Religion in Thailand
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Buddhism is the predominant religion in Thailand. It is practised by roughly 90% of the total population and is deeply influenced by Hinduism. The Thai Constitution does not indicate any state religion, but promotes Buddhism, while guaranteeing religious freedom for all Thai citizens.
Many other people, especially among the Isan ethnic group, practise Tai folk religions. A significant minority Muslim population, mostly constituted by Thai Malays, is present especially in the southern regions. Thai law officially recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.[2]
Demographics
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wat_Arun_on_Twilight.jpg/220px-Wat_Arun_on_Twilight.jpg)
According to official census data from 2018, approximately 95% of Thais follow Buddhism. On the other hand, non-census data from 2023 has put the figure at 90% of Thais being Buddhist. The religious life of the country is more complex than how it is portrayed by such statistics. Of the large Thai Chinese population, most of those who follow Buddhism have been integrated into the dominant Theravada tradition, with only a small minority having retained Chinese Buddhism. Otherwise, a large part of the Thai Chinese have retained the practice of ethnic Chinese religion, including Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese salvationist religions (such as Yiguandao and the Church of Virtue). Despite being practised freely, these religions have no official recognition, and their followers are counted as Theravada Buddhists in statistical studies.[3] Also, many Thai and Isan practise their ethnic Tai folk religion.
Muslims are the second largest religious group in Thailand at 4% to 5% of the population. Thailand's southernmost provinces - Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Satun, Trang, and part of Songkhla - have large Muslim populations, consisting of both ethnic Thai and Malay.
Christians, mainly Catholics, represent about 4% of the population as of 2023. A small but influential community of Sikhs in Thailand and some Hindus, mostly live in the country's cities and are engaged in retail commerce. There is also a small Jewish community in Thailand, dating back to the 17th century.
According to the 2015 Gallup International survey, Thailand was the most religious country of the 65 countries polled, with 94% of Thais identifying as religious.[4]
Censuses
[edit]Overview
[edit]Religion | Census 2010[5] | Census 2015[6] | Census 2018[7] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | |
Buddhism | 61,746,429 | 63,620,298 | 63,299,192 | |||
Islam | 3,259,340 | 2,892,311 | 3,639,233 | |||
Christianity | 789,376 | 787,589 | 767,624 | |||
Hinduism | 41,808 | 22,110 | 12,195 | |||
Sikhism | 11,124 | 716 | ||||
Confucianism | 16,718 | 1,030 | 2,009 | |||
Other religions | 70,742 | 1,583 | ||||
