2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria: Difference between revisions

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SNA also has big guns that can kill civilians by mistake.
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'''Per Turkey:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg|borner=no}} 109 killed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/109-terrorists-killed-in-turkish-offensive-in-syria-says-erdogan-1.4046183|title=109 ‘terrorists’ killed in Turkish offensive in Syria, says Erdogan|date=10 October 2019|website=The Irish Times}}</ref>
'''Per Turkey:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg|borner=no}} 109 killed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/109-terrorists-killed-in-turkish-offensive-in-syria-says-erdogan-1.4046183|title=109 ‘terrorists’ killed in Turkish offensive in Syria, says Erdogan|date=10 October 2019|website=The Irish Times}}</ref>
| casualties3 = 5–8 civilians killed in Syria by TAF shelling<br /><small>(per SOHR, SANA & SDF)</small><ref name="repelled"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-syria-border-latest-updates-191008131745495.html|title=Turkey-Syria border: All the latest updates|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=175299|title=Update-Turkish aggression on Qamishli, Ras al-Ayn and Dirbasyah in Hasaka countryside.. 8 civilians martyred|date=9 October 2019}}</ref><br />4 civilians killed in Turkey by SDF shelling <small>(1 Syrian; per Turkey)</small><ref>[https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-akcakale-ye-roket-ve-havanli-saldiri-yaralilar-var-2529744 Son dakika: Akçakale'ye ve Nusaybin'de hain saldiri: 4 sivil Şehit]</ref><ref>[https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2019/10/10/akcakaleden-aci-haber Son dakika haberi: PKK/YPG'li teröristlerden sivillere hain saldırı: Şehit ve yaralılar var]</ref><br />1 civilian killed in Syria by SDF shelling <small>(per SOHR)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143248|title=About 10 citizens were killed or injured due to rocket shelling carried out by the forces of “Jarabulus Military Council” on the city of Jarabulus north-east of Aleppo|date=10 October 2019}}</ref><br />60,000 civilians displaced<ref>{{cite news |title=#BREAKING |url=https://twitter.com/AFP_Beirut/status/1182272916349734913 |accessdate=10 October 2019 |work=AFP |date=10 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.iha.com.tr/haber-21-ayri-noktaya-havan-dustu-2-sehit-46-yarali-805880/</ref>
| casualties3 = 5–8 civilians killed in Syria by TAF & SNA shelling<br /><small>(per SOHR, SANA & SDF)</small><ref name="repelled"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-syria-border-latest-updates-191008131745495.html|title=Turkey-Syria border: All the latest updates|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=175299|title=Update-Turkish aggression on Qamishli, Ras al-Ayn and Dirbasyah in Hasaka countryside.. 8 civilians martyred|date=9 October 2019}}</ref><br />4 civilians killed in Turkey by SDF shelling <small>(1 Syrian; per Turkey)</small><ref>[https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-akcakale-ye-roket-ve-havanli-saldiri-yaralilar-var-2529744 Son dakika: Akçakale'ye ve Nusaybin'de hain saldiri: 4 sivil Şehit]</ref><ref>[https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2019/10/10/akcakaleden-aci-haber Son dakika haberi: PKK/YPG'li teröristlerden sivillere hain saldırı: Şehit ve yaralılar var]</ref><br />1 civilian killed in Syria by SDF shelling <small>(per SOHR)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143248|title=About 10 citizens were killed or injured due to rocket shelling carried out by the forces of “Jarabulus Military Council” on the city of Jarabulus north-east of Aleppo|date=10 October 2019}}</ref><br />60,000 civilians displaced<ref>{{cite news |title=#BREAKING |url=https://twitter.com/AFP_Beirut/status/1182272916349734913 |accessdate=10 October 2019 |work=AFP |date=10 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.iha.com.tr/haber-21-ayri-noktaya-havan-dustu-2-sehit-46-yarali-805880/</ref>
| notes =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Syrian Civil War|}}{{Campaignbox Rojava Revolution}}{{Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}{{Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}{{Campaignbox Kurdish–Turkish conflict}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Syrian Civil War|}}{{Campaignbox Rojava Revolution}}{{Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}{{Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}{{Campaignbox Kurdish–Turkish conflict}}

