Ten'edn

Ten'edn
Mos, Tonga-Mos, Tonga, Maniq
Native to	Thailand, Malaysia
Ethnicity	Maniq
Native speakers	365 (2007–2014)
Language family	Austroasiatic Aslian Jahaic Ten'edn
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tnz
Glottolog	tong1308
ELP	Maniq

Ten'edn, also known as Mos in Thailand and Tonga-Mos or just Tonga in some literature, is an aboriginal Mon–Khmer language spoken by the Maniq tribe of Thailand and Malaysia.

According to Benjamin (2012), Maniq (Məniʔ, Maniʔ) can refer to the following three or more speech varieties:

• Tonga' (Toŋaʔ)
• Mos (Mɔs)
• Teanean (Ten'en, Tɛnʔɛn, Tean-ean)

Sample vocabulary

Here are some odour terms in Maniq:

Maniq language	Jahai language	Number of objects	Examples
caŋə		9	tubers (Dioscorea spp.) (4), food (1), cooked food (1), cooked meat (1), rice (1), wild pig (Sus scrofa) (1), cooked wild pig (1), fresh meat (1), white sun (1)
caŋɛs		8	animal hair (1), hair of dusky leaf monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus) (1), hair of banded leaf monkey (Presbytis femoralis) (1), hair of pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) (1), burnt hair (1), burnt animal hair (1), roasted animal fat (1), sun (1)
caŋus		9	soap (3), washing oneself (2), fruit (Goniothalamus sp.) (1), leaves (1), Uvaria sp. (1), clothes (1), talcum powder (1), sun (1), medicine to drink (1)
hamis		2	sun (6), air/smoke coming from the sun (2)
haʔĩt	haʔɛ̃t	10	dead animal (3), rotting animal (3), animal (1), plantain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) (1), Prevost’s squirrel (Callosciurus prevostii) (1), (wac caw ‘kind of squirrel’) (1), bats (1), flying fox (Pteropus cf. vampyrus) (1), tuber (Dioscorea daunea) (1), bamboo tube (1)
kamɛh		6	(taluŋ ‘kind of millipede A’) (5), (caŋwɔɲ ‘kind of millipede B’) (1), (kaʔɔʔ basiŋ ‘kind of millipede C’) (1), Ipoh poison (Antiaris toxicaria) (1), flying fox (Pteropus cf. vampyrus) (1), forest (1)
kamloh		3	smoke from fire (3), old shelter (1), bathing (1)
lspəs	ltpɨt	14	tuber (Dioscorea orbiculata) (2), bearcat (Arctictis binturong) (2), tuber (Dioscorea filiformis) (1), tuber (Dioscorea calcicola) (1), tubers (Dioscorea spp.) (1), new shelter (1), clean and dry clothes (1), fruit (Ficus chartacea) (1), forest (1), tree (1), animal (1), food (1), medicine to drink (1), white sun (1)
palɛŋ	plʔeŋ	11	blood (3), animal blood (1), blood of wild pig (Sus scrofa) (1), blood of pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) (1), blood of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) (1), blood of bearcat (Arctictis binturong) (1), raw meat (1), (pɔʔ batew ‘fern sp.’) (1), (smkam ‘plant sp.’) (1), searching for food (1), sun (1)
paʔɔ̞̃ʔ		16	tuber (Dioscorea daunea) (2), mushroom (2), pouring water (1), fetching water (1), mud (1), digging tubers in mud (1), cooking muddy tubers (1), wet or dirty clothes (1), rotting bamboo tube (1), soil (1), searching for food (1), petai (Parkia speciosa) (1), Parkia timoriana (1), sweat (1), urine (1), old shelter (1)
miʔ bayɔ̞̃ɸ		12	old shelter (3), soil (2), shelter (1), mushrooms (1), skin of a dead animal (1), rotten wood (1), bamboo tube for water (1), drinking water from a bamboo tube (1), rotten leaf (1), head of banded leaf monkey (Presbytis femoralis) (1), head of pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) (1), head of stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) (1)
miʔ danɔw		10	mushrooms (3), rotten wood (2), rotten mushrooms (1), old shelter (1), animal bones (1), durian seed (1), snakes (1), forest (1), searching for food (1), soil (1)
miʔ huhũɸ		10	snakes (2), soil (2), searching for tubers (1), digging tubers (1), mushrooms (1), sweat (1), rotten wood (1), walking in the forest (1), making fire (1), smoke (1)
miʔ latɨŋ		10	soil (2), burning fire (1), (tanɔl ‘kind of fire wood A’) (1), (ɲeʔɲeʔ ‘kind of fire wood B’) (1), (tŋwaŋ ‘kind of flower’) (1), (kabɨʔ lɨkhɨ ‘kind of fruit’) (1), (bacen ‘food item (unknown)’) (1), mushrooms (1), tree (1), walking in the forest (1)
miʔ ɲətuʔ		7	tree sap (1), leaves (1), garlic (1), soil (1), forest (1), searching for food (1), (kabɨʔ ɲɛʔɲɛʔ ‘kind of fruit) (1)

See also

• Jahai language

Sources

• Peterson, Mary M. (2012). "Notes on Ten-edn (Tonga-Mos) and Kensiw Borrowings" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 40: 19–35.
• Benjamin, Geoffrey (2012). "The Aslian languages of Malaysia and Thailand: an assessment". In Austin, Peter K.; McGill, Stuart (eds.). Language Documentation and Description. Vol. 11. London: Endangered Languages Project, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). pp. 136–230.

External links

• http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
• http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66FA-7@view Maniq in RWAAI Digital Archive