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Batumi

Coordinates: 41°38′19″N 41°38′14″E / 41.63861°N 41.63722°E / 41.63861; 41.63722
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"Batum" redirects here. For other uses, see Batum (disambiguation).

Batumi
ბათუმი
Flag of Batumi
Flag
Coat of arms of Batumi
Coat of arms
Map
Batumi is located in Adjara
Batumi
Batumi
Location of Batumi in Adjara
Batumi is located in Georgia
Batumi
Batumi
Batumi (Georgia)
Batumi is located in Asia
Batumi
Batumi
Batumi (Asia)
Coordinates: 41°38′45″N 41°38′30″E / 41.64583°N 41.64167°E / 41.64583; 41.64167
Country Georgia
Autonomous republic Adjara
Founded8th century
City status1866
Government
 • BodyBatumi city assembly
 • MayorLasha Komakhidze
Area
 • Total64.9 km2 (25.1 sq mi)
Elevation
3 m (10 ft)
Population
 (1 January 2020)
 • Total169,100[1]
Time zoneUTC+4 (Georgian Time)
Postal code
6000-6010
Area code(+995) 422
Websitebatumi.ge Edit this at Wikidata

Batumi (/bɑːˈtuːmi/; Georgian: ბათუმი [bɑtʰumi]) is the second largest city of Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, located on the coast of the Black Sea in Georgia's southwest. It is situated in a subtropical zone at the foot of the Caucasus. Much of Batumi's economy revolves around tourism and gambling (it is nicknamed "The Las Vegas of the Black Sea"), but the city is also an important sea port and includes industries like shipbuilding, food processing and light manufacturing. Since 2010, Batumi has been transformed by the construction of modern high-rise buildings, as well as the restoration of classical 19th-century edifices lining its historic Old Town.[2]

History

Historical affiliations
Main articles: History of Batumi and Timeline of Batumi

Early history

Batumi is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony in Colchis called "Bathus" or "Bathys" – derived from (Greek: βαθύς λιμεν, bathus limen; or βαθύς λιμήν, bathys limēn; lit. the 'deep harbor'). Under Hadrian (c. 117–138 AD), it was converted into a fortified Roman port and later deserted for the fortress of Petra founded in the time of Justinian I (c. 527–565). Garrisoned by the Roman-Byzantine forces, it was formally a possession of the kingdom of Lazica until being occupied briefly by the Arabs, who did not hold it; In 780 Lazica fell to kingdom of Abkhazia via a dynastic union, the later led the unification of Georgian monarchy in the 11th century.

From 1010, it was governed by the eristavi (ერისთავი, viceroy) of the king of Georgia. In the late 15th century, after the disintegration of the Georgian kingdom, Batumi passed to the princes (mtavari, მთავარი) of Guria, a western Georgian principality under the sovereignty of the kings of Imereti.

A curious incident occurred in 1444 when a Burgundian flotilla, after a failed crusade against the Ottoman Empire, penetrated the Black Sea and engaged in piracy along its eastern coastline until the Burgundians under the knight Geoffroy de Thoisy were ambushed while landing to raid Vaty, as Europeans then knew Batumi. De Thoisy was taken captive and released through the mediation of the emperor John IV of Trebizond.

Ottoman rule

In the 15th century in the reign of the prince Kakhaber Gurieli, the Ottoman Turks conquered the town and its district but did not hold them. They returned to it in force a century later and inflicted a decisive defeat on the Georgian armies at Sokhoista. Batumi was recaptured by the Georgians several times, first in 1564 by prince Rostom Gurieli, who lost it soon afterwards, and again in 1609 by Mamia II Gurieli. In 1614, Batumi again became part of the Ottoman Empire. In the two-and-a-half centuries of Ottoman rule it grew into a provincial port serving the Empire's hinterlands on the eastern fringes of the Black Sea. After the Turkish conquest Islamisation of the hitherto Christian region began but this was terminated and to a great degree reversed, after the area was re-annexed to Russian Imperial Georgia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