Revision as of 15:02, 10 October 2019

For other Turkish military operations in Syria, see Turkish military intervention in Syria.
Operation Peace Spring
Part of the Rojava conflict, Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)
Date9 October 2019 – ongoing
(4 years, 7 months, 1 week and 6 days)
Location
Northern parts of Aleppo, Hasakah, and Raqqa Governorates, Syria
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
 Turkey
Syrian Interim Government		 Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
Commanders and leaders
Hulusi Akar
(Minister of Defence)
Gen. Yaşar Güler
(Chief of the General Staff)[1]
Lt. Gen. Sinan Yayla
(2nd Army Commander)
Salim Idris
(Minister of Defence)
Sayf Abu Bakr
(Hamza Division Commander)[2]		 Mazlum Kobane
(Commander-in-Chief)
Riad Khamis al-Khalaf
(Tal Abyad Military Council Commander)
Units involved
See order of battle See order of battle
Casualties and losses
Per SOHR:
15 killed[3][4]

Per SOHR:
22 killed[5]

Per Turkey:
109 killed[6]
5–8 civilians killed in Syria by TAF & SNA shelling
(per SOHR, SANA & SDF)[5][7][8]
4 civilians killed in Turkey by SDF shelling (1 Syrian; per Turkey)[9][10]
1 civilian killed in Syria by SDF shelling (per SOHR)[11]
60,000 civilians displaced[12][13]

The 2019 Rojava offensive, called Operation Peace Spring (Turkish: Barış Pınarı Harekâtı; Arabic: عملية نبع السلام) by the Turkish government, is an ongoing military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army (SNA) against areas under the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (NES), commonly called Rojava, and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

On 6 October 2019, the Trump administration ordered American troops to withdraw from northeast Syria, where the United States had been supporting their Kurdish allies.[14] The military operation began on 9 October 2019 when the Turkish Air Force launched airstrikes on border towns.[15]

According to the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the operation is intended to expel the SDF—viewed as a terrorist organization by Turkey due to its ties with the Kurdistan Workers Party, but considered an ally against ISIL by the United States and others—from the border region, as well to create a 30 km-deep (20 miles) "safe zone" in Northern Syria where some of the 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey can resettle.[16]

The Turkish action was condemned by the European Union, the Arab League, Iran, the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom as an assault on the territory of a sovereign and Arab state and an irresponsible destabilizing action with "potentially terrible" humanitarian consequences.[17]

Background

Main article: Northern Syria Buffer Zone

Turkey and the United States struck a deal in August 2019 after months of Turkish threats to unilaterally invade Northern Syria. The United States viewed Syrian Democratic Forces as one of its key allies in the military intervention against ISIL in Syria, while Turkey viewed the group as an extention of the Kurdistan Workers Party, which it considers a terrorist group. The agreement established the Northern Syria Buffer Zone, which aimed to dissipate tensions by addressing Turkey's security concerns with monitoring and joint patrols, while still allowing the NES to retain control over the areas that it had under its control at that time.[18][19] The agreement was received favorably by the US and SDF/NES, but Turkey was generally dissatisfied with it. Turkey's dissatisfaction led to numerous Turkish efforts to expand the area covered by the buffer zone, secure Turkish control over parts of it, or relocate millions of refugees into the zone, with all of these efforts failing in the face of firm SDF resistance and American ambivalence.[20]

Despite the official start of US-Turkish ground patrols, the dismantling of SDF fortifications, and the withdrawal of YPG units from parts of the buffer zone, tensions continued to rise as Turkey levied yet more demands on the SDF—all of which the SDF denied, as they felt that they had accepted a harsh compromise by permitting Turkish troops to take part in joint patrols with their American counterparts in Northern Syria.[21] Turkey's dissatisfaction with the status quo of the agreement grew into open hostility, with the Turkish president openly posing an ultimatum against the SDF.[22] The ultimatum was ignored by the group and Turkey declared its "deadline" to have expired at the start of October that same year.[23]