Not religious | 46,122 | 2,925 | 2,082 | |||
Unknown | 3,820 | 4,085 | ||||
Total | 65,981,660 | 67,228,562 | 67,726,419 |
Religions by region
[edit]According to the 2015 census,[6] 67,328,562 Thailand residents in the different regions of the country belonged to the following religious groups:
Religion | Bangkok | Central Region | Northern Region | Northeastern Region | Southern Region | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
Buddhism | 8,197,188 | 18,771,520 | 11,044,018 | 18,698,599 | 6,908,973 | |||||
Islam | 364,855 | 247,430 | 35,561 | 16,851 | 2,227,613 | |||||
Christianity | 146,592 | 214,444 | 393,969 | 13,825 | 18,759 | |||||
Hinduism | 16,306 | 5,280 | 207 | 318 | ||||||
Sikhism | 378 | 491 | ||||||||
Other religions | 294 | 1,808 | 359 | |||||||
Not religious | 289 | 473 | 1,001 | 436 | 72 |
Religions by province
[edit]According to the 2010 census, Thailand residents in the different provinces of the country belonged to the following religious groups:
Religion | Buddhism | Islam | Christianity | Hinduism | Confucianism | Sikhism | Other religions | Not religious | Unknown | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
Bangkok[9] | 7,686,022 | 92.54% | 382,385 | 4.60% | 157,534 | 1.89% | 22,820 | 0.27% | 6,800 | 0.08% | 7,183 | 0.08% | 24,330 | 0.29% | 17,091 | 0.20% | 1,053 | 0.01% | 8,305,218 |
Amnat Charoen[10] | 281,675 | 99.28% | 267 | 0.09% | 1,649 | 0.58% | 59 | 0.02% | 13 | 0.01% | 13 | 0.01% | 53 | 0.02% | – | – | – | – | 283,729 |
Ang Thong[11] | 249,847 | 98.25% | 3,994 | 1.57% | 213 | 0.08% | 172 | 0.07% | 7 | 0.01% | 7 | 0.01% | 42 | 0.01% | 9 | 0.01% | – | – | 254,292 |
Bueng Kan[12] | 360,468 | 99.37% | 242 | 0.07% | 1,913 | 0.53% | 96 | 0.03% | 21 | 0.01% | 12 | 0.01% | – | – | 3 | 0.01% | – | – | 362,754 |
Buriram[13] | 1,261,658 | 98.96% | 1,911 | 0.15% | 7,508 | 0.59% | 745 | 0.06% | 278 | 0.02% | 131 | 0.01% | 1,746 | 0.14% | 911 | 0.07% | 25 | 0.01% | 1,274,912 |
Chachoengsao[14] | 663,790 | 92.76% | 46,041 | 6.43% | 4,457 | 0.62% | 231 | 0.03% | 43 | 0.01% | 55 | 0.01% | 626 | 0.09% | 360 | 0.05% | – | – | 715,603 |
Chai Nat[15] | 304,407 | 99.61% | 592 | 0.19% | 424 | 0.14% | 35 | 0.01% | 23 | 0.01% | 18 | 0.01% | 47 | 0.02% | 41 | 0.01% | – | – | 305,587 |
Chaiyaphum[16] | 961,401 | 99.74% | 944 | 0.10% | 1,185 | 0.12% | 227 | 0.02% | 59 | 0.01% | 57 | 0.01% | 9 | 0.01% | 16 | 0.01% | 9 | 0.01% | 963,907 |
Chanthaburi[17] | 475,653 | 97.95% | 1,937 | 0.40% | 5,922 | 1.22% | 129 | 0.03% | 65 | 0.01% | 40 | 0.01% | 1,016 | 0.21% | 849 | 0.17% | – | – | 485,611 |
Chiang Mai[18] | 1,592,164 | 91.66% | 6,789 | 0.39% | 133,761 | 7.70% | 790 | 0.05% | 365 | 0.02% | 189 | 0.01% | 546 | 0.03% | 2,420 | 0.14% | 17 | 0.01% | 1,737,041 |
Chiang Rai[19] | 1,065,169 | 90.81% | 3,167 | 0.27% | 103,450 | 8.82% | 478 | 0.04% | 212 | 0.02% | 52 | 0.01% | 139 | 0.01% | 245 | 0.02% | 15 | 0.01% | 1,172,928 |