Imperial Russian rule

Detail from a map of Antonio Zatta, 1784, depicting Georgian principality of Guria and its major town Batumi.
Port of Batumi in 1881

It was the last Black Sea port annexed by Russia during the Russian conquest of that area of the Caucasus. In 1878, Batumi was annexed by the Russian Empire in accordance with the Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and the Ottoman Empire (ratified on March 23) . Occupied by the Russians on August 28, 1878, the town was declared a free port until 1886. It functioned as the center of a special military district until being incorporated in the Government of Kutaisi on June 12, 1883. Finally, on June 1, 1903, with the Okrug of Artvin, it was established as the region (oblast) of Batumi and placed under the direct control of the General Government of Georgia.

The expansion of Batumi began in 1883 with the construction of the Batumi–Tiflis–Baku railway (completed in 1900) and the finishing of the Baku–Batumi pipeline. Henceforth, Batumi became the chief Russian oil port in the Black Sea. The town population increased rapidly doubling within 20 years: from 8,671 inhabitants in 1882 to 12,000 in 1889. By 1902 the population had reached 16,000, with 1,000 working in the refinery for Baron Rothschild's Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company.[3][4]

In the late 1880s and after, more than 7,400 Doukhobor emigrants sailed for Canada from Batumi, after the government agreed to let them emigrate. Quakers and Tolstoyans aided in collecting funds for the relocation of the religious minority, which had come into conflict with the Imperial government over its refusal to serve in the military and other positions. Canada settled them in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

War, communism, and late 20th-century independence

During 1901, sixteen years prior to the October Revolution, Joseph Stalin, the future leader of the Soviet Union, lived in the city organizing strikes. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave the city back to the Ottoman Empire; unrest during the closing weeks of World War I led to the re-entry of Turkish forces in April 1918, followed in December by British forces, who stayed until July 1920. Kemal Atatürk ceded the area to the Bolsheviks of the Soviet Union on the condition that it be granted autonomy, for the sake of the Muslims among Batumi's mixed population.

When Georgia gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1989, Aslan Abashidze was appointed head of Adjara's governing council and subsequently held onto power throughout the unrest of the 1990s. Whilst other regions, such as Abkhazia, attempted to break away from the Georgian state, Adjara remained as an integral part of the Republic's territory. In May 2004, he fled to Russia because of mass protests in Tbilisi sparked by the Rose Revolution.

Present day

As Georgia's Black Sea coast continues to develop, high-rises are being built amongst Batumi's traditionally classical cityscapes.

Batumi today is one of the main port cities of Georgia. It has the capacity for 80,000-ton tankers to take materials such as oil that are shipped through Georgia from Central Asia. Additionally, the city exports regional agricultural products. Since 1995 the freight conversion of the port has constantly risen, with an approximate 8 million tons in 2001. The annual revenue from the port is estimated at between $200 million and $300 million.

Since the change of power in Adjara, Batumi has attracted international investors, and the prices of real estate in the city have trebled since 2001. In July 2007, the seat of the Constitutional Court of Georgia was moved from Tbilisi to Batumi to stimulate regional development.[5] Several new hotels opened after 2009, first the Sheraton in 2010 and the Radisson Blu in 2011. The city features several casinos that attract tourists from Turkey, where gambling is illegal.

Batumi was host to the Russian 12th Military Base. Following the Rose Revolution, the central government pushed for the removal of these forces and reached an agreement in 2005 with Moscow. According to the agreement, the process of withdrawal was planned to be completed in 2008, but the Russians completed the transfer of the Batumi base to Georgia on November 13, 2007, ahead of schedule.[6]

Geography

Climate

Coast of Batumi as seen from a nearby cliff

Batumi has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) according to Köppen's classification. The city's climate is heavily influenced by the onshore flow from the Black Sea and is subject to the orographic effect of the nearby hills and mountains, resulting in significant rainfall throughout most of the year, making Batumi the wettest city in both Georgia and the entire Caucasus Region.

