List of historical unrecognized states

These lists of historical unrecognized or partially recognized states or governments give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities that wished to be recognized as sovereign states, but did not enjoy worldwide diplomatic recognition. The entries listed here had de facto control over their claimed territory and were self-governing with a desire for full independence; or if they lacked such control over their territory, they were recognized by at least one other recognized nation.

Criteria for inclusion

The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to those of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood, lacked recognition from at least one state, and either:

• had a population and an organized government with a capacity to enter into relations with other states; or
• had de facto control over a territory or a significant portion of the territory of an otherwise-recognized sovereign state

Historic unrecognized or partially recognized states with de facto control over their territory

Further information: List of states with limited recognition

Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.

Africa

The total number of countries in the African continent is unknown due to the instability throughout the region. At present there are 54 sovereign countries and around 90 countries, territories and regions not recognized by the UN. One needs to take into account the fact that some countries are independent nations, and while they have geopolitical borders they are protectorates or territories (for example the Islands of St. Helena, the Canary Islands etc.). Also, certain parts of Africa have a tendency towards political instability (more so than other continents); this means that from time to time countries split, merge and are renamed. Some examples include: The Republic of South Sudan, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana and Burkina Faso. Since colonialism, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis, and many have instead cycled through a series of coups, producing military dictatorships.

Great instability was mainly the result of marginalization of ethnic groups, and graft under these leaders. For political gain, many leaders fanned ethnic conflicts, some of which had been exacerbated, or even created, by colonial rule. In many countries, the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order, and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s. During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations. Border and territorial disputes were also common, with the European-imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts.

Cold War conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as the policies of the International Monetary Fund,[citation needed] also played a role in instability. When a country became independent for the first time, it was often expected to align with one of the two superpowers. Many countries in Northern Africa received Soviet military aid, while many in Central and Southern Africa were supported by the United States, France or both. The 1970s saw an escalation, as newly independent Angola and Mozambique aligned themselves with the Soviet Union, and the West and South Africa sought to contain Soviet influence by funding insurgency movements. There was a major famine in Ethiopia, when hundreds of thousands of people starved. Some claimed that Marxist/Soviet policies made the situation worse. The most devastating military conflict in modern independent Africa has been the Second Congo War; this conflict and its aftermath have killed an estimated 5.5 million people.[66] Since 2003 there has been an ongoing conflict in Darfur which has become a humanitarian disaster. Another notable tragic event is the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were murdered. AIDS in post-colonial Africa has also been a prevalent issue.

In the 21st century, however, the number of armed conflicts in Africa has steadily declined. For instance, the civil war in Angola came to an end in 2002 after nearly 30 years. This has coincided with many countries abandoning communist style command economies and opening up for market reforms. The improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations, mainly from China, which has spurred quick economic growth in many countries, seemingly ending decades of stagnation and decline. Several African economies are among the world's fastest growing as of 2011. A significant part of this growth can also be attributed to the facilitated diffusion of information technologies and specifically the mobile phone.

18th and 19th centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Republic of Swellendam	1795	Now part of South Africa	A republic declared in revolt against the Dutch East India Company. It lasted 3 months before being re-incorporated into the Cape Colony.
Graaff-Reinet	1795	Now part of South Africa	Formed in rebellion to Dutch East India Company; it took 2 years to be incorporated into the Cape Colony, though this time under British rule.
Griqualand West	1813	Now part of South Africa	Enjoyed de facto independence since the founding of Griquatown in 1813, Griqualand West eventually proclaimed itself a British colony in 1873. It did not gain recognition by Britain nor the neighboring Cape Colony and was annexed in 1880.
Potchefstroom Republic	1830	Now part of South Africa	A republic that existed only for a couple months before joining with Winburg Republic. It was effectively a city-state.
Winburg Republic	1836	Now part of South Africa	Established on land the Vet and Vaal Rivers donated to the Voortrekkers by Bataung Chief Makwana in 1836 in exchange for protection from neighboring Basotho tribes. Joined in union with the newly established Potchefstroom Republic in 1838 to form the Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom.
Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom	1838	Now part of South Africa	Formed from the union of the Potchefstroom Republic and the Winburg Republic in 1938; the nation lasted until Potchefstroom left the union to join with Pietermaritzburg.
Natalia Republic	1839	Now part of South Africa	Established in 1839 by local Afrikaans-speaking Voortrekkers after the Battle of Blood River. This Boer Republic lasted for four years before being annexed by British troops under George Napier.
Andries-Ohringstad Republic	1845	Now part of South Africa	A fort was established by a group of Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Hendrik Potgieter with the help of a Dutch merchant Gregorius Ohrig. The settlers arrived in 1845 and were decimated by malaria. Forced to abandon the area, the republic was officially abandoned in 1849.
Utrecht Republic	1854	Now part of South Africa	A republic proclaimed by Andreas Theodorus Spies following a land purchase from the King of the Zulu, Mpande. It joined with the Lydenburg Republic in 1858.
Lydenburg Republic	1856	Now part of South Africa	A Boer republic which was created following the dissolution of the Andries-Ohringstad Republic. Eventually this nation expanded with the inclusion of the Utrecht Republic in 1858. The republic lasted until 1860 when it was incorporated into the South African Republic
Zoutpansberg Republic	1857	Now part of South Africa	A small Boer Republic that joined with the South African Republic in 1864. The white settlers in Zoutpansberg had for many years a reputation for lawlessness, and were later regarded as typical "back velt Boers". Zoutpansberg contained a larger native population than any other region of the Transvaal
Griqualand West	1861	Now part of South Africa	Founded by Adam Kok III as a final resting place for Griqua people. The State suffered from a secret deal signed between the British Empire and Orange Free State causing unceasing instability. Although the reasons for its annexation are still debated, it was eventually integrated with the Cape Colony in 1880
Klipdrift Republic	1870	Now part of South Africa	A Republic proclaimed during a dispute over diamond mines near what would become Griqualand West
Republic of Stellaland	1882	Now part of South Africa	A Boer republic which existed briefly before its union with its neighboring Boer republic the State of Goshen
Goshen	1882	Now part of South Africa	A Boer Republic which merged with the Republic of Stellaland to form the United States of Stellaland in 1883.
United States of Stellaland	1883	Now part of South Africa	A Boer republic which created from the union of neighboring Republic of Stellaland and State of Goshen. The republic lasted until it became a protectorate of the South African Republic on 10 September 1884 only to be annexed 6 days later.
Nieuwe Republiek	1884	Now part of South Africa	Created on August 16 of 1884 with land donated by the Zulus through a treaty. The territory was part the old Boer Republic of Natalia. The republic enjoyed independence until it was annexed by the South African Republic by its own request.
Mahdist State	1885–1889	Now part of Sudan	Islamic state established during the Mahdist War by rebels. The rebellion failed and the state was dissolved.
Klein Vrystaat	1886	Now part of South Africa	A Boer republic which declared its independence from lands formerly controlled by the Swazi king Mswati II. It was eventually incorporated into the South African Republic in 1891 on its own request.

