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Solar power in North Carolina

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Solar installation, Fort Bragg

Solar power has been increasing rapidly in the U.S. state of North Carolina, from less than 1 MW (megawatts) in 2007 to 6,152 MW in 2019, when it had the second-largest installed PV capacity of all states.[1]

The economic viability of solar energy is heavily influenced by political and technological factors. Political dynamics play a critical role in shaping renewable energy policy, with barriers such as political polarization and protection of incumbent industries often hindering the adoption of solar power. Long-term analyses of U.S. policies demonstrate how favorable regulations can accelerate solar adoption, a consideration particularly relevant to North Carolina. With its abundant agricultural land, and its relative political power as a swing state, the state has the potential to lead in solar energy expansion by advocating for supportive policies and leveraging technological advancements.[2]

In addition to federal incentives, the state has a Renewable Portfolio Standard of 12.5% by 2021 and a state renewable energy tax credit, both of which have been credited with boosting solar installations.[3][4][5] Recently in June 2023, the Environmental Protection Agency released $7 billion for solar for all notice. This is a program that aims to expand solar to disadvantaged communities.[6]

In North Carolina, the distribution of solar power production is mainly on land that is classified as agricultural land, at 63%.[7] In North Carolina there exists potential growth for solar energy on this agricultural land. Specifically, land that has watersheds adjacent to the land. Furthermore, a 2018 Smithsonian Magazine article described North Carolina as likely being the national leader in the "solar shepherd phenomenon" – combining sheep farming with solar power plants to reduce the high costs of grass trimming.[8] A drawback of distributing solar power on agricultural land is the land that can potentially be lost for crops. There are debates of whether solar will harm agriculture.[9]

Duke Energy is large energy providing company. They've been playing a role in implementing solar in North Carolina making it second in the nation for most solar energy usage. In 2017 they helped develop laws that allowed the implementation of solar and made it more affordable.[10]

According to a report from the Solar Energy Industries Association, as of June 2019, North Carolina generates 5.81% of its electricity through solar power, and ranks second (up from 3rd in 2018) in total installed photovoltaics.[11] As of 2023 this number is up to 9.33% being ranked 4th.[12]

Grid-connected PV capacity[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
Year Total (MW) Installed (MW) ~% Change
2007 0.7
2008 4.7 4 571.4%
2009 12.5 7.8 166%
2010 40 28.7 220%
2011 85.5 45.5 114%
2012 207.9 122.4 143%
2013 469 261.1 126%
2014 849 380 81%
2015 1,974 1,125 132%
2016 2,984 1,010 51%
2017 3,287.5 303.5 10%
2018 4,692.1 1,404.6 42.7%
2019 6,152.3 1,460.2 31%
2020 7,037.8 885.5 14%
2021 7,811.2 773.4 11%
2022 8,179 367.8 4.7%
2023 9,054 875 10.7%
2024 9,698 644 7.1%
Source: NREL[22]

Currently operating

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The following tables show some of the major solar power projects currently operating in North Carolina (NC).

Dominion Energy

[edit]
North Carolina solar projects[23]
Name Location MW Current status PV modules Footprint
(acres)
Clipperton Sampson County 5 Operational as of 2017 (Nov.) 56,640 28.52
Fremont Wayne County 5 Operational as of 2017 (Nov.) 21,128 29.76
Gutenberg Solar Northampton

County

79.9 Operational as of 2019 (Sept.) 287,430 1,126
IS37 Anson County 79 Operational as of 2017 (Aug.) 344,056 550
Moorings 2 Lenoir County 5 Operational as of 2017 (Nov.) 58,400 36
Morgans Corner Pasquotank County 20 Operational as of 2017 (Nov.) 81,054 110
Mustang Solar Moore County 5 Operational as of 2018 (July) 21,300 30
Pecan Solar Northampton

County

74.9 Operational as of 2018 (Dec.) 929,100 1,050
Pikeville Wayne County 5 Operational as of 2017 (Nov.) 56,640 30
Summit Farms Currituck County 60 Operational as of 2016 (Dec.) 650
Wakefield Solar Wake County 5 Operational as of 2017 (Dec.) 22,300 30

