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Laval, Quebec

Coordinates: 45°35′N 73°45′W / 45.583°N 73.750°W / 45.583; -73.750
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This article is about the municipality. For the islands forming a part of it, see Îles Laval.

Laval
City
City of Laval
Ville de Laval
From top, left to right: Le Domaine Bellerive apartment complex, Cinémas Cineplex Laval, Papineau-Leblanc Bridge, Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Catholic Parish, Quebec Autoroute 15 through Laval
From top, left to right: Le Domaine Bellerive apartment complex, Cinémas Cineplex Laval, Papineau-Leblanc Bridge, Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Catholic Parish, Quebec Autoroute 15 through Laval
Flag of Laval
Flag
Coat of arms of Laval
Coat of arms
Official logo of Laval
Logo
Motto(s): 
"Unité, progrès, grandeur"  (French)
"Unity, Progress, Greatness"
Laval is located in Quebec
Laval
Laval
Location in Quebec
Laval is located in Southern Quebec
Laval
Laval
Location in southern Quebec
Coordinates: 45°35′N 73°45′W / 45.583°N 73.750°W / 45.583; -73.750[1]
CountryCanada
ProvinceQuebec
RegionLaval
RCMNone
Constituted6 August 1965
Government
[2]
 • TypeLaval City Council
 • MayorStéphane Boyer
 • Federal ridingAlfred-Pellan / Vimy / Laval—
Les Îles / Marc-Aurèle-Fortin
 • Prov. ridingChomedey / Fabre / Laval-des-
Rapides / Mille-Îles / Sainte-Rose / Vimont
Area
[3]
 • Land247.23 km2 (95.46 sq mi)
Elevation
91 m (299 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total
443,893
 • Density1,710.9/km2 (4,431/sq mi)
 • Change
2011–2016
Increase 5.3%
Demonym(s)Lavallois, Lavalloise[4]
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Postal code(s)
H7A to H7Y
Area code(s)450 and 579
Websitewww.laval.ca/Pages/En/home.aspx Edit this at Wikidata

Laval[a] is a city in Quebec, Canada. It is in the southwest of the province, north of Montreal. It is the largest suburb of Montreal, the third-largest city in the province after Montreal and Quebec City, and the thirteenth largest city in Canada, with a population of 443,192 in 2021.

Laval is geographically separated from the mainland to the north by the Rivière des Mille Îles, and from the Island of Montreal to the south by the Rivière des Prairies. Laval occupies all of Île Jésus as well as the Îles Laval.

Laval constitutes one of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec, with a region code of 13, as well as a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) with geographical code 65. It also constitutes the judicial district of Laval.[5] It is the smallest administrative region in the province by area.

History

[edit]
See also: Municipal history of Quebec
Farm in Laval-des-Rapides in 1941

The first European Settlers in Laval were Jesuits, who were granted a seigneury there in 1636. Agriculture first appeared in Laval in 1670. In 1675, François de Montmorency-Laval gained control of the seigneury. In 1702 a parish municipality was founded, and dedicated to Saint-François de Sales (not to be confused with the modern-day Saint-François-de-Sales in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean).

In 1845, after nearly 200 years being of a rural nature, additional municipalities began to be created. The only built-up area on the island, Sainte-Rose, was incorporated as a village in 1850, and it remained the main community for the remainder of the century. With the dawn of the 20th century came urbanization. Laval-des-Rapides became Laval's first city in 1912, followed by L'Abord-à-Plouffe [fr], which was granted village status three years later. Laval-sur-le-Lac was founded in the same year and had its tourist-based economy based on Montrealers. Laval began to grow throughout the following years because its proximity to Montreal made it an ideal suburb.