Prelude

Preparations for the offensive began in early October, starting with the withdrawal of American forces from positions near the Turkish border, after Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had a phone call with United States President Donald Trump about plans for a military operation against SDF-held areas east of the Euphrates river.[24][25] While the United States government has stated it does not support the Turkish-led offensive, the White House also announced on 6 October 2019 that it would not interfere, and would withdraw all United States personnel in the area to avoid a potential US-Turkish standoff; US Secretary of State Pompeo denied that this amounted to giving the Turkish Armed forces a green light to attack the SDF while a spokesman for the SDF called the withdrawal a betrayal by the United States.[26][14] The US also reportedly cutoff aid to SDF in order not to arm them against a NATO ally.[27]

On 8 October 2019, the Turkish military reportedly bombed a convoy of weapons vehicles heading from Iraq into Syria destined for SDF. However SDF did not retaliate to the attack, and no casualties were reported as a result of the air strike.[28][29] On the same day Russian special forces opened a crossing on the Euphrates river between areas held by the Syrian Government and SDF in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.[30] While the SDF claimed that the Syrian military was preparing to enter the city of Manbij in northeastern Aleppo, the Syrian government responded by saying the build up of the Syrian military near Manbij was being done in order to prevent the Turkish military from entering the city.[31] On the same day Turkish forces shelled Ras al-Ayn and fired machine guns at the vicinity of the city, without any information about casualties.[32]

Operation

9 October

The operation began on 9 October 2019, with Turkish airstrikes and howitzers targeting the SDF held towns of Tell Abyad, Ras al-Ayn where thousands of people were reported to have fled the town,[33] Ain Issa and Qamishli. The date is the anniversary of the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan's expulsion from Syria in 1998, by the government of Hafez al-Assad.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40]

In response to the cross-border shelling, SDF's spokesman claimed that Turkey was targeting civilians.[41] Six rockets were later launched at the Turkish city of Nusaybin as a response by the PKK, and two reportedly hit the Turkish town Ceylanpınar.[42][43][44] SDF also announced in response to the start of the Turkish operation they would be halting anti-ISIL operations,[45] and that two civilians had been killed.[46]

By the end of the day, the Turkish military announced that the ground phase of the operation had begun from three points - including Tell Abyad.[47]

10 October

Before dawn on the morning of 10 October 2019, the Turkish military officially began the ground offensive against SDF; they also announced that they had hit 181 targets in northern Syria, and 14,000 rebels backed by Turkey are also reportedly taking part in the Turkish-led offensive. A attempted advance in Tell Abyad was repelled by the SDF.[48] [49] Later during the day clashes reportedly broke out between SDF and Turkish-aligned forces near al-Bab.[50] Turkish-led forces made advances around the area of Tell Abyad and captured the villages of Tabatin and Al-Mushrifah.[51]

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced in the day that 109 SDF fighters were killed in operation as well as a number of wounded and captured fighters without specifying the number. In a speech to lawmakers from his AKP party, President Erdogan also threatened to flood Europe with 3.6 million refugees if European nations continued to criticize the military operation, in particular if they labelled it an invasion.[52][53]

A total 4 Turkish civilians were killed and 76 civilians were wounded by SDF shelling in Turkey on the second day of the operation according to Turkish media.[54][55][56][57][58][59] 2 civilians were killed including a 10 month old Turkish baby and 46 Turkish civilians were injured by an SDF rocket attack at the Turkish border town of Akçakale on 10 October 2019 according to Turkish media including 2 children among the injuries.[60][61][62] 2 civilians were also killed and 24 were injured an SDF mortar attack at the Turkish town of Nusaybin on the same day.

According to The New York Times 60,000 Syrians have fled border towns.[63][64]

Reactions

Reactions in Turkey

A day prior to the operation, all Turkish opposition parties except the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) voted to extend the military's mandate on Syria. Opposition party leaders Meral Akşener (İyi Party), Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (Republican People's Party), and Temel Karamollaoğlu (Felicity Party), also minor government partner party Nationalist Movement Party leader Devlet Bahçeli expressed their support for the military operation.[65] Akşener, Kılıçdaroğlu, and Bahçeli were directly informed of the operation by President Erdoğan immediately after its launch.[66]

The HDP condemned the operation, calling it an "extremely dangerous and wrong step" and stating that "Turkey is being dragged into a dangerous and deep trap".[67]