20th and 21st centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Tripolitanian Republic	1918	Now part of Libya	A republic proclaimed following the Paris Peace Conference; it disintegrated sometime in 1923
Sultanate of M'Simbati	1959	Now part of Tanzania	Latham Leslie-Moore, a retired civil servant, declared the secession of the "Sultanate of M'Simbati" from the then colony of Tanganyika. The "secession" was suppressed in 1962 by Tanzanian government troops.
Katanga	1960	Part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	Controlled the state of the same name within the former Belgian Congo after decolonisation
People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba	1964	Now part of Tanzania	Following the 17 January 1964 coup which deposed the Sultan of Zanzibar, the revolutionary group purporting to represent the island's Negro majority proclaimed a Peoples' Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. It immediately made an offer of union with the government of Tanganyika.
Biafra	1967	Part of Nigeria	Controlled territory in eastern Nigeria, recognized by five states (Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia)
Rhodesia	1965–1979	Now Zimbabwe	Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. Did not receive official recognition from any state. Had diplomatic relationship with South Africa which did not recognise Rhodesia to preserve its fragile positions with other nations, but frequently assisted the republic. Portugal also maintained informal relations until the Carnation Revolution of 1974.
Republic of Martyazo	1972	Now part of Burundi	A state declared by Hutu separatists inside the mountainous Vuzigo commune, between the Makamba and Lake Nyanza; lasted for little over a week.
Cabinda	1975	Now part of Angola	Cabinda was a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo. During the Portuguese Colonial War period, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese. The independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975. After the Angolan independence came in effect in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) with support of troops from Cuba.
Transkei	1976-1994	Now all part of South Africa	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Bophuthatswana	1977-1994	Now all part of South Africa	Former apartheid Bantustan homeland, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa. Israel extended marginal recognition to Bophuthatswana by allowing both polities to build trade missions in Tel Aviv. In 1993 Bophuthatswana opened an information center in Latvia, so that the Latvian song festival was also attended by a chorus of this country (Bop Arts Council Chorus).
Zimbabwe Rhodesia	1979	Now Zimbabwe	Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. Did not receive official recognition from any state. Had diplomatic relationship with South Africa which did not recognise Rhodesia to preserve its fragile positions with other nations, but frequently assisted the republic. Portugal also maintained informal relations until the Carnation Revolution of 1974. State received full international recognition after signing the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979 and became, on 18 April 1980, the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.
Venda	1979-1994	Now all part of South Africa	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Ciskei	1972-1994	Now all part of South Africa	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Mohéli	1997	Now part of Comoros	Seceded in 1997 but quietly rejoined the next year.
Bushmanland	1989	Now all part of Namibia	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Damaraland	1980-1989	Now all part of Namibia	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Namaland	1980-1989	Now all part of Namibia	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Rehoboth	1979-1989	Now all part of Namibia	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Tswanaland	1979-1989	Now all part of Namibia	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Kaokoland	1970-1989	Now all part of Namibia	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
Anjouan	1997	Now part of Comoros	Joined with Comoros, then seceded twice to gain independence. Anjouan rejoined Comoros after talks during the first secession. After the second event, the secessionist government was forcefully removed.
	2008	Now part of Comoros	Joined with Comoros, then seceded twice to gain independence. Anjouan rejoined Comoros after talks during the first secession. After the second event, the secessionist government was forcefully removed.
Azawad	2012	Now part of Mali	Controlled territory in Northern Mali, it was unrecognized by any state.