To deal with problems caused by urbanization, amalgamations occurred; L'Abord-à-Plouffe amalgamated with Renaud, Quebec [fr] and Saint-Martin, creating the city of Chomedey in 1961. The amalgamation turned out to be so successful for the municipalities involved that the Quebec government decided to amalgamate the whole island into a single city of Laval in 1965, not without controversy.[6] Laval was named after the first owner of Île Jésus, François de Montmorency-Laval, the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec. At the time, Laval had a population of 170,000. Laval became a Regional County Municipality in 1980. Until then, it had been the County of Laval.[7]

The 14 municipalities, which existed prior to the incorporation of the amalgamated City of Laval on 6 August 1965, were:

Geography

[edit]

The island has developed over time, with most of the urban area in the central region and along the south and west river banks.

Laval is bordered on the south by Montreal across the Rivière des Prairies, on the north by Les Moulins Regional County Municipality and by Thérèse-De Blainville Regional County Municipality and on the west by Deux-Montagnes Regional County Municipality across the Rivière des Mille Îles.

Climate

[edit]

Laval experiences a four-season humid continental climate (Koppen: Dfb) with very warm summers and very cold winters with adequate precipitation year-round, though more so during summer and early fall.[8]

Climate data for Sainte-Dorothée
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3) 		15
(59) 		18
(64) 		30.5
(86.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		35
(95)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.1
(77.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		11.0
(51.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.3
(13.5) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		6.3
(43.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −14.8
(5.4) 		−13.8
(7.2) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		1.0
(33.8) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		1.7
(35.0)
Record low °C (°F) −40.0
(−40.0) 		−35.0
(−31.0) 		−30.0
(−22.0) 		−14.5
(5.9) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−31.5
(−24.7) 		−40.0
(−40.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 75.5
(2.97) 		56.4
(2.22) 		66.8
(2.63) 		83.6
(3.29) 		76.8
(3.02) 		87.0
(3.43) 		92.3
(3.63) 		97.6
(3.84) 		99.4
(3.91) 		86.0
(3.39) 		89.0
(3.50) 		76.6
(3.02) 		987
(38.85)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 44.6
(17.6) 		34.5
(13.6) 		28.2
(11.1) 		7.6
(3.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.2
(0.5) 		15.0
(5.9) 		42.7
(16.8) 		173.8
(68.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2) 14.1 11.1 11.5 12.4 13.1 13.5 12.1 13.4 13.1 13.6 13.3 14.0 155.2
Source: Environment Canada[9]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
18719,472—    
18819,462−0.1%
18919,436−0.3%
190110,248+8.6%
191111,407+11.3%
192114,005+22.8%
193116,150+15.3%
194121,631+33.9%
195137,843+74.9%
195669,410+83.4%
1961124,741+79.7%
1966196,088+57.2%
1971228,010+16.3%
1976246,243+8.0%
1981268,335+9.0%
1986284,164+5.9%
1991314,398+10.6%
1996330,393+5.1%
2001343,005+3.8%
2006368,709+7.5%
2011401,553+8.9%
2016422,993+5.3%
2021438,366+3.6%
[10][3]

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Laval had a population of 438,366 living in 169,785 of its 176,115 total private dwellings, a change of 3.6% from its 2016 population of 422,993. With a land area of 246.13 km2 (95.03 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,781.0/km2 (4,612.9/sq mi) in 2021.[11] According to the 2016 Census, the population of Laval was an estimated 422,993, a 5.3 percent increase from the earlier census in 2011. Women constituted 51.4% of the total population. Children under 14 years of age totalled 17.4%, while 17.2% of the population was of retirement age (65 years of age and older). The median age was calculated as 41.9 years.[3]