The average annual temperature in Batumi is approximately 14 °C (57 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 7 °C (45 °F). August is the hottest month, with an average temperature of 22 °C (72 °F). The absolute minimum recorded temperature is −6 °C (21 °F), and the absolute maximum is 40 °C (104 °F). The number of days with daily temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) is 239. The city receives 1958 hours of sunshine per year.

Batumi's average annual precipitation is 2,435 mm (95.9 in). November is the wettest month with an average of 312 mm (12.3 in) of precipitation, while May is the driest, averaging 84 mm (3.3 in). Batumi generally does not receive significant amounts of snow (accumulating snowfall of more than 30 cm (11.8 in)), and the number of days with snow cover for the year is 12. The average level of relative humidity ranges from 70 to 80%.

Climate data for Batumi
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.3
(77.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		39.9
(103.8) 		40.6
(105.1) 		39.5
(103.1) 		38.1
(100.6) 		35.4
(95.7) 		30.1
(86.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.5
(79.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		12.7
(54.9) 		18.3
(64.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.9
(67.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.5
(58.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.9
(67.8) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.6
(52.9)
Record low °C (°F) −7.7
(18.1) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.1
(46.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.5
(45.5) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−8.2
(17.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 238
(9.4) 		189
(7.4) 		153
(6.0) 		113
(4.4) 		108
(4.3) 		142
(5.6) 		168
(6.6) 		205
(8.1) 		262
(10.3) 		277
(10.9) 		312
(12.3) 		268
(10.6) 		2,435
(95.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 99 105 126 148 199 235 214 223 201 176 125 107 1,958
Source 1: Climate Data[7]
Source 2: [8][9]

Subdivisions

According to the March 31, 2008, decision of the Batumi City Council, Batumi is divided into seven boroughs, those of:

  • Old Batumi (ძველი ბათუმის უბანი)
  • Rustaveli (რუსთაველის უბანი)
  • Khimshiashvili (ხიმშიაშვილის უბანი)
  • Bagrationi (ბაგრატიონის უბანი)
  • Aghmashenebeli (აღმაშენებლის უბანი)
  • Javakhishvili (ჯავახიშვილის უბანი)
  • Tamar (თამარის უბანი)
  • Boni-Gorodok (ბონი-გოროდოკის უბანი)
  • Airport (აეროპორტის უბანი)
  • Gonio-Kvariati (გონიო-კვარიათის უბანი)
  • Kakhaberi (კახაბრის უბანი)
  • Batumi Industrial (ბათუმის სამრეწველო უბანი)
  • Green Cape (მწვანე კონცხის უბანი)[10]

Cityscape

Contemporary architecture

Street in Batumi
Batumi Neptun Square
Batumi boulevard and beach
Radisson Blu Hotel, Batumi

Batumi's skyline has been transformed since 2007 with remarkable buildings and monuments of contemporary architecture,[2] including:[11]

  • Radisson Blu hotel
  • Public Service Hall
  • Hilton Batumi
  • Leogrand

A large Kempinski hotel and casino is to open in 2013, a Hilton Hotel as well as a 47-storey Trump Tower is also planned.[12]

Novelty architecture

Novelty architecture in Batumi includes:

Sites of interest

Main sights

Batumi University Fountain
Batumi technological university

Attractions include

Tourist attractions

Demographics

Georgian Orthodox Cathedral of the Mother of God
Historical population and ethnic composition of Batumi[15]
Year Georgians Armenians Russians Greeks Others Total
1886 2,518 17% 3,458 23.4% 2,982 20.1% 1,660 11.2% 4,185 28.3% 14,803
1897[16][17] 6,087 21.4% 6,839 24% 6,224 21.8% 2,764 9.7% 6,594 23.1% 28,508
1916[18] 6,481 32.4% 5,524 27.6% 4,825 24.1% — — 3,190 15.9% 20,020
1926 17,804 36.7% 10,233 21.1% 8,760 18.1% 2,844 5.9% 8,833 18.2% 48,474
1959 40,181 48.8% 12,743 15.5% 20,857 25.3% 1,668 2% 6,879 8.4% 82,328
2002[19] 104,313 85.6% 7,517 6.2% 6,300 5.2% 587 0.5% 3,089 2.5% 121,806
2014[20] 142,691 93.4% 4,636 3.0% 2,889 1.9% 289 0.2% 2,334 1.5% 152,839

Religion

Although there is no religious data available separately for Batumi, the majority of the region's inhabitants are Eastern Orthodox Christian, and primarily adhere to the national Georgian Orthodox Church.[21] There are also Sunni Muslim, Catholic, Armenian Apostolic, and Jewish communities.[21]

The main places of worship in the city are:

Culture

Notable people

Notable people who are from or have resided in Batumi:

Economy and infrastructure

Transportation

The city is served by Batumi Airport, one of three international airports in the country. A bike-sharing scheme named BatumVelo allows you to rent a bicycle on the street with a smart card.

The seaport of Batumi with the city in the background.

The port of Batumi is on one of the routes of China's proposed Eurasian Land Bridge (part of the "New Silk Road"), which would see an eastern freight link to China via Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea, and a western link by ferry to Ukraine and on to Europe.[23]

Postage stamps

Main article: Postage stamps of Batum under British occupation

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Georgia

Batumi is twinned with:[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Population – National Statistics Office of Georgia".
  2. ^ a b Spritzer, Dinah (September 9, 2010). "Glamour revives port of Batumi". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  3. ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin, page 77.
  4. ^ Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9780671799328.
  5. ^ Constitutional Court of Georgia – Brief History Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Russia Hands Over Batumi Military Base to Georgia". Civil Georgia, Tbilisi. November 13, 2007.
  7. ^ "Climate Data". Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  8. ^ "The duration of sunshine in some cities of the former USSR" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
  9. ^ "37496: Batumi (Georgia)". OGIMET. January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  10. ^ (in Georgian) დადგენილება N 3-1 ბათუმის უბნები[permanent dead link] (Decision #3.1. Boroughs of Batumi). Batumi City Council. Accessed November 15, 2009
  11. ^ Planet, Lonely; Noble, John; Kohn, Michael; Systermans, Danielle (April 1, 2012). Lonely Planet Georgia, Armenia & Azerbaijan. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781743213032. Retrieved October 8, 2016 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ "TOURISM IS FLOURISHING IN BLACK SEA RESORT", AP, November 11, 2012 Archived August 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Sheraton Hotels & Resorts Debuts in the Black Sea Resort Destination of Batumi", Starwood Hotels and Resorts site
  14. ^ "404". Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  15. ^ "население грузии". Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  16. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  17. ^ "Батумский округ 1897". Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  18. ^ Caucasian Calendar, 1916. pp. 182-185
  19. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ georgia-ethnic-2014
  21. ^ a b National Statistics Office of Georgia. Population Census 2014: Population by Regions and Religion Archived September 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved: 6 May 2016
  22. ^ "Batumi: sights". Official website of Batumi. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
  23. ^ Dyussembekova, Zhazira (January 21, 2016). "Silk Road Renewed With Launch of New Commercial Transit Route". The Astana Times.
  24. ^ "ჩვენი ქალაქი – დამეგობრებული ქალაქები". batumi.ge (in Georgian). Batumi. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  25. ^ "Batumi miastem partnerskim Wrocławia". wroclaw.pl (in Polish). Wrocław. July 17, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  • Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia. Georgian SSR (Supplementary Edition). 1981. pp. 16–18.
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