Americas

18th and 19th centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Vermont Republic	1777–1791	Now part of the United States	Became the State of Vermont
Watauga Association	1772–1778	Now part of the United States	Annexed into the State of North Carolina
State of Muskogee	1799–1802	Part of the United States	A Native American state in Florida; consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. Annexed by the United States.
Republic of South Haiti	1810	Now part of Haiti	Haiti declared its independence in 1804 under Jean Jacques Dessalines. That same year, Dessalines declared himself Emperor. After his assassination in 1806, Haiti was divided between the Republic of Haiti in the south and the Kingdom of Haiti, under Henry Christophe, in the north. The situation was further complicated by the secession of South Haiti in the southwest corner of the country under André Rigaud in 1810. His own republic contained the former Maroon enclave of La Grande'Anse under Goman, who was allied with King Henry. A few months after Rigaud seized power, he died, and South Haiti rejoined the Republic. In 1820, Henry Christophe committed suicide. Haiti was reunited soon afterwards.
Free and Independent Republic of West Florida	1810	Now part of the United States	Republic consisting of parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama. Annexed during the presidency of James Madison.
Republic of Tucumán	1820	Part of Argentina	Now part of Argentine provinces of Catamarca, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán.
Republic of Entre Ríos	1820–1821	Part of Argentina	Today the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes
Republic of Madawaska	1827–1842	Now divided between Canada and the United States	Within the provinces of New Brunswick, Quebec and the state of Maine
Republic of Indian Stream	1832–1835	Now part of the United States	Annexed by the United States. Within the state of New Hampshire.
Riograndense Republic	1836–1845	Part of Brazil	Today's Rio Grande do Sul
Republic of Canada	1837–1838	Now part of Canada	The self-proclaimed government was established on Navy Island in the Niagara River in the latter days of the Upper Canada Rebellion.
Republic of South Peru, Republic of North Peru and Peru–Bolivian Confederation	1836–1839	Now part of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Ecuador and Peru	The Peru–Bolivian Confederation (or Confederacy) was a confederate state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839. Its first and only head of state, titled "Supreme Protector", was the Bolivian president, Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz. The confederation was a loose union between the states of Peru (by this time divided into a Republic of North Peru and a Republic of South Peru, which included the capital Tacna) and Bolivia.
Republic of Lower Canada	1837-1838	Now part of Canada	A government established on the aftermath of Rebellions of 1837 in Lower Canada.
Republic of Los Altos	1837–1840	Now part of Guatemala	The United Provinces of Central America were riven by strife for much of their existence. Guatemala’s ruling class was appalled by the thought of an illiterate and brutish peasant Governor Rafael Carrera, and led the six western provinces into secession. The new state of Los Altos, under Liberal leadership, appealed for recognition to the UPCA. In January 1840, Carrera reconquered Los Altos, and then defeated the UPCA’s army in March, sounding the death knell for the United Provinces. Los Altos rebelled again when Carrera declared Guatemala an independent republic in 1847, but was again rapidly crushed.
Juliana Republic	1839	Part of Brazil	Today's Santa Catarina
Republic of the Río Grande	1840	Now part of the United States and Mexico.	Consisted of part of southern Texas and the 3 Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas
Republic of Yucatán	1841–1843	Part of Mexico	A state from 1841 to 1848, it was proclaimed after the Mexican government tried to centralize and tried to join the US during the Mexican–American War; it was rejected and joined a federal Mexico after the war ended. A revolt in Yucatán in 1916, led by Felipe Cerillo but with active Mayan involvement, effectively separated the region from the weak Mexican state. On 3 April 1916 Carillo declared the independence of the Socialist Republic of Yucatan, but the Republic failed to garner much support, and was quickly overrun by Mexican forces.
California Republic	1846	Now part of the United States	Formed during an Anglo-American revolt in Mexican California during the Mexican–American War. This "state" never actually possessed a high level of organization, and was only in existence for a matter of weeks before the rebels deferred to the US government and American troops.
State of Deseret	1846	Now part of the United States	The State of Deseret was formed by Mormons(Latter-Day Saints) in 1849 before becoming Utah Territory in 1850. Advance Parties of Mormon Pioneers entered the Great Basin Area in 1846, and Vanguard Companys arrived in 1847. Believing they were leaving the borders of the United States. After the establishment of the Utah Territory in 1850, the Latter-day Saints did not relinquish the idea of a "State of Deseret". From 1862 to 1870, a group of Mormon elders under Young's leadership met as a shadow government after each session of the territorial legislature to ratify the new laws under the name of the "state of Deseret". Attempts were made in 1856, 1862, and 1872 to write a new state constitution under that name based on the new boundaries of the Utah Territory.
Republic of Yucatán	1846–1848	Part of Mexico	A state from 1841 to 1848, it was proclaimed after the Mexican government tried to centralize and tried to join the US during the Mexican–American War it was rejected and joined a federal Mexico after the war ended. A revolt in Yucatán in 1916, led by Felipe Cerillo but with active Mayan involvement, effectively separated the region from the weak Mexican state. On 3 April 1916 Carillo declared the independence of the Socialist Republic of Yucatan, but the Republic failed to garner much support, and was quickly overrun by Mexican forces.
Republic of Baja California	1853–1854	Now part of Mexico	The filibuster William Walker took control of La Paz, the capital of the sparsely populated Baja California, and 200 more men joined him. Walker declared La Paz the capital of a new Republic of Baja California, with himself as president and a constitution copied from that of Louisiana. Although he never gained control of Sonora, less than three months later, he pronounced Baja California part of the larger Republic of Sonora.
Republic of Sonora	1854	Now part of Mexico	A lesser to William Walker's Republic of Baja California, it was a merger between that and Sonora.
Republic of South Carolina	1860–61	Now part of the United States	Secessionist state established on December 20, 1860 when South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States. It lasted a month and a half before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America
Alabama Republic	1861	Now Part of the United States	Secessionist republic declared January 11, 1861 when Alabama seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.
Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia	1860–1862	Now part of Argentina and Chile	Set up by a French adventurer who tried to gain legitimacy for his state, only to be denied. The self-proclaimed kingdom was mostly a legal fiction and did only loosely control a small portion of the territory it claimed. In fact the Mapuche warlords that submitted to it were totally autonomous, and used the kingdom only as pretext to obtain foreign support. It was conquered and partitioned by Chile and Argentina.
Republic of Florida	1861	Now part of the United States	Secessionist state established January 10, 1861, when Florida seceded from the United States. Only lasted a month before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.
Republic of Louisiana	1861	Now part of the United States	Secessionist state formed on January 11, 1861 when Louisiana seceded from the United States. It only lasted two and a half weeks before joining the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861.
Republic of Mississippi	1861	Now part of the United States	Secessionist state established January 9, 1861 when Mississippi seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before joining the Confederate States of America
Republic of Texas	1861	Now part of the United States	Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861 and lasted as an independent state for a month before joining the Confederate States of America. Not to be confused with the earlier (1836–1845), partially recognized Republic of Texas.
Confederate States of America	1861–1865	Now part of the United States	Originally formed by seven states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and Louisiana). After the American Civil War began, the states of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina joined. Though not recognized as a sovereign nation, the Confederacy was recognized by some nations as a "belligerent power". Reintegrated into the United States.
Republic of Manitobah	1867–1869	Now part of Canada	Within the province of Manitoba
Principality of Trinidad	1893–1895	Part of Brazil	American James Harden-Hickey divorced his wife in 1893 (1894?) and announced his intention to move to India and take up a life of Hindu asceticism. On the trip there, a storm forced his ship aground on the island of Trinidad (no relation to the Caribbean Trinidad) in the South Atlantic. Seeing that the island was uninhabited, Harden-Hickey declared himself Prince James I of Trinidad and advertised for settlers in the London Times. The following year, the United Kingdom annexed the island in order to anchor a transatlantic telegraph cable. Prince James was encouraged, hoping that the cable would bring the attention he needed to start his reign. However, the plan was scrapped and Brazil annexed the island again in 1897.
Republic of Independent Guyana	1886–1891	Part of Amapa, Brazil	Established by French settlers in defiance of both France and Brazil

20th century

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Republic of Acre	1899–1903	Now part of Brazil	A trio of attempts to free Acre from Bolivia. Each attempt was defeated, but part of Acre was turned over to Brazilian control after the final attempt.
Republic of Airrecú	1993	Now part of Nicaragua	Relations between Costa Rica and Nicaragua have traditionally been strained. This situation was not improved when the Costa Rican government granted land rights to settlers along the San Juan River, which forms part of the border between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. A dispute ended with Costa Rica acknowledging that the territory in fact belonged to Nicaragua, and promised to remove the settlers. The settlers, however, refused to leave. In June 1993, they declared their independence as the Republic of Airrecú, which means "friendship" in a local Indian language. The Nicaraguan Army immediately descended upon the area and escorted the Republic into Costa Rica.
Republic of Anguilla	1967–1969	Now a British overseas territory	Created due to opposition to a union with modern St. Kitts and Nevis. It ceased to exist after being occupied by the British Army.