Ethnicity

[edit]
Panethnic groups in the City of Laval (2001−2021)
Panethnic
group 		2021[12] 2016[13] 2011[14] 2006[15] 2001[16]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[b] 285,970 66.57% 301,065 73.28% 309,180 78.73% 311,495 85.43% 308,820 91.1%
Middle Eastern[c] 54,815 12.76% 38,060 9.26% 26,490 6.75% 15,710 4.31% 8,040 2.37%
African 38,420 8.94% 32,095 7.81% 24,225 6.17% 16,895 4.63% 10,875 3.21%
Latin American 15,020 3.5% 12,660 3.08% 9,855 2.51% 6,285 1.72% 2,870 0.85%
South Asian 12,495 2.91% 8,800 2.14% 6,650 1.69% 3,335 0.91% 1,475 0.44%
Southeast Asian[d] 9,780 2.28% 8,610 2.1% 8,565 2.18% 5,990 1.64% 3,665 1.08%
East Asian[e] 5,085 1.18% 4,205 1.02% 3,505 0.89% 2,490 0.68% 1,755 0.52%
Indigenous 3,310 0.77% 2,530 0.62% 2,330 0.59% 1,405 0.39% 755 0.22%
Other/Multiracial[f] 4,655 1.08% 2,820 0.69% 1,925 0.49% 1,015 0.28% 745 0.22%
Total responses 429,555 97.99% 410,850 97.13% 392,725 97.8% 364,625 98.89% 339,005 98.83%
Total population 438,366 100% 422,993 100% 401,553 100% 368,709 100% 343,005 100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses

Immigration

[edit]
Immigrants by country of birth (2016 Census)[17]
Rank Country Population
1 Lebanon 12,420
2 Haiti 12,015
3 Morocco 7,880
4 Algeria 6,530
5 Greece 5,940
6 Italy 5,690
7 Syria 5,465
8 Romania 5,255
9 France 3,325
10 Portugal 3,145

Language

[edit]

Laval is linguistically diverse. The 2011 census found that French was the sole mother tongue of 60.8% of the population, and was spoken most often at home by 65.2% of residents. The next most common mother tongues were English (7.0%), Arabic (5.6%), Italian (4.2%), Greek (3.5%), Spanish (2.9%), Armenian (1.7%), Creoles (1.6%), Romanian (1.3%) and Portuguese (1.3%).[18]

Canada Census Mother Tongue – Laval, Quebec[19]
Census
Year 		Total
Responses
French
English
French & English
Other
Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop %
2021
434,645
 226,675 Decrease 4.64% 52.15% 34,175 Increase 11.35% 7.86% 7,770 Increase 76.2% 1.05% 143,300 Increase 9.19% 32.9%
2016
417,995
 237,430 Decrease 1.73% 56.80% 30,295 Increase 9.45% 7.25% 4,410 Increase 16.82% 1.05% 131,240 Increase 15.97% 31.39%
2011
397,570
 241,615 Decrease 0.2% 60.77% 27,680 Increase 9.51% 6.96% 3,775 Increase 58.94% 0.95% 113,160 Increase 19.34% 28.46%
2006
368,709
 242,155 Decrease 2.72% 66.41% 25,275 Increase 23.08% 6.85% 2,375 Decrease 14.41% 0.64% 94,815 Increase 42% 25.72%
2001
339,000
 248,925 Increase 1.68% 73.42% 20,535 Increase 0.96% 6.05% 2,775 Increase 4.52% 0.82% 66,775 Increase 22.25% 19.69%
1996
326,605
 244,800 n/a 74.95% 20,340 n/a 6.22% 2,655 n/a 0.81% 54,620 n/a 16.72%

Religion

[edit]

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Laval included:[12]

Economy

[edit]
Office buildings in Laval

Laval's diverse economy is centred around the technology, pharmaceutical, industrial and retail sectors. It has many pharmaceutical laboratories but also stone quarries and a persistent agricultural sector. Long seen as a bedroom community, Laval has diversified its economy, especially in the retail sector, developing numerous shopping malls, warehouses and various retail stores. Laval has four different industrial parks.[20]

The first is Industrial Park Centre, in the heart of Laval at the corner of St. Martin West and Industriel Blvd. One of the largest municipal industrial parks in Quebec, the Industrial Park Centre boasts the highest concentration of manufacturing companies in Laval: 1,024 at last count, and 22,378 employees. The park still has 1,300,643 m2 (14,000,005 sq ft) of space available.

