

In the 1980s, Magical Princess Minky Momo (1982) and Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel (1983–1984) showed girls transforming into a "grown-up image of themselves". This has been linked to the increasing prominence of women at this time (such as politician Takako Doi, the girl band Princess Princess and pop idol Seiko Matsuda) and the passage of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act in 1985.[4]

Kumiko Saito argues that magical girl anime is best understood as "twenty-five-minute advertisements for toy merchandise", highlighting the high production costs and the involvement of Bandai in Sailor Moon and Precure. She acknowledges that despite this and the childish plots, magical girl anime discuss gender roles and identities.[5]

The Sailor Moon manga and anime are considered to have revitalized the genre in the 1990s and paved the way for later successful titles.[2]: 199 [6] A key feature of the heroines of Sailor Moon is that their transformations make them look more feminine, as well as make them stronger. The romantic relationship between Usagi Tsukino and Mamoru Chiba and Usagi's care for her future daughter, Chibiusa are seen as points of difference between Sailor Moon and "typical Western superheroines".[4] Another notable example is Cardcaptor Sakura, with its manga and subsequent animated series being highly popular in and outside Japan.[citation needed]

After 2003, magical girl anime marketed to male audiences such as Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha, Magical Girl Raising Project, and Puella Magi Madoka Magica became a prolific trend alongside the traditional female-oriented works.[citation needed][example needed] The magical girl genre earned renewed popularity in the 2010s with the advent of Puella Magi Madoka Magica, whose mature themes and darker approach earned acclaim from viewers and critics outside its target audience.[7]

Live-action

Along with anime and manga, live-action magical girl series were produced as a female counterpart to tokusatsu series aimed at young boys, such as Super Sentai, Kamen Rider, and Ultraman; however, interest in the genre declined in the early 1990s due to competing toy sales with Sailor Moon and other magical girl anime.[8][unreliable source] Tokusatsu magical girl series were revived with the Girls x Heroine! Series, beginning with Idol × Warrior Miracle Tunes! in 2017 and the sequel, Magic × Warrior Magi Majo Pures! in 2018.[8]

Magical "boy" works

Some series are notable for portraying "magical boys" as protagonists instead of the traditional supporting roles.[citation needed] Cute High Earth Defense Club Love! is a 2015 television magical boy anime series created by Kurari Umatani and produced by Diomedéa, which parodies tropes and cliches common to magical girl anime.[9] Magical Girl Ore features magical girls who transform into manly-looking forms.[citation needed] In Is This a Zombie?, a zombie is resurrected by a necromancer after being killed by a serial killer, inadvertently gains "magical girl" powers, and is forced to become a "magical boy" (and thereby crossdress) in the process.[10][unreliable source] In Shugo Chara!, released in 2006, half of the series' main characters are males that possess the same powers as their female counterparts.[citation needed]

In non-Japanese works

European magical girls

The Italian animated series Winx Club,[11] PopPixie,[citation needed] Mia and Me[citation needed] and Angel's Friends[citation needed] use a magical girl concept for their main characters, including transformations for each character. This concept also appears in the Italian comic book series W.I.T.C.H. and its animated adaptation, featuring five teenage girls with powers over the five classical elements.[12][13] In 2014, LoliRock debuted as a French anime-influenced animation series of the genre, and contains many references to Japanese magical girl franchises.[14][15][16] Miraculous Ladybug blends magical girl conventions with modern superhero action and adventure storytelling.[17][18] Ragazze dell'Olimpo (Girls of Olympus), an Italian series by Elena Kedros, portrays a trio of magical girls who are reincarnations of the Olympian goddesses.[19]

American magical girls

The American cartoon series Star vs. the Forces of Evil,[citation needed] Steven Universe,[citation needed] Little Charmers,[citation needed] Mysticons, Nella the Princess Knight, Shimmer and Shine,[citation needed] Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders and My Little Pony: Equestria Girls franchise use a magical girl concept as a sub-theme.[citation needed] For example, the main characters in the My Little Pony: Equestria Girls are described as "full-time students and part-time magical pony girls".[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Gravett, Paul (2004). Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics (2nd ed.). London: Laurence King. ISBN 1856693910.
  2. ^ a b Thompson, Jason (2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York: Del Rey Books. ISBN 0345485904.
  3. ^ Boren, James (September 2003). "The Making of a Magical Girl". Animerica. 11 (9). Viz Media: 31.
  4. ^ a b c d Sugawa, Akiko (February 26, 2015). "Children of Sailor Moon: The Evolution of Magical Girls in Japanese Anime". Nippon Communications Foundation. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  5. ^ Saito, Kumiko (2 January 2014). "Magic, Shōjo, and Metamorphosis: Magical Girl Anime and the Challenges of Changing Gender Identities in Japanese Society". The Journal of Asian Studies. 73 (01): 143–164. doi:10.1017/S0021911813001708.
  6. ^ Poitras, Gilles (2004). Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know (4th ed.). Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 1880656531.
  7. ^ Ohanesian, Liz (October 22, 2012). "How Puella Magi Madoka Magica Shatters Anime Stereotypes". LA Weekly. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  8. ^ a b "大人気シリーズ第二弾『魔法×戦士 マジマジョピュアーズ！". Real Sound (in Japanese). April 8, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  9. ^ "Binan Koko Chikyuu Boei-bu Love Anime with High School Boys Unveiled". Anime News Network. 2014-09-26. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  10. ^ "Anime Series' Official Homepage". Anime Series' Official Homepage. January 21, 2011. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Anders, Ella (February 13, 2016). "Winx Club to Receive Live-Action Film". BSC Kids. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  12. ^ Altehenger, Jennifer E. (2013). "Chapter 4: Comic Travels: Disney Publishing in the People's Republic of China". In Yung, Anthony Y.H. (ed.). Asian Popular Culture: The Global (Dis)continuity. Hoboken, New Jersey: Taylor and Francis. pp. 66–70. ISBN 9781134089956. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  13. ^ Bellerby, Grace (August 15, 2012). The History of Magical Girl Anime: Sparkles Without Cullens (Speech). Amecon 2012. SlideShare. Keele University. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  14. ^ Anders, Ella (April 27, 2016). "Lolirock Arrives At Long Last to US". BSC Kids. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  15. ^ Jenkins, Bob (October 1, 2013). "Lolirock Gets Ready to Rock". License! Global. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  16. ^ Todesco, Bertrand (September 4, 2015). "BACK TO 2011 !: the creation of LoliRock - part 1: IRIS genesis". Tumblr. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  17. ^ Anders, Ella (July 2, 2015). "Part Magical Girl, Part Superhero; Ladybug Arrives State-Side in Fall". BSC Kids. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  18. ^ Collins, Elle (December 3, 2015). "Teen French Heroes Ladybug & Cat Noir Arrive On Nickelodeon". Comics Alliance. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016. The influence of the Magical Girl genre is inescapable; when Marinette's mother is captured in a bubble and carried off into the sky, apparently along with every adult in Paris, Marinette transforms into Ladybug in a series of twirls and poses, just as Sailor Moon and other magical girls always do. She even has the guidance of some kind of talking ladybug creature, fulfilling another Magical Girl trope.
  19. ^ "Girls of Olympus". The Animation Band. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  20. ^ "The Girls of Canterlot High Return to Discovery Family in Three New My Little Pony: Equestria Girls Specials to Air Throughout the Network's Annual "Summer Splash" Programming Event". Discovery. May 26, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2018.

Further reading

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