Asia

19th century

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Lanfang Republic	1777–1884	Now part of Indonesia.	Established by Chinese in Indonesia as the Dutch began to conquer Indonesia to protect the ethnic Chinese; it was a tributary state of the Qing Dynasty in Imperial China; the Qing Dynasty weakened and it was conquered by the Dutch, who added it to colonies.
Kingdom of Sedang	1888–1889	Now part of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam	Charles David Mayréna was born in France in 1842. He stopped in Vietnam 1884 and started a plantation. In 1888, the King of Siam began claiming territory west of French territory. Anxious, the Governor of the Indochinese Union agreed to Mayréna's proposed expedition to the interior. When Mayréna reached the central highlands, he organized the local tribes into the Kingdom of Sedang, and declared himself King Marie I. He offered to cede his kingdom to France in exchange for monopoly rights. When the French government became understandably chilly, Mayréna approached the English at Hong Kong. When he was rebuffed there, Mayréna went to Belgium. In 1889, a Belgian financier named Somsy offered arms and money to Mayréna in exchange for mineral rights. Unfortunately, the French Navy blockaded Vietnamese ports to prevent his return, and his arms were seized as contraband at Singapore.
Republic of Ezo	1869	Now part of Japan	Set up in Hokkaido by supporters of the Tokugawa clan following the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate after the Boshin War and Meiji Restoration; they received support from the France, but only lasted five months.
Republic of Formosa	1895	Now Taiwan, Republic of China.	Declared independence upon secession of Taiwan to Japan following the First Sino-Japanese War.
Sultanate of Aceh	1874–1904	Now part of Indonesia	A sultanate in modern Indonesia, it was later conquered by the Dutch.
Republic of Biak-na-Bato	1897	Now part of the Philippines	A revolutionary state that later became the First Philippine Republic.
Sovereign Tagalog Nation	1896–1897	Now part of the Philippines.	Succeeded by the First Philippine Republic.
Republic of Zamboanga	1899–1903	Now part of the Philippines.	República de Zamboanga was a revolutionary republic, founded shortly after the collapse of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.
First Philippine Republic	1899–1901	Now part of the Philippines	Existed as an unrecognized independent sovereign state from its declaration on June 12, 1898, up to the surrender of Géneral Miguel Malvar. It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan, and pursued a protracted war against the invasion by United States leading to the Philippine–American War.
Cantonal Republic of Negros	1898–1901	Now part of the Philippines.	Declared independence and aligned itself with the First Philippine Republic. Later, it was recognized by the United States; the government was dissolved by the Americans in 1901.