The second, the Autoroute 25 Industrial Park is at the crossroads of the metropolitan road network. Inaugurated in 2001, this new industrial municipal space has been a tremendous success, boasting an 80% occupancy rate. Laval is studying the possibility of expanding this park in the next few years.

The third, known as Industrial Park East, is in the neighbourhood of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul. This park has reached full capacity with a 100% occupancy rate. Industrial Park East is currently part of a municipal program to revitalize municipal services and public utilities. Laval is working with a private developer on an expansion project for the park that should be announced in the near future.

The fourth industrial park, the Laval Science and High Technology Park is located along Rivière des Prairies and Autoroute 15. It is an internationally renowned science campus that houses the Biotech City and the Information Technology Development Centre (ITDC). The Laval Science and High Technology Park is a beacon of the metropolitan economy, in an environment befitting the best technopolises in the world. Nearly 500,000 square metres (5,400,000 sq ft) of space are available for development. The Biotech City spans the entire territory of the Laval Science and High Technology Park and is a unique concept in Canada in that its residents comprise both universities and companies.

Created in 1995, Laval Technopole is a nonprofit organization that has the objective to promote the economic growth of Laval by attracting and supporting new business and investments located in its 5 territory poles: Biopole, e-Pol, Agropole, industrial pole and Leisure/tourism.

Alimentation Couche-Tard has its headquarters in Laval.[21]

Poles in figures (excluding Leisure and tourism)[22]
Agropole Industrial Pole Biopole E-Pole
1,750 companies 624 companies More than 80 firms 264 businesses
15,800 jobs 16,000 jobs Over one billion $ invested since 2001 4,370 jobs
Main sectors:
  • Transformation
  • Food production
  • Agriculture
  • Restaurant industry
  • Wholesale and retail
 Main sectors:
  • Metal products
  • Printing
  • Machinery
  • furnitures
  • Clothing
  • Rubber
  • Plastic
 Main sectors:
  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmaceutical
  • Medical Technology
 Main sectors:
  • Software
  • Manufacture
  • Service

Attractions

[edit]
The Cosmodome is a major local attraction.

Laval's main attractions are:

Source: Tourisme Laval.[23]

Sport

[edit]
Place Bell, home to the Laval Rocket and Les Canadiennes de Montreal

Laval was the host-city of the "Jeux du Québec" held in summer 1991 and of the Canadian Hockey League's 1994 Memorial Cup. Laval became home to the Montreal Canadiens' American Hockey League affiliate the Laval Rocket, starting in the 2017–18 season.[24]

Sports teams based in Laval
Team Sport League Venue
Associés de Laval Baseball Ligue de Baseball Élite du Québec Parc Montmorency
Sabercats Rive-Nord Canadian football Quebec Junior Football League Parc Cartier
Laval Comets Women's soccer W-League Centre Sportif Bois-de-Boulogne
Laval Rocket Ice hockey American Hockey League Place Bell
Les Pétroliers du Nord Ice hockey Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey Colisée de Laval

Government

[edit]

Municipal politics

[edit]
Main article: Laval City Council
Laval City Hall

The city's longtime mayor, Gilles Vaillancourt, resigned on 9 November 2012, following allegations of corruption made against him in hearings of the provincial Charbonneau Commission.[25] City councillor Basile Angelopoulos served as acting mayor[26] until Alexandre Duplessis was selected in a council vote on 23 November.[27] Duplessis, in turn, stepped down after just seven months in office after facing allegations of being implicated in a prostitution investigation;[28] he was succeeded by city councillor Martine Beaugrand until the city's new mayor, Marc Demers, was elected in the 2013 municipal election.