Reactions in Syria

  • Syrian Government – The government strongly condemned the Turkish attack, dubbing it a "disgraceful breach of international law and UN resolutions that respect Syria’s sovereignty and territorial integrity".[68]
  • Syrian Democratic Forces – An SDF spokesman told Al-Jazeera regarding the offensive, "Threats made by Turkey to attack the area is not something new, they have constantly done it for years. We as Syrian Democratic Forces take the matter into account and are fully prepared to fiercely respond to any imminent attack on Syrian soil."[69]
  • Jaysh al-Izza – Jaysh al-Izza's leader criticzed fighters leaving Idlib to take part in the Turkish-led operation against SDF, on twitter, saying they should instead remain in Idlib to retake areas lost to the government in an offensive in August.[70]

International reactions

UN-member states

  •  Armenia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs has published a statement which condemns the military invasion by Turkey in north-east Syria, which would lead to deterioration of regional security, losses among civilians, mass displacement and eventually to a new humanitarian crisis. The plight of ethnic and religious minorities is of particular concern. This military invasion also creates an imminent threat of identity based grave and massive violations of human rights.[71]
  •  Australia – Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated that he was concerned for the safety of the Kurds living in the region and also feared that the offensive could result in a resurgence of ISIS.[72]
  •  Bahrain - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Bahrain strongly condemned the military attack by Turkey on areas in northeast of Syria.[73]
  •  Belgium – Belgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders called on Turkey to refrain from unilateral military action.[74]
  •  Canada - On 9 October 2019, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland stated on Twitter that Canada "firmly condemns Turkey’s military incursion into Syria today."[75]
  •  Cyprus – Cyprus strongly condemned the operation and argued that it was against international law.[76]
  •  China - China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated that China held "Syria's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity must be respected and upheld", noted that several sides had "expressed concerns" over Turkey's military operation and urged Turkey to "excersice restraint".[77]
  •  Czech Republic – Czech Foreign Minister Tomáš Petříček stated his opposition to the Turkish operation and argued that it would worsen the situation of civilians and refugees.[78]
  •  Denmark – Minister of Foreign Affairs Jeppe Kofod tweeted that he is "deeply concerned about" the situation and believed the offensive to be "a regrettable and wrong decision" on Turkey's part, fearing that it could "have serious consequences for civilians and the fight against ISIL."[72] On 10 October, Denmark condemned the operation.[79]
  •  Egypt – Egypt's Foreign Ministry condemned Turkey's offensive. It also called for the UN Security Council to halt "any attempts to occupy Syrian territories" or "change the demographics in northern Syria". In addition, it called for an emergency meeting of the Arab League.[80]
  •  Finland – In response to the offensive, Finland announced they would cease arms exports to Turkey.[81] Turkish Minister of Interior Süleyman Soylu reportedly reacted laughing and said: "They did good. It does not matter for us."[82]
  •  France – Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian condemned the unilateral Turkish operation in northeast Syria on 9 October 2019, and declared "(It is ) is [sic] jeopardising the anti-Islamic State coalition’s security and humanitarian efforts and is a risk for the security of Europeans. It has to end".[83] France and Britain call for Security council meeting.[84]
  •  Germany – Minister for Foreign Affairs Heiko Maas warned that the offensive would cause more destabilization in the region and could cause ISIS to grow.[72]
  •  Greece - Minister for Foreign Affairs Nikos Dendias condemned Turkey's invasion of Syria, stating that "Turkey is making a big mistake". Furthermore, about Turkey's plans for the creation of a safe zone in Northern Syria for the immigrants to be resettled, at the expense of the local Kurdish population he stated that it "is illegal since the resettlement of immigrants must comply with some basic principles: to be voluntary and dignified. [...] Therefore, what Turkey does, goes against human rights".[85]
  •  Hungary - Hungary at first vetoed an attempt by the EU member states to unanimously issue a warning against the operation citing "countries have rights to protect their borders".[86][87]
  •  Iceland – Iceland strongly condemned 'the Turkish move against Kurds' and called on Turkey to end the operation.[88]
  •  India – India condemned Turkey for its unilateral military move, claiming it would undermine regional stability and the fight against terrorism.[89]