20th and 21st centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Tagalog Republic	1902–1906	Now part of the Philippines.	Revolutionary body set up during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War.
Tibet	1912–1951	Now part of People's Republic of China	In 1913, Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet proclaimed independence from Qing Dynasty, which was only recognized by Mongolia (however, there have been doubts over the authority of the Tibetan representative to sign the treaty, and thus its validity). One year later the Dalai Lama signed a UK-drafted treaty accepting Chinese suzerainty and adjusting the border in favor of British India. The 14th Dalai Lama acknowledged Chinese sovereignty in the Seventeen Point Agreement of 1951, but China continues to reject the 1914 UK-drafted treaty and claims South Tibet (now part of India's Arunachal Pradesh).
Alash Autonomy	1917–1920	Now part of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan;	De facto self-governing autonomous region.
Republic of Aras	1918–1919	Now part of Azerbaijan	Established during the Russian Civil War, this state only lasted several months.
Republic of Mountainous Armenia	1921	Now part of Armenia and the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic	An anti-Soviet Armenian state which existed from 26 April until 13 July 1921, roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day Armenian provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and some parts of the present-day Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.
Kingdom of Syria	1920	Now independent	Lasted for 4 months at the end of World War I until dissolved by the French, who took control.
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic	1920–1921	Now Gilan province in Iran	Created by local guerilleros (Jangali) when Red Army troops entered Iran, but failed to spread the revolutionary movement over the whole of Iran.
Kingdom of Kurdistan	1921–1924	Now part of Iraq	Establishmend by Kurdish nationalists following the collapse of Ottoman Turkey, but were defeated by Britain and incorporated into the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.
Tuvan People's Republic	1921–1944	Now part of Russia	Attempt by Tuvans to gain independence following years of domination by China and Imperial Russia; it was put under Soviet control and later formally annexed. The Soviet Union and the Mongolian People's Republic were the only countries to recognize its independence.
Republic of Ararat	1927–1930	Now part of Turkey	One of the first Kurdish republics in history, founded in Ağrı Province, Turkey.
Manchukuo	1932–1945	Now part of People's Republic of China	Puppet state of the Empire of Japan ruled by the Emperor Pu Yi. Manchukuo was diplomatically recognised by El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Soviet Union, Italy, Spain, Nazi Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Vichy France, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Denmark, Croatia, China's Wang Jingwei government, Thailand, and the Philippines. The League of Nations never recognized Manchukuo's annexation by Japan. Manchukou was occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, ending its puppet state status.
First East Turkestan Republic	1933–1934	Now part of China	Set up as part of the movement for an independent East Turkestan it was defeated by the Nationalists.
Fujian People's Government	1933–1934	Now part of China	Formed following the Fuijian Incident, when the former 19th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army broke with commander Chiang Kai-shek and declared a new government. Although originally enjoying popular support, the government lost favour and was crushed by Kuomintang forces in 1934.
Chinese Soviet Republic	1931–1937	Now part of China	Recognised by the People's Republic of China (1949–) as a "rehearsal" of the PRC and a "cradle" in which the Communist Party seized power.
Mongolia	1932–1945	Now independent	Was unrecognized by several countries from 1940 to 1960 due to being claimed as an integral part of the Republic of China.
Wang Jingwei Government	1940–1945	Part of China	Puppet government dissolved at the end of World War II. Recognized by Imperial Japan and its allies.
Second Philippine Republic	1943–1945	Now the Philippines	The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines or known in the Philippines as Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a puppet state established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation.
Second East Turkestan Republic	1944–1949	Now part of China	Soviet satellite state set up in East Turkestan; the Soviets later turned against it and approved its annexation by China.
Inner Mongolian People's Republic	1945	Now part of China	During the Second World War the Japanese support in Inner Mongolia was established, and a new puppet state was created, named Mengjiang. In August 1945 it was destroyed by Soviet and Mongolian troops. On September 9, 1945, the Sunid Yutsi held a Congress of People's Representatives and aimags khoshuns of Inner Mongolia. Held for three days, the Congress proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia and elected an interim government. In November the Chinese Communist Party managed to bring the situation under control, and reorganized the Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia in the Mongolian Autonomous Government.
Azerbaijan People's Government	1945–1946	Now part of Iran	Soviet puppet state set up in Iranian Azerbaijan but later reclaimed by Iran.
Republic of Mahabad	1946–1947	Now part of Iran	Declared independence from Iran, but then occupied by Iran after the withdrawal of the Soviet Red Army from the north of the country.
Hyderabad State	1947–1948	Is now split up among Telangana, Maharashtra and Karnataka states of India.	One of the largest client rulers during British India. At independence in 1947 the UK allowed the local rulers of the princely states to choose between joining India, Pakistan or to become independent. The Nizam of Hyderabad chose independence declaring Hyderabad a free, self-governing independent state but the Government of India, desirous of ending marginalization of the population under Nizam, refused to accept his point of view citing as reasons: Hyderabad being surrounded by India on all sides and not having an access to the sea. After extensive attempts by India to persuade the Nizam to accede to India failed, the Indian government finally launched a military operation named Operation Polo to overthrow his rule.
Khanate of Kalat	1947–1948	Now part of Balochistan province in Pakistan	Kalat was a princely state in Baluchistan Agency, the one of the agencies of British India. The Khan of Baluchistan declared his nation's independence on August 15, 1947, one day after India and Pakistan declared independence. From 15 August 1947 to 27 March 1948, the region was de facto independent before acceding to Pakistan on 27 March 1948. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Khan relented and acceeded Baluchistan to Pakistan in 1948.
Republic of South Moluccas	1950	Now part of Indonesia	The Moluccas formed part of the United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950), but declared independence in April 1950 in reaction of centralizing tendencies from Jakarta. It was quickly conquered by Indonesian troops, but maintains a government in exile in the Netherlands.
Suvadive Islands	1959–1963	Now part of the Maldives	Attempted break-away state; it was supported by Britain briefly before being abandoned.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	1954–1961	Now part of India	Territory made up of two former exclaves of the Portuguese district of Daman (Portuguese India). In 1954, it was invaded and occupied by supporters of their integration in the Indian Union. Thereafter and until formal annexation by India in 1961, it enjoyed a de facto independence. Portugal continued to consider Dadra and Nagar Haveli as Portuguese territory until 1974. The native citizens of the territory continued to be entitled to the grant of Portuguese citizenship until 2006.
Republic of Timor	1961	Now part of Timor-Leste	In early 1961 the Battle Office for the Liberation of Timor (Bureau de Luta pela Libertação de Timor) was formed under the leadership of Maoclao and backed by Indonesia. A republic was proclaimed in the border town of Batugade on 9 April 1961. It was quickly put down by Portuguese troops.
Democratic Republic of East Timor	1975-1976	Now independent	Former overseas province of Portugal. Declaration of independence proclaimed on November 28, 1975, and recognized by six states ( Albania, Cape Verde, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe). Invaded and annexed by Indonesia in December, 1975. United Nations, Portugal and most of the states didn't recognize the Indonesian annexation and continued to consider East Timor as Portuguese territory until its definitive independence in 2002.
Free Lebanon State	1979–1984	Now part of Lebanon	In 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, the Lebanese army began to break up. Major Saad Haddad, commanding an army battalion in the south which had been part of the Army of Free Lebanon, broke away and founded a group known as the Free Lebanon Army (FLA). The FLA fought against various groups including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Amal Movement and (after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon) the emerging Hezbollah. The 1978 Israeli invasion allowed the Free Lebanon Army to gain control over a much wider area in southern Lebanon. On April 18, 1979 Haddad proclaimed the area controlled by his force "Independent State of Free Lebanon" (Dawlet Lebnaan El Horr El Mest’ell) with the capital Beirut, though his actual headquarters were in Marjayoun. In May 1980, " Free Lebanon Army" was renamed "South Lebanon Army". The statehood claim was downplayed following the death of Haddad in 1984, though his successor Antouan Lahed continued to exercise some authority in Southern Lebanon until the year 2000. On 24 May 2000, following Israeli withdrawal and final collapse of the SLA, Lebanese forces occupied the small town Marjayoun, which was the "capital" of southern Lebanon.
People's Republic of Kampuchea State of Cambodia	1979–1993	Now part of Cambodia	Khmer Rouge was ousted by Vietnam in 1979. Not recognized by the People's Republic of China, North Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States, ASEAN countries and the UN.
Democratic Republic of Yemen	1994	Now part of Yemen	Breakaway state formed during the 1994 civil war in Yemen. It only lasted six weeks before being reconquered.
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	1996–2001	Fall of Kabul; became under the rule of Afghan Interim Administration	Taliban administrated Afghanistan. Recognized only by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) The state was not recognised by the UN.
Bangsamoro Republik	2013	Now part of the Philippines	Following their defeat in Zamboanga City by the Armed Forces of the Philippines on September 28, 2013, the Moro National Liberation Front self-declared Bangsamoro Republic ceased to exist.