Past mayors have been:

On 3 June 2013, the provincial government of Pauline Marois placed the city under trusteeship due to the ongoing corruption scandal affecting the city.[29] Florent Gagné, a former head of the Sûreté du Québec, will serve as the city's head trustee, with responsibility for reviewing and approving or rejecting all decisions made by city council.[29] Municipal Affairs Minister Sylvain Gaudreault said that Laval's Mayor Alexandre Duplessis and his council will continue to serve, but council decisions must be approved by the trustees.[30] Duplessis, in turn, resigned as mayor on 28 June 2013, after being implicated in a separate prostitution allegation.[28]

Flag, seal and motto

[edit]

On a white-yellow background, the emblem of Laval illustrates the modernism of a city in full expansion. The sign of the city symbolizes the "L" of Laval.

The colours also have a significant meaning:

  • Dark red represents the affluence and economic potential of Laval.
  • Blue symbolizes the quality of life and the installation of a human city.

The "L" of Laval is made of cubes that represent the development of Laval.

The letters of the Laval signature are related one to the other to point out the merger of the 14 municipalities of Jesus island in 1965.

The logo (that is on the flag) has existed since the 1980s and the flag since the 1990s.[31]

Federal and provincial politics

[edit]
See also: Canadian federal election results in Northern Montreal and Laval and 2008 Quebec general election
Laval federal election results[32]
Year Liberal Conservative Bloc Québécois New Democratic Green
2021 48% 97,592 14% 28,900 25% 50,921 8% 17,027 1% 1,700
2019 47% 103,401 12% 26,107 27% 60,193 8% 18,432 4% 8,500
2015 45% 97,819 14% 29,830 17% 37,455 22% 48,153 2% 4,297
2011 19% 35,525 13% 23,222 20% 36,948 45% 82,924 2% 3,445
2008 27% 49,327 15% 28,361 41% 75,819 12% 22,750 3% 6,281
Laval provincial election results[33]
Year CAQ Liberal QC solidaire Parti Québécois
2022 33% 64,625 30% 59,888 12% 24,633 11% 21,448
2018 32% 62,520 37% 71,677 12% 23,747 13% 25,430
2014 18% 39,560 53% 118,235 5% 10,904 23% 51,535

Federally, prior to 1984 Laval had been a bastion of Liberal support. From 1984 to 1993 the Conservative dominated Laval but have not won a seat since.Since the 90's Laval has been a battleground area between the Quebec separatist parties (the Bloc Québécois federally and the Parti Québécois provincially) and the federalist parties (various parties federally and the Quebec Liberal Party provincially). In 2011, amid an NDP surge in the province they swept all 4 seats in Laval for the first and only time. Since the 2015 election the Liberals have held all seats.

Provincially the other parts of Laval have drifted to the provincial Liberals in recent years. While the PQ held every Laval riding except Chomedey (which voted overwhelmingly to not separate in the 1995 Quebec referendum) during their second stint in government between 1994 and 2003. The Liberals won every Laval riding in 2003, 2007, and 2008. During the 2012 election, the PQ saw some gains in Laval when they captured 2 seats, but both returned to the Liberal fold during the 2014 election. During the 2018 election amid a rise of the CAQ, the Liberals held their own in the Laval losing only 1 seat to the CAQ. In the 2022 election the CAQ captured 3 more seats in Laval netting them 4 out of 6 seats and ending the dominance of the Liberals in Laval since the 2003 election. The Conservative Party of Quebec saw its vote share jump from just under 2% in 2018 to third place with just under 13%.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Roads

[edit]
Highways
The Papineau-Leblanc Bridge links Laval to the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough of Montreal.
Provincial routes
Incidents

Public transit

[edit]
Montreal Metro
A train arriving at Montmorency Station in the Montreal Metro