Duke Energy

[edit]
Duke Energy Renewables
Name Location MW Construction
completed		 PV Modules Electricity purchaser (offtaker)
Battleboro Solar[24] Edgecombe County 5 2015-04 23,300 Dominion North Carolina Power
Bethel Price Solar[25] Pitt County 5 2013-12 23,000 Dominion North Carolina Power
Capital Partners, Phase I[26] Elizabeth City 20 2014-12 93,000 George Washington University
American University
GWU Hospital
Capital Partners, Phase II[27] Kelford
Whitakers		 33.5 2015-12 147,300 George Washington University
American University
GWU Hospital
Conetoe II[28] Edgecombe County 80 2015-09 375,000 Lockheed-Martin (38%)[29]
Corning (62%)[30]
Creswell Solar[31] Washington County 14 2015-02 66,500 Dominion North Carolina Power
Davie Solar[32] Davie County 29 2017 63,308
Dogwood Solar[33] Halifax County 20 2013-12 93,000
Everett's Wildcat Solar[34] Martin County 5 2014-12 23,300 Dominion North Carolina Power
Halifax Solar Power Project[35] Roanoke Rapids 20 2014-12 100,000 Dominion North Carolina Power
Holiness Solar[36] Murphy 1 2011-11 4,242 Tennessee Valley Authority
Martins Creek Solar[37] Murphy 1 4,400 Tennessee Valley Authority
Millfield Solar[38] Beaufort County 5 2013-11 27,450 North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency
Monroe Solar[39] Union County 60 2017
Murfreesboro Solar[40] Murfreesboro 5 2011-12 19,960 North Carolina Electric Membership Corporation
Shawboro Solar[41] Currituck County 20 2015-12 95,000 Dominion North Carolina Power
Shelby Solar[42] Shelby 1 2010-05 4,522 North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency
Sunbury Solar[43] Gates County 5 2015-08 23,000 Dominion North Carolina Power
Taylorsville Solar[44] Taylorsville 1 2010-10 4,224 EnergyUnited
Tarboro Solar[45] Edgecombe County 5 2015-04 23,000 Dominion North Carolina Power
Washington Airport Solar[46] Beaufort County 5 2013-12 23,000 North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency
Washington White Post Solar[47] Beaufort County 12.5 2012-12 53,000 North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency
Wingate Solar[48] Murphy 1 2011-08 4,340 Tennessee Valley Authority
Windsor Cooper Hill Solar[49] Bertie County 5 2013 23,000 Dominion North Carolina Power
Misenheimer Solar Park[50] Stanly County 5 2024-10 Duke Energy Carolinas
Duke Energy Regulated Utility
Name Location MW Construction
completed		 PV modules
Camp Lejeune Solar[51] Onslow County 17.25 2017-03 55,000
Elm City Solar[52][53] Wilson County 40 2016-06 487,000
Fayetteville Solar[54] Cumberland County 23 2015-12 105,000
Warsaw Solar[55] Duplin County 65 2016-06 850,000
Solar installation, Sandy Grove Middle School, Robeson County

On September 15, 2014, Duke Energy committed US$500 million to an expansion of solar power in North Carolina.[56] Announced projects include:

  • Warsaw Solar Facility (65 MW) – Duplin County, developed by Strata Solar. This was scheduled to be the largest PV plant east of the Mississippi River as of the announcement date.
  • Elm City Solar Facility (40 MW) – Wilson County, developed by HelioSage Energy
  • Fayetteville Solar Facility (23 MW) – Bladen County, developed by Tangent Energy Solutions

In addition, Duke Energy plans to purchase energy from five new projects:

Since Duke Energy's $500 million commitment to expand solar power in North Carolina in 2014, the company has made significant progress in increasing its solar capacity and advancing renewable energy initiatives in the 2020 decade:

  • Construction of New Solar Plants (January 2022): Duke Energy began constructing nearly 100 megawatts of new solar capacity in North Carolina, further expanding its renewable energy portfolio.[57]
  • Collaboration with Wells Fargo and NextEra Energy Resources (April 2021): Duke Energy partnered with Wells Fargo and NextEra Energy Resources to develop a 58-megawatt solar power plant in Catawba County, North Carolina, under the Green Source Advantage program.[58]
  • Green Source Advantage Program Expansion (October 2024): Duke Energy expanded its Green Source Advantage program, enabling more businesses to access renewable energy and work towards carbon-free operations.
  • Carolinas Resource Plan Approval (November 2024): The North Carolina Utilities Commission approved Duke Energy's Carolinas Resource Plan, which outlines the addition of multiple gigawatts of solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity over the next six years.[59]