Europe

10th through 19th centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Couto Misto	10th century – 1868	Part of Spain and Portugal	De facto independent microstate on the border between Galicia (Spain) and Northern Portugal. By the 1864 Treaty of Lisbon, its territory was partitioned between Spain and Portugal.
Kingdom of Corsica	1736	Part of France	Seceded from Republic of Genoa
Corsican Republic	1755–1769	Part of France	Seceded from Republic of Genoa; annexed by France. Recognized only by Bey of Tunis
Republic of Liège	1789–1791	Part of Belgium	Republic formed following the Liège Revolution
Anglo-Corsican Kingdom	1794–1796	Part of France	Independent kingdom under British King George III, formed on the Irish model
The Gozitan Nation	1798–1801	Part of Malta	Independent kingdom under Neapolitan King Ferdinand III. It was actually ruled by a provisional government set up by Saverio Cassar, after French troops on the island capitulated to rebels. It became part of the British protectorate of Malta in 1801.
Republic of Connacht	1798	Part of Ireland	French client republic
Kingdom of Norway	1814	Part of Denmark-Norway, then United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway	Norway declared its independence, as a result of the refusal of the Treaty of Kiel after the Napoleonic Wars, adopted a Constitution and elected Danish Prince Christian Frederik as its own king. After a short war with Sweden, Norway accepted entering into a personal union with Sweden at the Convention of Moss.
Republic of Goust	1827	Part of France	A French hamlet which was considered for a long time independent due to it never being formally annexed by France.
Kingdom of Tavolara	1836–1962?	Part of Italy	The Bertoleoni family claimed to be monarchs of an island off the northeast coast of Sardinia.
Repubblica di San Marco	1848–1849	Part of Italy	Following 1848 unrests, the republic was proclaimed in 1848 in the territories of Venetia with the capital Venice. Allied with the other Italian states against Austrian Empire, it eventually voted to federate under Kingdom of Sardinia, but it went back to independence after piedmontese defeat. Remaining only Venice and its lagoon under control, the republic surrendered after almost 5 months of siege and after 17 months of existence.
Canton of Cartagena	1873–1874	Part of Spain	In 1873 Cartagena was proclaimed as an independent canton, called the Canton of Cartagena. This proclamation started the Cantonal Revolution in Spain, during the First Spanish Republic. It was the beginning of the cantonalism, a movement that tried Spain become a federal state composed by cantons. Some cities and territories joined the cantonal cause and were declared independents too, but they surrendered a few days later. The only canton with an organized government as state, control on its territory and military power was Cartagena, which declared war and faced the Spanish central government during six months, until it was invaded.
Republic of Tamrash	1878–1886	Part of Bulgaria	The Republic of Tamrash was a self-governing administrative structure of the Pomaks, living in the Tamrash region of the Rhodope Mountains.