  •  Ireland – Ireland stated that unilateral military action cannot be condoned and was deeply troubled by the Turkish operation.[90]
  •  Israel – Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the operation and warned against ethnic cleansing of Kurds by Turkey and its allies.[91]
  •  Iran – Foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif has voiced opposition to the offensive viewing it as a violation of Syria's sovereignty.[92] However regarding the US withdrawal from Syria Zarif commented saying the US was an "irrelevant occupier in Syria", and said that Iran would be willing to mediate tensions between Syria and Turkey.[93] In addition, Iran's parliamentary speaker Ali Larijani cancelled his scheduled trip to Turkey.[80]
  •  Iraq – President Barham Salih condemned the operation, stating that "Turkey’s military incursion into Syria is a grave escalation; will cause untold humanitarian suffering, empower terrorist groups. The world must unite to avert a catastrophe, promote political resolution to the rights of all Syrians, including Kurds, to peace, dignity & security".[94]
  •  Italy – Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte stated that the offensive puts the region's civilians and stability in jeopardy.[72]
  •  Jordan – Jordan urged Turkey to halt the offensive and to solve all issues diplomatically.[95]
  •  Kuwait – Kuwait stated that it was concerned about how the offensive might negatively affect the peacefulness and stability of the region and called for restraint.[72]
  •  Latvia – Latvian Foreign Minister Edgars Rinkēvičs described the operation as 'disturbing' and urged Turkey to cease its operation to pursue a political solution.[96]
  •  Lebanon – Lebanon condemned the operation and called on Turkey to rethink its move.[97]
  •  Netherlands – Minister of Foreign Affairs Stef Blok tweeted that Turkey should not "follow the path it has chosen", noting that "[t]he operation can trigger new refugee flows and harm the fight against IS and stability in the region."[72]
  •  Norway – Norway called on Turkey to end the operation and to respect international law[98][99]
  •  Poland – Poland stated that they hoped the operation would end as soon as possible and feared that the operation would deteriorate the humanitarian situation in the region.[100]
  •  Russia – President Vladimir Putin called a meeting of the Security Council of Russia on 8 October to discuss the issue.[101] He spoke to Erdoğan by phone the next day; Putin urged his Turkish partners to carefully consider the situation so as not to damage the overall efforts to resolve the Syrian crisis.[102] The Russian government also stated that Turkey has a right to defend itself however called upon foreign militaries with what it described as an illegal presence in Syria to leave.[103]
  •  Saudi Arabia – The government of Saudi Arabia condemned Turkey's actions in a statement, saying that the operation "has negative repercussions on the security and stability of the region".[104] The Saudi foreign ministry also claimed that the offensive is a violation of Syria's unity, independence and sovereignty.[73]
  •  Slovenia – Slovenia stated that it is deeply concerned and urged Turkey cease the operation and to find a political solution.[105]
  •  Sweden – Sweden stated that the Turkish operation was a threat to the region and the Kurdish efforts against ISIS. Moreover, Turkey was urged not to escalate the situation.[106][107]
  •   Switzerland – Switzerland stated that they were following the situation closely and called for restraint.[108]
  •  United Arab Emirates - The UAE stated that they condemn the Turkish interference and offensive in Syria in the strongest terms.[73]
  •  United Kingdom – In a telephone call with US President Donald Trump, Prime Minister Boris Johnson described the offensive as an "invasion" and expressed "serious concern".[109]
  •  United States – President Donald Trump stated that "the United States does not endorse this attack and has made it clear to Turkey that this operation is a bad idea."[110] Trump has threatened to devastate the economy of Turkey if they do "anything that I, in my great and unmatched wisdom, consider to be off limits".[111] However, Trump defended his decision to withdraw American troops, arguing that the Kurds "didn't help us in the Second World War, they didn't help us with Normandy as an example".[112] Trump also stated: "Alliances are very easy. But our alliances have taken advantage of us".[112] Secretary of State Mike Pompeo denied that the United States had given a 'green light' for Turkey to attack the Kurds. However, Pompeo defended the Turkish military action, stating that Turkey has a "legitimate security concern" with "a terrorist threat to their south".[26] Senator Lindsey Graham warned that he would "introduce bipartisan sanctions against Turkey if they invade Syria". He said he would also "call for their suspension from NATO if they attack Kurdish forces who assisted the United States in the destruction of the ISIS Caliphate".[113]