Chonburi[20] | 1,463,280 | 94.08% | 23,269 | 1.50% | 56,878 | 3.66% | 1,155 | 0.07% | 610 | 0.04% | 426 | 0.03% | 6,139 | 0.39% | 3,601 | 0.23% | – | – | 1,555,358 |
Chumphon[21] | 462,822 | 98.94% | 3,545 | 0.76% | 1,040 | 0.22% | 115 | 0.02% | 88 | 0.02% | 11 | 0.01% | 79 | 0.01% | 101 | 0.02% | – | – | 467,801 |
Kalasin[22] | 821,714 | 99.66% | 1,058 | 0.13% | 1,348 | 0.16% | 72 | 0.01% | 30 | 0.01% | 33 | 0.01% | 203 | 0.02% | 76 | 0.01% | – | – | 824,534 |
Kamphaeng Phet[23] | 790,017 | 99.08% | 1,571 | 0.20% | 3,775 | 0.47% | 226 | 0.03% | 124 | 0.01% | 94 | 0.01% | 746 | 0.09% | 838 | 0.11% | – | – | 797,391 |
Kanchanaburi[24] | 789,692 | 98.52% | 2,849 | 0.35% | 7,833 | 0.97% | 203 | 0.02% | 204 | 0.02% | 20 | 0.01% | 145 | 0.01% | 573 | 0.07% | – | – | 801,519 |
Khon Kaen[25] | 1,731,964 | 99.43% | 2,593 | 0.15% | 6,251 | 0.36% | 517 | 0.03% | 232 | 0.01% | 370 | 0.02% | 39 | 0.01% | 2 | 0.01% | 2 | 0.01% | 1,741,969 |
Krabi[26] | 235,594 | 65.04% | 125,476 | 34.64% | 517 | 0.14% | 120 | 0.03% | 59 | 0.01% | 34 | 0.01% | 305 | 0.08% | 93 | 0.02% | 5 | 0.01% | 362,203 |
Lampang[27] | 729,866 | 98.21% | 1,422 | 0.19% | 10,730 | 1.44% | 68 | 0.01% | 108 | 0.01% | 37 | 0.01% | 665 | 0.08% | 243 | 0.03% | 3 | 0.01% | 743,143 |
Lamphun[28] | 410,259 | 99.40% | 631 | 0.15% | 1,698 | 0.41% | 30 | 0.01% | 12 | 0.01% | 16 | 0.01% | 96 | 0.02% | – | – | – | – | 412,741 |
Loei[29] | 543,592 | 99.55% | 544 | 0.10% | 1,778 | 0.33% | – | – | 12 | 0.01% | 17 | 0.01% | 73 | 0.01% | 16 | 0.01% | – | – | 546,031 |
Lopburi[30] | 765,821 | 99.47% | 1,525 | 0.20% | 1,304 | 0.17% | 141 | 0.02% | 55 | 0.01% | 51 | 0.01% | 294 | 0.04% | 733 | 0.10% | – | – | 769,925 |
Mae Hong Son[31] | |||||||||||||||||||
Maha Sarakham[32] | |||||||||||||||||||
Mukdahan[33] | |||||||||||||||||||
Nakhon Nayok[34] | |||||||||||||||||||
Nakhon Pathom[35] | 928,954 | 98.42% | 2,162 | 0.23% | 9,803 | 1.04% | 444 | 0.05% | 108 | 0.01% | 38 | 0.01% | 1,574 | 0.17% | 810 | 0.09% | – | – | 943,892 |
Nakhon Phanom[36] | |||||||||||||||||||
Nakhon Ratchasima[37] | |||||||||||||||||||
Nakhon Sawan[38] | |||||||||||||||||||
Nakhon Si Thammarat[39] | 1,353,244 | 93.30% | 94,914 | 6.54% | 1,323 | 0.09% | 250 | 0.02% | 167 | 0.01% | 29 | 0.01% | 538 | 0.03% | – | – | – | – | 1,450,466 |
Nan[40] | 444,201 | 98.10% | 329 | 0.07% | 8,071 | 1.78% | 27 | 0.01% | 10 | 0.01% | 19 | 0.01% | 156 | 0.03% | – | – | – | – | 452,814 |
Narathiwat[41] | 93,968 | 14.02% | 575,585 | 85.90% | 212 | 0.03% | 44 | 0.01% | 161 | 0.02% | 30 | 0.01% | 2 | 0.01% | – | – | – | – | 670,002 |
Nong Bua Lamphu[42] | 484,770 | 99.75% | 448 | 0.09% | 650 | 0.13% | 57 | 0.01% | 13 | 0.01% | 19 | 0.01% | – | – | 17 | 0.01% | – | – | 485,974 |
Nong Khai[43] | 817,218 | 99.48% | 575 | 0.07% | 3,416 | 0.42% | 214 | 0.03% | 61 | 0.01% | 32 | 0.01% | – | – | 10 | 0.01% | – | – | 821,526 |
Nonthaburi[44] | 1,282,703 | 96.14% | 41,816 | 3.13% | 7,760 | 0.59% | 656 | 0.05% | 373 | 0.01% | 89 | 0.01% | 172 | 0.01% | 473 | 0.03% | 40 | 0.01% | 1,334,083 |