20th and 21st centuries

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Kruševo Republic	1903	Part of Macedonia	Republic established in Kruševo, Macedonia
Chita Republic, Krasnoyarsk Republic, Novorossiysk Republic, Sochi Republic, Starobuyanskaya Republic	1905–1906	Part of Russia	The Chita Republic was a workers and peasants' dictatory republic in Chita during the Russian Revolution of 1905, installed by actual seizure of power in Chita RSDLP Committee and the Council of Soldiers 'and Cossacks' Deputies in November 1905 – January 1906. The Krasnoyarsk Republic – government, organized by the Joint Board of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in Krasnoyarsk during the First Russian Revolution. Lasted from 9 to 27 December 1905. The Novorossiysk Republic – the worker-peasant self-government established by the Council of Workers' Deputies in Novorossiysk December 12, 1905 lasted until 26 December of the same year. The Sochi Republic – political education social democratic sense, arising from the modern city of Sochi as a result of the revolutionary uprisings of 1905. Lasted from December 28, 1905 to January 5, 1906 (i.e., about 9 days). The Starobuyanskaya Republic – peasant self-government established during the First Russian Revolution in the village of Stary Buyan. Lasted from 12 to 26 November 1905.
Gurian Republic	1905–1906	Part of Georgia	The Gurian Republic or the Gurian peasant republic was an insurrection that took place in the western Georgian province Guria (then part of the Imperial Russia) prior to and during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Republic existed from the November 1905 to January 10, 1906.
Liubotyn Republic and Shuliavka Republic	1905	Part of Ukraine	The Lyubotinskaya Republic – proclaimed in December 1905, independent workers' state in the armed insurrection of the workers and railwaymen in Lyubotin during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Republic existed from the December 26 to 30, 1905. The Shuliavka Republic was an early 20th-century worker-based quasi-government organization in the city of Kiev, Ukraine, whose main task was self-defence. The uprising lasted a total of four days, from December 12–16 (o.s., in the Gregorian Calendar, 26–29), 1905.
Markovo Republic	1905–1906	Part of Russia	Markovo Republic was a self-proclaimed peasant state, located in Russia, in the Volokolamsk area. It was proclaimed on October 18, 1905, when during the Russian Revolution of 1905 peasants took control of the local government in the village Markovo and 5 other villages. It had existed until July 18, 1906.
Republika Ostrowiecka	1905–1906	Part of Poland	The Ostrovetskaya Republic (Republika Ostrowiecka) – government set December 27, 1905 during the First Russian Revolution in cities Ostrowiec, Iłżę, Ćmielów and locality. Republic fell in the middle of January 1906.
Republika Zagłębiowska and Republika Sławkowska	1905	Part of Poland	Polish towns Zagłębie Dąbrowskie and Sławków taken over by revolutionary during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Both republics existed in November–December 1905, each about 10–12 days.
Provisional Government of Western Thrace	1913	Part of Greece	A small, short-lived republic from August 31 to October 25, 1913, at the end of the Second Balkan War when Western Thrace was then occupied by the Ottoman Empire. It was founded as a state with Ottoman support, in order to avoid Bulgarian rule after the Treaty of Bucharest, in which the Ottomans had not taken part. Under British pressure, the Balkan powers and the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of Eastern Thrace. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, the area was annexed by Bulgaria.
Republic of Central Albania	1913–1914	Part of Albania	The Republic of Central Albania was a republic declared following the pullout of Ottoman forces from the former Albanian Vilayet. Declared by Essad Pasha Toptani, the republic's existence came to an end when the troops of Wilhelm of Wied took control of the country.
Ukrainian People's Republic	1917–1920	Part of Ukraine	An independent republic and direct predecessor of modern Ukraine established right after the Bolshevik coup-d'etat against the Russian Republic government. During 1918 due to own coup-d'etat had its government swapped between socialists and conservatives while officially referred to as the Ukrainian State. In 1919 by the Unification Act, Ukraine united with the West Ukrainian People's Republic. At that time Ukraine was recognized by numerous countries in Europe.
Idel-Ural State	1917–1918	Part of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan (Russia)	Suppressed by the Red Army.
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic	1917–1922	Part of Russia	revolutionary soviet state led by Vladimir Lenin during the Russian civil war
Soviet Republic of Naissaar	1917–1918	Part of Estonia	revolutionary soviet state led by Stepan Petrichenko during the First World War controlled the Estonian island of Naissaar.On 26 February 1918, the government evacuated from the island.
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs	1918	Part of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia (Vojvodina) and Montenegro (Boka Kotorska)	Temporary state of the Austro-Hungarian South Slavs, declared on October 29, 1918, and merged with the Kingdom of Serbia on December 1, 1918, into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)
Odessa Soviet Republic	1918	part of Ukraine and Moldova	Odessan Soviet Republic was a short-lived Soviet republic formed on January 31, 1918. It was disestablished on 13 March 1918. It was not recognized by any country.
Republic of Tarnobrzeg	1918–1919	Part of Poland	The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was proclaimed November 6, 1918 in the Polish town of Tarnobrzeg. Disestablished Spring 1919.
Kuban People's Republic	1918–1920	Part of Russia	A territory in Russia, it was declared by Kuban Cossacks in 1918. It supported the White Movement and was overrun by the Bolsheviks in 1920.
West Ukrainian People's Republic	1918–1919	Part of Ukraine	Established in eastern Galicia it controlled cities once part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and with large numbers of ethnic Poles leading to a losing war with Poland after which it was partitioned by Poland, the Kingdom of Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Ukrainian People's Republic.
Komancza Republic	1918–1919	Part of Ukraine	An association of 30 pro-Ukrainian villages, it planned to merge with the West Ukrainian People's Republic but was suppressed by Poland during the Polish-Ukrainian War
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic	1918	Part of Finland and Russia	Lasted only three months during the Finnish Civil War, but was recognized by Soviet Russia.
Republic of Vorarlberg	1918	Part of Austria	Amidst the chaos in collapse of the Austro-Ungarian empire the Vorarlbergers proclaimed themselves a separate non-Austrian, Germanic people and declared on 3 November 1918 the independence as Republic of Vorarlberg. The secession was blocked by the alies and the new Austrian republican government. In April 1919, over 80% of the Vorarlbergers voted to secede from Austria and attach themselves to Switzerland, but they were again blocked.
Alsace Soviet Republic (Republic of Alsace-Lorraine)	1918	Part of France	The Soviet Republic, existed in Alsace from 10 to 22 November 1918.
Banat Republic	1918	Part of Romania, Serbia, and Hungary	Established in the Banat region of modern Serbia by members of ethnic groups in the region, it was only recognized by Hungary. It was invaded by Serbia and in 1919 partitioned between Hungary, Romania, and the newly created Yugoslavia.
Republic of Venezia-Giulia	1918	Part of Italy and Slovenia	Centered on the port of Fiume, now called Rijeka by the Croatian inhabitants, Venezia-Giulia was an important staging area for the Austro-Hungarian Empire's Adriatic trade. After the war, both Yugoslavia and Italy claimed the area. The inhabitants refused to join either nation, preferring to remain independent and retain the cosmopolitan, multi-ethnic nature of the area. After Fiume's seizure by Italian nationalists in 1919, the Republic was partitioned.
Don Republic	1918–1920	Part of Russia (Rostov Oblast)	Republic that was recognized by the Ukrainian State. In 1919 it was part of the Armed Forces of South Russia and eventually overran by Bolsheviks with its annexation to the Soviet Russia.
Belarusian People's Republic	1918	Independent Belarus	Attempt by Belorussian nationalists but reincorporated into the Soviet Union. Still exists today as a government-in-exile.
Republic of German-Austria	1918–1919	Austria and part of the Czech Republic	Brief state declared following the collapse of Austria-Hungary. The Allies of World War I opposed it and it was succeeded by the First Austrian Republic.
Republic of Perloja	1918–1923	Part of Lithuania	In the chaos after World War I, responding to such situation the locals established a self-governing parish committee, often called the Republic of Perloja. The Republic of Perloja had its own court, police, prison, currency (Perloja litas), and an army of 300 men.
The Republic of North Ingria	1919-1920	Part of Russia	The Republic of North Ingria was a state of Ingrian Finns in the southern part of the Karelian Isthmus, which seceded from Bolshevist Russia after the October Revolution. Its aim was to be incorporated into Finland. It ruled parts of Ingria from 1919 until 1920. With the Peace Treaty of Tartu it was re-integrated into Russia. Established -January 23, 1919. Disestablished – December 5, 1920.
Hutsul Republic	1919	Part of Ukraine	A state formed from territory in the former Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, it was invaded by the Hungarian Soviet Republic in June 1919 and then became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic. It originally intended to join the Western Ukrainian National Republic
Bavarian Soviet Republic and Bremen Soviet Republic	1919	Part of Germany	The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic was, as part of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the attempt to establish a socialist state in the form of a democratic workers' council republic in the Free State of Bavaria. Another Republic that existed was the Bremen Soviet Republic.
Slovak Soviet Republic	1919	Part of Slovakia	A pro-Hungarian puppet state set up by Red Guards from the Hungarian Soviet Republic in Upper Hungary. After a brief war it was returned to Czechoslovakia as promised by early peace agreements.
Republic of Prekmurje	1919	Part of Slovenia	Existed for six days.
Limerick Soviet	1919	Part of Ireland	The Limerick Soviet (republic) was a self-declared Soviet Republic that existed from 15 to 27 April 1919.
Monarchy of the North	1919	Part of Portugal	A stated that established by monarchists trying to restore the monarchy. It was crushed by the Portuguese Army.
Irish Republic	1919–1922	The Republic of Ireland and part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	An unrecognized Irish nationalist state during the Irish War for Independence it ceased to exist following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which gave Southern Ireland independence as the Irish Free State while keeping Northern Ireland under British control. These terms caused much of the victorious Irish Republican Army to reject the treaty, leading to the Irish Civil War (1922–1923) between pro-treaty Free State forces and Anti-Treaty IRA, who viewed the dissolution of the Republic as illegal.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic	1919	Now part of Ukraine	The Soviet Republic Ukrainian SSR existed from 1919 to 1991. It was not until the Peace of Riga in 1920 when it was officially recognized. It was created as an opposition to the Ukrainian government. With the fall of the Soviet Union transitioned to Ukraine.
Galician Soviet Socialist Republic	1920	Now part of Ukraine	The Soviet Republic Galician SSR existed from July 8, 1920 to September 21, 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War within the area of the south-western front of the Red Army.
Lajtabánság	1921	Part of Austria and Hungary	State declared in the Burgenland state of Austria by ethnic Hungarians following the Treaty of Trianon, where Hungary was forced to surrender the territory. It was ceased to exist after a month when Austria annexed it.
Labin Republic	1921	Part of Croatia	Republic established in Labin, Croatia
Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic	1921	Part of Hungary and Croatia	A Soviet-minded state set up by Hungarian communists fleeing the white terror following the collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. It was supported by Yugoslavia but was quickly re-conquered by Hungary.
Republic of Mirdita	1921	Part of Albania	Set up by Albanian Catholics trying to break away from Albania which is a mainly Muslim country. It was backed by Yugoslavia but only lasted three months.
Munster Republic	1922	Part of the Republic of Ireland	Though never independent it was the informal name given to Munster which was the base of Irish republicans aiming to create a United Ireland during the Irish Civil War.
Republic of Galicia	1931	Part of Spain	The Galician Republic was an ephemeral passage in the History of Galicia. It only lasted for a few hours on 27 June 1931, a day ahead of the election to the Second Spanish Republic's Constitutional Assembly.
Sovereign Council of Asturias and León	1936–1937	Part of Spain	As unrecognized state declared during the Spanish Civil War
Carpatho-Ukraine	1939	Part of Ukraine	Carpatho-Ukraine was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15, 1939. It declared itself an independent republic on March 15, 1939, but was returned to Hungary between March 15 and March 16, 1939, remaining under Hungarian control until the Nazi occupation of Hungary in 1944. On June 29, 1945, a treaty was signed under pressure of USSR between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, ceding Carpatho-Ruthenia officially to the Soviet Union. In 1946 the area was forced to become part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, as the Zakarpattia Oblast (Transcarpathian Region).
Finnish Democratic Republic	1939–1940	Part of Russia	Puppet state of the Soviet Union led by Otto Wille Kuusinen. Finnish Democratic Republicwas diplomatically recognised by USSR, Mongolia and Tuva, latter two being Soviet satellite states. The League of Nations never recognized the Finnish Democratic Republic. Finnish Democratic Republic was merged in 1940 with the Karelian ASSR within the RSFSR to form the Karelo-Finnish SSR, a Soviet republic in its own right, after Finland had ceded the areas to the Soviet Union in the Moscow Peace Treaty.
First Slovak Republic	1939–1945	Part of Slovakia	Between 1939 and 1945, First Slovak Republic was a puppet state of Nazi Germany.
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic	1940–1991	Part of Estonia	A puppet state which was created in 1940 and forcibly incorporated into Soviet Union. It was not recognized by the majority of Western countries.
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic	1940–1991	Part of Latvia	A puppet state which was created in 1940 and forcibly incorporated into Soviet Union. It was not recognized by the majority of Western countries.
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic	1940–1991	Part of Lithuania	A puppet state which was created in 1940 and forcibly incorporated into Soviet Union. It was not recognized by the majority of Western countries.
Independent State of Croatia	1941–1945	Now two independent states, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina	Affiliated with the Third Reich.
Republic of Užice	1941	Part of Serbia	Area briefly liberated by Yugoslav partisans after the Invasion of Yugoslavia; it was retaken by the German Army during the First anti-Partisan offensive.
Bihac Republic	1942–1943	Part of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia	Area liberated by Yugoslav partisans before being recaptured by the German Army.
Italian Social Republic	1943–1945	Part of Italy	German-dominated puppet state under Benito Mussolini, formed in the North of Italy after the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III signed an armistice with the Allies.
Free Republic of Vercors	1944	Part of France	On 3 July 1944 the Free Republic of Vercors was proclaimed, the first democratic territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The republic ceased to exist before the end of the month.
German Democratic Republic	1949–1990	Part of the Federal Republic of Germany	Commonly known as East Germany, the state was not recognized for a time by West Germany and several other countries.
Gagauzia	1990–1994	Part of Moldova	Region in Moldova that declared its independence on 19 August 1991 following the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 which was supported by many in the area. This came as a result of the possibility of a union between Moldova and Romania which was opposed in Gagauzia which abandoned independence after gaining autonomy from the Moldovan government.
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria	1991–2000	Part of Russia	Reintegrated into the Russian Federation as the Chechen Republic
Republic of Serbian Krajina	1991–1995	Part of Croatia	Suppressed by Croatia.
Dubrovnik Republic (1991)	1991–1992	Part of Croatia	Suppressed by Croatia.
Republika Srpska	1992–1995	One of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Transformed into an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, covering 50% of the land with 90%+ ethnic Serbs.
Republic of Western Bosnia	1993–1995	Part of Bosnia and Herzegovina	The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, existed during the Bosnian War. Its leader was later convicted of war crimes.
Republic of Crimea	2014	Part of Ukraine de jure, de facto part of Russia	Annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014