In April 2007, the Montreal Metro was extended to Laval with three stations. The long-awaited stations were begun in 2003 and completed in April 2007, two months ahead of the revised schedule, at a cost of C$803 million, funded entirely by the Quebec government. The stations are Cartier, De La Concorde, and Montmorency. The arrival of the Metro in Laval was long-awaited as it was first promised in the 1960s.[citation needed] Former mayor, Gilles Vaillancourt, announced his wish to loop the Orange line from Montmorency to Côte-Vertu stations with the addition of six new stations (three in Laval and another three in Montreal). He proposed that Transports Quebec, the provincial transport department, set aside C$100 million annually to fund the project, which was expected to cost upwards of $1.5 billion.[37]

Commuter rail

The Exo public transit agency's Saint-Jérôme commuter train line traverses the island, connecting Laval to downtown Montreal. There are currently three train stations in Laval: De la Concorde (an intermodal station offering transfer to the metro), Vimont and Sainte-Rose.

The Deux-Montagnes commuter train line served the western tip of Laval until it was closed on 31 December 2020. Work is underway to replace it with the Réseau express métropolitain (REM) light metro system.

Buses
Montmorency Terminus

The Société de transport de Laval (STL) provides local bus service in Laval. The STL's network consists of 35 regular lines, two rush hour lines, two trainbus lines, three express lines, one community circuit and several taxi lines.

There are reserved lanes for buses and taxis on Chomedey Blvd between Le Carrefour Blvd and the Des Prairies River (Lachapelle Bridge) and beyond as well as along boulevard des Laurentides between rue Proulx and boulevard Cartier (the reserved lane, in this case for buses only, continues onto the Pont Viau bridge into Montreal until the Terminus Laval at the Henri-Bourassa Metro station). Most buses that use the reserved lane end their journey at the Cartier Metro station. The AMT and the City of Laval have developed reserved bus and taxi lanes on Notre-Dame Boulevard between Vincent Massey Street and Place Alton-Goldbloom and another on De la Concorde Blvd between De l'Avenir and Laval Blvds, as well as between Ampere Ave and Roanne St. These reserved lanes (Notre-Dame and De la Concorde are the same boulevard but change name where they meet under Autoroute 15) opened shortly after 31 October 2007.

Education

[edit]
The Laval campus of the Université de Montréal

Laval is home to a variety of vocational/technical centres, colleges and universities, including:

The city has two separate school boards serving Laval: the Centre de services scolaire de Laval (formerly the Commission scolaire de Laval) for French-speaking students and the Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board for English-speaking students. There is one community English-language high school in the city: Laval Senior Academy, created on 1 July 2015 by the merger of Laval Liberty High School and Laurier Senior High School.[38]

North Star Academy Laval is the only private English high school in Laval. They offer secondary 1 to 5 and the possibility to do a grade 12 diploma from Ontario via their online platform.[citation needed]

Media

[edit]

Laval is served by media from Montreal, however it does have some of its own regional media outlets.

Two radio stations are licensed to serve the city: CJLV 1570 AM "Radio Mieux-être" (formerly CFAV) and CFGL 105.7 FM "Rythme FM".

Additionally, there are three major newspapers in Laval: the bi-weekly English-language The Laval News, the bi-weekly French-language Le Courrier Laval and the weekly French-language L'Écho de Laval.

One television community channel operates on Laval's territory, Télévision régionale de Laval, as part of Videotron cable's VOX network.

Sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Canada

Laval is twinned with:[39]

Friendship and cooperation

[edit]

Laval also cooperates with:[39]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /ləˈvæl/ lə-VAL, French: [laval] ⓘ
  2. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  6. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 34753". toponymie.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec.
  2. ^ "Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 65005". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation.
  3. ^ a b c "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Laval [Economic region], Quebec". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  4. ^ "Lavallois". En.wiktionary.org. Wiktionary. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  5. ^ Territorial Division Act. Revised Statutes of Quebec D-11.
  6. ^ Seale, Lewis (7 August 1965). "Upper house gives in, accepts bill changes". The Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network. p. 1. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
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