Pathum Thani[45] | 1,271,785 | 95.83% | 35,867 | 2.70% | 9,807 | 0.74% | 1,367 | 0.10% | 706 | 0.05% | 99 | 0.01% | 6,592 | 0.50% | 845 | 0.06% | 78 | 0.01% | 1,327,147 |
Pattani[46] | 94,507 | 15.52% | 513,841 | 84.37% | 221 | 0.04% | 77 | 0.01% | 58 | 0.01% | 49 | 0.01% | 237 | 0.39% | 23 | 0.01% | 3 | 0.01% | 609,015 |
Phang Nga[47] | 200,324 | 77.48% | 57,081 | 22.08% | 786 | 0.30% | 98 | 0.04% | 23 | 0.01% | 46 | 0.01% | 2 | 0.01% | 174 | 0.07% | – | – | 258,534 |
Phatthalung[48] | 423,199 | 87.99% | 56,282 | 11.70% | 973 | 0.20% | 79 | 0.02% | 109 | 0.02% | 24 | 0.01% | 248 | 0.05% | 58 | 0.01% | 3 | 0.01% | 480,976 |
Phayao[49] | 412,121 | 98.74% | 487 | 0.12% | 4,275 | 1.02% | 35 | 0.01% | 19 | 0.01% | 14 | 0.01% | 103 | 0.02% | 321 | 0.07% | 4 | 0.01% | 417,380 |
Phetchabun[50] | 929,722 | 98.90% | 2,774 | 0.30% | 5,818 | 0.62% | 392 | 0.04% | 499 | 0.05% | 57 | 0.01% | 407 | 0.04% | 400 | 0.04% | 7 | 0.01% | 940,076 |
Phetchaburi[51] | 460,327 | 97.41% | 10,398 | 2.20% | 1,411 | 0.30% | 61 | 0.01% | 52 | 0.01% | 5 | 0.01% | 128 | 0.03% | 206 | 0.04% | – | – | 472,589 |
Phichit[52] | |||||||||||||||||||
Phitsanulok[53] | |||||||||||||||||||
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya[54] | 827,251 | 95.01% | 37,056 | 4.26% | 3,024 | 0.35% | 330 | 0.04% | 78 | 0.01% | 44 | 0.01% | 458 | 0.05% | 57 | 0.01% | 2,373 | 0.27% | 870,671 |
Phrae[55] | 423,310 | 99.04% | 551 | 0.13% | 3,118 | 0.73% | 45 | 0.01% | 52 | 0.01% | 35 | 0.01% | 184 | 0.04% | 101 | 0.02% | 2 | 0.01% | 427,398 |
Phuket[56] | 418,025 | 79.52% | 83,969 | 15.97% | 19,058 | 3.63% | 1,011 | 0.19% | 67 | 0.01% | 104 | 0.02% | 930 | 0.18% | 2,453 | 0.47% | 91 | 0.02% | 525,709 |
Prachinburi[57] | |||||||||||||||||||
Prachuap Khiri Khan[58] | |||||||||||||||||||
Ranong[59] | |||||||||||||||||||
Ratchaburi[60] | 781,901 | 98.14% | 2,802 | 0.35% | 10,108 | 1.27% | 411 | 0.05% | 205 | 0.03% | 90 | 0.01% | 474 | 0.06% | 757 | 0.10% | – | – | 796,748 |
Rayong[61] | |||||||||||||||||||
Roi Et[62] | |||||||||||||||||||
Sa Kaeo[63] | 553,526 | 99.56% | 721 | 0.13% | 1,393 | 0.25% | 90 | 0.01% | 31 | 0.01% | 14 | 0.01% | 54 | 0.01% | 132 | 0.02% | – | – | 555,961 |
Sakon Nakhon[64] | |||||||||||||||||||
Samut Prakan[65] | |||||||||||||||||||
Samut Prakan[66] | |||||||||||||||||||
Samut Songkhram[67] | |||||||||||||||||||
Saraburi[68] | |||||||||||||||||||
Satun[69] | 89,715 | 32.64% | 184,552 | 67.14% | 403 | 0.15% | 17 | 0.01% | 152 | 0.06% | 16 | 0.01% | – | – | 8 | 0.01% | – | – | 274,863 |
Sing Buri[70] | 197,857 | 98.94% | 891 | 0.45% | 1,149 | 0.57% | 50 | 0.03% | 3 | 0.01% | 7 | 0.01% | – | – | 23 | 0.01% | 2 | 0.01% | 199,982 |
Sisaket[71] | 1,047,650 | 99.21% | 1,677 | 0.16% | 5,818 | 0.55% | 196 | 0.02% | 30 | 0.01% | 41 | 0.01% | 312 | 0.03% | 255 | 0.02% | – | – | 1,055,979 |