Oceania

19th century

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Empire of Australia	1804	Part of Australia	The Empire of Australia collapsed after the defeat at the Battle of Vinegar Hill.
United Tribes of New Zealand	1835–1840	New Zealand	Independence declared by British Resident James Busby and northern Māori tribal leaders as an attempt to safeguard British claims against French territorial expansion. Led to a formal treaty (the Treaty of Waitangi) between Māori leaders and the British crown in 1840.
Independent Commune of Franceville	1889–1890	Part of Vanuatu	Its independence guaranteed by France, this community of Melanesian natives and European settlers experimented with universal suffrage until France and Britain intervened in the New Hebrides

20th century

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Republic of Minerva	1972	Part of Tonga, but claim disputed by Fiji and a Minerva "principality" group	Several previously unclaimed reefs that were occupied and raised in a minor way by a group of libertarian establishmentarians until Tonga laid claim to the territory
Tanna Nation	1974	Part of Vanuatu	Declared independence but was suppressed by the Anglo-French condominium.
Republic of North Solomons	1975–1976	Part of Papua New Guinea	Seceded twice and returned after peace negotiations both times.
Tafea Nation	1980	Part of Vanuatu	Opposed to the Anglo-French condominium that ruled it but which ended the secessionist state.
Republic of Vemerana	1980	Part of Vanuatu	Central power of Vanuatu restored with assistance of army from Papua New Guinea
Republic of Rotuma	1987–1988	Dependency of Fiji	Following the second coup, when Fiji left the British Commonwealth of Nations, a segment of the Rotuman population, known as the "Mölmahao Clan" of Noa’tau rejected the council's decision to remain with the newly declared republic. Arguing that Rotuma had been ceded to Great Britain and not to Fiji, these rebels declared in 1987 independence of Republic of Rotuma and were charged with sedition. It did not have any substantive support, majority opinion appears to favor remaining with Fiji, but rumblings of discontent remain.
Bougainville Interim Government	1990–1998	Part of Papua New Guinea	Signed a peace deal with Papua New Guinea giving the island autonomy pending an independence referendum within a decade

See also

• List of micronations
• List of states with limited recognition
• List of historical separatist movements
• List of former sovereign states
• Puppet state