Supranational

  •  Arab League – Secretary-General Ahmed Aboul Gheit called the offensive a "blatant violation of Syria's sovereignty". The Arab League will meet in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discuss Turkey's actions.[72]
  •  European Union – High Representative Federica Mogherini issued a declaration on behalf of the EU on 9 October 2019 stating that "In light of the Turkish military operation in north-east Syria, the EU reaffirms that a sustainable solution to the Syrian conflict cannot be achieved militarily. The EU calls upon Turkey to cease the unilateral military action."[114]
  •  NATO – Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that Turkey is "at the forefront of the crisis and has legitimate security concerns", having suffered terrorist attacks and hosting millions of refugees. He added that NATO was informed by Turkish authorities about the ongoing operations in Northern Syria. He further stated that it was "important to avoid actions that may further destabilise the region, escalate tensions, and cause more human suffering." He called on Turkey to "act with restraint" and said that the gains made against ISIS should not be jeopardized.[115]
  •  United Nations – The UN cautioned regarding the offensive calling for the protection of civilians. Panos Moumtzis, the UN's Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for Syria, commented saying "Any (military) operation that takes place at the moment has to take into account to ensure that we don’t see any further displacement."[116]

Other regional actors

See also

References

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  2. ^ Şafak, Yeni. "Free Syrian Army ready for potential new operation". Yeni Şafak.
  3. ^ Around 10 Turkish-baked militants killed in clashes with “Internal Security Forces” in Ras Al-Ain and its southern hubs
  4. ^ The information about advancement of the Turkish forces with their loyal factions to Tal Abyad and villages east of it is false
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  9. ^ Son dakika: Akçakale'ye ve Nusaybin'de hain saldiri: 4 sivil Şehit
  10. ^ Son dakika haberi: PKK/YPG'li teröristlerden sivillere hain saldırı: Şehit ve yaralılar var
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  13. ^ https://www.iha.com.tr/haber-21-ayri-noktaya-havan-dustu-2-sehit-46-yarali-805880/
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  22. ^ "Turkey to initiate own plans if safe zone deal fails". TRT World. 18 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ "Turkey's Syria 'safe zone' deadline expires". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
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  26. ^ a b Rogin, Ali (9 October 2019). "Turkey had 'legitimate security concern' in attacking Syrian Kurds, Pompeo says". PBS Newshour. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  27. ^ Hubbard, Ben; Gall, Carlotta (9 October 2019). "Turkey Launches Offensive Against U.S.-Backed Syrian Militia". The New York Times.
  28. ^ "Turkey 'launches airstrike' against Kurds on Syria-Iraq border – reports". RT International.
  29. ^ "Report: Turkish warplanes bombing Kurdish targets in northeast Syria". Ynetnews. 10 July 2019.
  30. ^ Desk, News (7 October 2019). "Russian Special Forces open new Euphrates crossing between SDF, SAA lines: photos". Al-Masdar News. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  31. ^ Desk, News (8 October 2019). "Kurdish-led SDF claim Syrian Army is preparing to capture Manbij". Al-Masdar News. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  32. ^ "The Turkish forces target the vicinity of Ras Al-Ayn area by shells and heavy machineguns, in conjunction with the arrival of new batches of factions loyal to Turkey to the latter's territory in the frame of the anticipated military operation • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". 8 October 2019.
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  35. ^ Turkey-Syria border: All the latest updates]
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  39. ^ Osborne, Simon (9 October 2019). "Syria crisis: Suicide attack sparks fears of new ISIS terror campaign after US withdrawal". Express.co.uk.
  40. ^ Raf, Sanchez (9 October 2019). "Kurds abandon fight against Isil as Turkey attacks with air power and artillery deep into Syria". telegraph.co.uk.
  41. ^ "Turkey begins military offensive in Syria: Live updates". www.cnn.com. 9 October 2019.
  42. ^ "YPG/PKK'lı teröristlerin attığı roket Nusaybin'e düştü | STAR". Star.com.tr.
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