Songkhla[72] | 1,102,830 | 74.46% | 374,728 | 25.30% | 2,635 | 0.18% | 218 | 0.01% | 214 | 0.01% | 37 | 0.01% | 271 | 0.01% | 88 | 0.01% | – | – | 1,481,021 |
Sukhothai[73] | |||||||||||||||||||
Suphan Buri[74] | |||||||||||||||||||
Surat Thani[75] | 978,368 | 96.93% | 22,521 | 2.23% | 2,313 | 0.23% | 460 | 0.05% | 238 | 0.02% | 42 | 0.01% | 2,469 | 0.24% | 2,940 | 0.29% | – | – | 1,009,351 |
Surin[76] | |||||||||||||||||||
Tak[77] | |||||||||||||||||||
Trang[78] | 511,698 | 85.44% | 85,609 | 14.29% | 1,216 | 0.20% | 74 | 0.01% | 13 | 0.01% | 26 | 0.01% | 200 | 0.03% | 40 | 0.01% | – | – | 598,877 |
Trat[79] | |||||||||||||||||||
Ubon Ratchathani[80] | |||||||||||||||||||
Udon Thani[81] | |||||||||||||||||||
Uthai Thani[82] | |||||||||||||||||||
Uttaradit[83] | |||||||||||||||||||
Yala[84] | 100,778 | 23.27% | 331,747 | 76.59% | 453 | 0.10% | 69 | 0.02% | 61 | 0.01% | 40 | 0.01% | – | – | 16 | 0.01% | 3 | 0.01% | 433,167 |
Yasothon[85] | 482,651 | 98.91% | 453 | 0.09% | 4,689 | 0.96% | 140 | 0.03% | 28 | 0.01% | 15 | 0.01% | – | – | – | – | – | – | 487,976 |
Total | 61,746,429 | 100% | 3,259,340 | 100% | 789,376 | 100% | 41,808 | 100% | 16,718 | 100% | 11,124 | 100% | 66,922 | 100% | 46,122 | 100% | 3,820 | 100% | 65,981,660 |
Dharmic religions
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maitreya_in_Chiang_Rai.jpg/220px-Maitreya_in_Chiang_Rai.jpg)
Buddhism
[edit]Buddhism in Thailand is largely of the Theravada school. Over 90% of Thailand's population adheres to this school.
Thai Buddhism is practised alongside various indigenous religions, such as Chinese indigenous religion by the large Thai of Chinese origins, Hinduism among Thai of Indian origin and Siamese Thai people,[86] Thai folk religion among Northeastern Thai, Northern Thai and Northern Khmer people, and Peranakan folk religion for Peranakans.
Buddhist temples in Thailand are characterised by tall golden stupas, and the Buddhist architecture of Thailand is similar to that in other Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia and Laos, which share a cultural and historical heritage with Thailand.
Hinduism
[edit]Several thousand Hindus of Indian origin live in Thailand, mainly in the larger cities. Besides this group of "traditional Hindus", Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. There are also some ethnic Cham Hindus living in Thailand.[87] The popular Ramakien epic based on Buddhist Dasaratha Jataka is very similar to the Hindu Ramayana. The former capital of Ayutthaya was named for Ayodhya, the Indian birthplace of the Rama, the protagonist of the story. There is a class of brahmins who perform rituals for Hindu gods.[86] Brahmin rituals are still common. Hindu-Buddhist deities are worshipped by many Thais and statues and shrines of Brahma, Ganesh, Indra, Shiva, Vishnu, Lakshmi and other Hindu-Buddhist gods are a common sight (for example the Erawan Shrine area). Another relic of Hinduism is Garuda, now a symbol of the monarchy.
