Portuguese Ceylon

Portuguese Ceylon Ceilão Português (Portuguese) පෘතුගීසි ලංකාව (Sinhala) pṛtugīsi laṁkāva போர்த்துக்கேய இலங்கை (Tamil) Pōrttukkēya ilaṅkai
1597–1658
Flag Coat of arms
After the death of King Dharmapala (1597)   Portuguese Ceylon at its greatest extent 1594–1619
Status	Colony of Portugal
Capital	Colombo
Common languages	Portuguese (official) Sinhala Tamil
Religion	Roman Catholicism
King of Portugal
• 1597–1598	Philip I
• 1598–1621	Philip II
• 1621–1640	Philip III
• 1640–1656	John IV
• 1656–1658	Afonso VI
Captain-General
• 1597–1614	Jerónimo de Azevedo
• 1656–1658	António de Amaral de Meneses
Historical era	Colonialism
• Portuguese arrival	1505
• Death of Dharmapala of Kotte	27 May 1597
• Luso–Kandyan Treaty	1633
• Surrender of Jaffna	June 1658
Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Kotte Kingdom of Jaffna Kingdom of Sitawaka Dutch Ceylon

Portuguese Ceylon (Portuguese: Ceilão Português; Sinhala: පෘතුගීසි ලංකාව; Tamil: போர்த்துக்கேய இலங்கை) is the name given to the territory on Ceylon, modern-day Sri Lanka, controlled by the Portuguese Empire between 1597 and 1658.

Portuguese presence in the island lasted from 1505 to 1658. Their arrival was largely accidental, and the Portuguese sought control of commerce, rather than territory. The Portuguese were later drawn into the internal politics of the island with the political upheaval of the Wijayaba Kollaya, and used these internal divisions to their advantage during the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, first in an attempt to control the production of valuable cinnamon and later of the entire island. Direct Portuguese rule did not begin until after the death of Dharmapala of Kotte, who died without an heir, and had bequeathed the Kingdom of Kotte to the Portuguese monarch in 1580. That allowed the Portuguese sufficient claim to the Kingdom of Kotte upon Dharmapala's death in 1597. Portuguese rule began with much resistance by the local population.

Eventually, the Kingdom of Kandy sought help from the Dutch East India Company, with whom they initially entered into agreement. After the collapse of the Iberian economy in 1627, the Dutch–Portuguese War saw the Dutch conquest of most of Portugal's Asian colonies – Ceylon included, between 1638 and 1658. Nevertheless, elements of Portuguese culture from this colonial period remain in Sri Lanka.

History

Arrival and establishment of the Portuguese (1505–1543)

Portuguese knew Sri Lanka by the name ''Seylan''. In 1505 King of Portugal instructed General Dom Francisco de Almeida to find the island of ''Seylan'' when he was appointed as the emperor of the East by the Portuguese. When the Portuguese were trying to establish relations with Ceylon, Dom Lourenço de Almeida, son of Dom Francisco de Almeida, and others arrived by chance in 1505 AD. So, the first contact between Sri Lanka and the Portuguese was established by Dom Lourenço de Almeida in 1505. It was largely accidental and it wasn't until 12 years later that the Portuguese sought to establish a fortified trading settlement.

The Kingdom of Kotte as a Portuguese entrance (1543–1597)

Main article: Sinhalese–Portuguese War

Annexation of Kotte and war with Kandy (1597)

Main article: Campaign of Danture

Direct Portuguese rule began after the death of Dharmapala of Kotte who bequeathed the Kingdom of Kotte to the Portuguese monarch. By 1600 the Portuguese had consolidated the main centers of rebellion, the Kelani and Kalu ganga basins, leaving the border regions to Sinhalese resistance.

Conquest of Jaffna (1619)

Main article: Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom

Dutch conquest (1638–1658)

Main article: Dutch–Portuguese War

Political cities and their kings in Sri Lanka at the time of arrival of the Portuguese

Main article: Kotte-8th veeraparakramabahu,kandy-senasammatha vikramabahu,jaffna-pararajasekram

Administration

Administrative structure

Main article: List of Captains of Portuguese Ceylon

Main article: List of Captain-majors of Portuguese Ceylon

Main article: List of Governors of Portuguese Ceylon

Economy

Cinnamon and black pepper were main spices exported by Portuguese.

Food

There are many foods of Portuguese influence that are still popular in Sri Lanka. For example, lingus and pastries.

Language

Sinhala words for certain types of Western attire/ furniture/ food & drink are derived from the Portuguese. Some examples are below:

Sinhala Word	Meaning	Portuguese Word
Mesaya	Table	Mesa (Table)
Almaariya	Cupboard	Armário (Cupboard)
Kurusaya	Cross	Cruz (Cross)
Toppiya	Hat	Topo (Hat)
Kamisaya	Shirt	Camiseta (Shirt)
Kalisama	Trousers	Calção (Trousers)
Sapaththuwa	Shoe	Sapato (Shoe)
Sidaadiya	City	Cidade (City)
Bébadda (colloq.)	Drunkard	Bêbado (drunkard)
Iskole	School	Escola (School)

Click here for more examples.....

See also

• Portuguese India
• Dutch Ceylon
• British Ceylon
• Sinhalese–Portuguese War

References

• De Silva, K. M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. India: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04320-0.
• C. Gaston Pereira, Kandy fights the Portuguese. Sri Lanka: Vijitha Yapa Publications, July 2007. ISBN 978-955-1266-77-6
• Channa Wicremasekera, Kandy at War. Sri Lanka: Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2004. ISBN 955-8095-52-4
• Michael Roberts, Sinhala Consciousness in the Kandyan Period. Sri Lanka: Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2004. ISBN 955-8095-31-1,
• Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005). Jaffna under the Portuguese. Colombo: Stamford Lake. p. 66. ISBN 955-1131-70-1.
• Kunarasa, K (2003). The Jaffna Dynasty. Johor Bahru: Dynasty of Jaffna King’s Historical Society. p. 122. ISBN 955-8455-00-8.
• Gnanaprakasar, Swamy (2003). A Critical History of Jaffna (review of Yalpana Vaipava Malai). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 122. ISBN 81-206-1686-3.
• Senaka Weeraratna, Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505 - 1658)

External links

• Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1505–1658, y Paulus Edward Pieris (American Ceylon Mission Press, 1920)
• Portuguese History in Ceylon