Sikhism
[edit]The first Sikh known to have come to Thailand was Ladha Singh, who arrived in 1890. Other Sikhs joined him in the early 1900s, and by 1911 more than a hundred Sikh families had settled in Thailand, mainly in Thonburi Region. There were at that time no gurdwaras (Sikh temples), and religious prayers were held in private homes every Sunday and on gurpurab days. The Sikh community continued to grow, and in 1912 it was decided to build a gurdwara. It stands today in Bangkok's Pahurat area and imitates the Golden Temple in Amritsar Punjab, India. A tiny but influential community of Sikhs live in the country's cities, most engaged in retail commerce.
Folk religions
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%B5Jui_Tui_shrine2.jpg/220px-%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%B5Jui_Tui_shrine2.jpg)
Chinese folk religion
[edit]Many within the large Thai Chinese population (excluding the Peranakans) practise various Chinese religions, including the worship of local gods, Chinese ancestral worship, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese salvationist religions.[3] One of the latter, Yiguandao (Thai: Anuttharatham), spread to Thailand since the 1970s, and it has grown so popular to come into conflict with Buddhism; in 2009 there were more than 7,000 Yiguandao churches in the country and approximately 200.000 people convert each year into the religion.[88] Despite the large number of followers and temples these religions have no state recognition, their temples are not counted as places of worship, and their followers are counted as "Theravada Buddhists" in officially released religious figures.[3] Chinese temples are called sanchao in Thai language.[3]
The Chinese folk religion of Thailand has developed local features, including the worship of local gods.[3] Major Chinese festivals such as Nian, Zhongqiu, and Qingming, are widely celebrated, especially in Bangkok, Chonburi, and other parts of Thailand where there are large Chinese populations.[89] Thai of Teochew and Hoklo origin generally worship Guanyin and Mazu, while Cantonese origin worship Guan Yu.
Peranakan folk religion
[edit]The Peranakans in the city of Phuket practise a nine-day vegetarian festival between September and October. During the festive season, devotees will abstain from meat and mortification of the flesh by Chinese mediums is also commonly seen. The rites and rituals are devoted to the veneration of Tua Pek Kong. Such traditions were developed during the 19th century in Phuket by the local Chinese with influences from Malay and Southern Thai culture.[90]
Thai folk religion
[edit]Most of Northeastern Thai (as well as Northern Thai, Northern Khmer and some Siamese Thai) practise distinctive indigenous religions characterised by worship of local gods and ancestors. They are very similar to the Chinese folk religion.
Abrahamic religions
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Haroon_Mosque_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%93_May8_2020.jpg/220px-Haroon_Mosque_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%93_May8_2020.jpg)
Islam
[edit]According to the 2015 census, Thailand has 2,892,311 Muslims, or 4.29% of the total population. 2,227,613 of these Muslims are concentrated in the southern region of the country, where they represent up to 24.33% of the population.[6]
Christianity
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88_April2021_Holy_Redeemer_Church_Bangkok_03.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88_April2021_Holy_Redeemer_Church_Bangkok_03.jpg)
Christianity was introduced by European missionaries as early as the 1550s, when Portuguese mercenaries and their chaplain arrived in Ayutthaya. Historically, it has played a significant role in the modernisation of Thailand, notably in social and educational institutions.[91] As of 2015 just over one percent of the population of Thailand are Christians.[6] Of that group, 400,000 are estimated to be Catholics.[92]
Thailand's Department of Religion, currently under the Ministry of Culture, has formally recognised five major Christian churches/denominations: the Catholic Church, the Southern Baptists, the Seventh-day Adventists, the Church of Christ in Thailand, and the Evangelical Fellowship of Thailand. Although not officially recognised, missionaries of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) have been active in Thailand for decades, though their converts are comparatively few. Also present are Jehovah's Witnesses, with over 5,200 members and 140 congregations.
Judaism
[edit]Judaism in Thailand dates back to the 17th century, with the arrival of a few Baghdadi Jewish families. The present community consists of both Ashkenazi (for instance the expatriate community plus some descendants of refugees from imperial Russia and later the Soviet Union), and Sephardi Jews, who were born in such places as Afghanistan, Iran and Syria, and wealthy gem traders. Most of the Jewish community in Thailand, consisting of an estimated 2,000 residents, reside in Bangkok,[93] although there are at any given time thousands of tourists (some long-term) coming primarily from Israel. There are Jewish synagogues in Phuket, Chiang Mai, and Ko Samui, but no community there.
Freedom of religion
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_Thai_monk_talks_to_a_papa.png/220px-A_Thai_monk_talks_to_a_papa.png)
The constitution “prohibits discrimination based on religious belief," and allows all persons to practise any religion of their choice. Religious groups can operate freely with or without government registration.
The government has a quota for the number of foreign missionaries working in the country: 1,357 Christian, six Muslim, 20 Hindu, and 41 Sikh. Benefits include longer visa stays.
In 2022, violence against religious groups was reported in the Deep South; however it is difficult to separate this from ethnic violence.[94] Due to this violence, in 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.[95]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ "Global Religion – Religious Beliefs Across the World" (PDF). Ipsos. May 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ "US State Dept 2022 report".
- ^ a b c d e Kataoka 2012.
- ^ "Losing Our Religion? Two Thirds of People Still Claim to Be Religious". Gallup International. 2015-06-08. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ^ "Population by religion, region and area, 2010" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ "Population by religion, region and area, 2018". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Bangkok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Amnat Charoen: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ang Thong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Bueng Kan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Buriram: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chachoengsao: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chai Nat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chaiyaphum: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chanthaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chiang Mai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chiang Rai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chonburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chumphon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kalasin: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kamphaeng Phet: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kanchanaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Khon Kaen: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Krabi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lampang: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lamphun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Loei: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lopburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Mae Hong Son: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Maha Sarakham: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Mukdahan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Nayok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Pathom: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Phanom: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Ratchasima: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Sawan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Si Thammarat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Narathiwat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nong Bua Lamphu: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nong Khai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nonthaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Pathum Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Pattani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phang Nga: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phatthalung: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phayao: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phetchabun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phetchaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phichit: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phitsanulok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phrae: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phuket: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Prachinburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Prachuap Khiri Khan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ranong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ratchaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Rayong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Roi Et: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sa Kaeo: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sakon Nakhon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Prakan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Sakhon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Songkhram: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Saraburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Satun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sing Buri: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sisaket: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Songkhla: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sukhothai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Suphan Buri: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Surat Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Surin: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Tak: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Trang: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Trat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ubon Ratchathani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Udon Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Uthai Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Uttaradit: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Yala: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Yasothon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ a b "The new Brahmins". Bangkok Post. 15 October 2015.
- ^ "Hinduism Around the World" (PDF). Hindu American Foundation. 2014: 3.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Yusheng Lin (2015). "Yiguandao and Buddhism in Thailand" (PDF). Kyoto University's Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research.
- ^ Tong Chee Kiong; Chan Kwok Bun (2001). Rethinking Assimilation and Ethnicity: The Chinese of Thailand. pp. 30–34.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Jean Elizabeth DeBernardi (2006). The Way That Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirits Mediums in Penang, Malaysia. Stanford University Press. pp. 25–30. ISBN 0-8047-5292-3.
- ^ Spitz, Maternus (1912). "Siam". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Pope Francis to visit Thailand November 20–23". Thai PBS. Agence France-Presse. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Thailand". Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. US State Dept 2022 report.
- ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
Sources
[edit]- Kataoka, Tatsuki (December 2012). "Religion as Non-religion: The Place of Chinese Temples in Phuket, Southern Thailand". Southeast Asian Studies. 1 (3). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University: 461–485. hdl:2433/167311.