Duke Energy explains their investments in renewable energy are driven by a commitment to environmental sustainability, regulatory compliance, and customer demand for cleaner energy options. The company aims to reduce carbon emissions by 50% by 2030 and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, aligning with environmental goals and regulatory expectations.[60]

Other Generators (20MW+)

[edit]
Recurrent Energy
(A subsidiary of Canadian Solar)
Name Location MW Construction
completed
NC 102[61] Cabarrus County 74.8
(102 MWP)		 2018
IS-42[62] Cumberland County 71
(92 MWP)		 2018

Generation

[edit]

Using data available from the U.S. Energy Information Agency's Electric Power Annual 2017[63] and "Electric Power Monthly Data Browser",[64][65][66][67] the following table summarizes North Carolina's solar energy posture.

Solar-electric generation in North Carolina
Year Facilities Summer capacity (MW) Electric energy (GWh or M kWh) Capacity factor Yearly growth of generating capacity Yearly growth of produced energy % of NC renewable electric energy % of NC generated electric energy % of U.S. Solar electric energy
2018 523 3982 6997 0.201 18.7% 25.4% 53.5% 5.2% 10.5%
2017 481 3355 5579 0.190 37.7% 63.1% 51.6% 4.3% 10.5%
2016 411 2437 3421 0.16 69.6% 149% 32.9% 2.6% 9.5%
2015 262 1436.8 1374 0.11 112.5% 88.5% 15.8% 1.07% 5.5%
2014 676 729 0.123 103% 111% 9.10% 0.60% 4.10%
2013 84 333.2 345 0.176 190.8% 148.2% 3.5% 0.27% 3.82%
2012 38 114.6 139 0.199 156.4% 717.7% 2.16% 0.12% 3.21%
2011 15 44.7 17 0.049 27.7% 54.6% 0.27% 0.01% 0.94%
2010 9 35 11 0.066 1067% 120% 0.16% 0.01% 0.91%
2009 3 3 5 0.190 0% 150% 0.07% 0.00% 0.56%
2008 3 3 2 0.152 0% 0% 0.04% 0.00% 0.23%
2007 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

In summary, solar-electric generation has increased from 2007 to 2018 at a decreasing rate. The percentage of solar generated electric energy has steadily increased, but the yearly growth of generating capacity and yearly growth of produced energy peaked in 2012-2013.

Capacity factor for each year was computed from the end-of-year summer capacity. 2018 data is from Electric Power Monthly and is subject to change.

2017 NC Solar Energy Generation Profile
NC Utility Scale solar generation (GWh, Million kWh)[68][69]
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
2011 17
2012 2 2 4 6 6 6 9 7 9 17 23 48 139
2013 10 17 24 21 32 34 34 32 36 40 30 35 345
2014 31 41 56 58 74 67 69 75 68 88 49 54 729
2015 63 52 95 110 160 151 167 156 109 100 76 135 1,374
2016 168 175 348 300 265 320 336 448 328 254 182 298 3,421
2017 265 335 423 477 534 482 537 480 473 423 372 314 5,115
2018 402 356 514 632 629 677 643 658 440 483 369 308 6,111
2019 410 398 661 680 772 753 838 749 683 556 481 472 7,451
2020 477 492 641 872 873 850 955 766 650 660 552 484 8,274
2021 517 520 817 1018 1085 990 1037 986 916 775 715 548 9,922
2022 635 719 969 1157 1173 1251 1174 1111 1048 938 664 534 11,373

Beginning with the 2014 data year, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) has estimated the distributed solar-photovoltaic generation and distributed solar-photovoltaic capacity.[70] These non-utility-scale appraisals evaluate that North Carolina generated the following amounts of additional solar energy:

Estimated distributed solar electric generation in North Carolina[71]
Year Summer capacity (MW) Electric energy (GWh or M kWh)
2014 56.8 72
2015 71.7 84
2016 109.7 167
2017 114.9 186
2018 140.1 212
2019 180.2 260
2020 200.0 310
2021 230.5 360
2022 260.7 420
2023 290.0 430
2024 320.0 473

Duke Energy rebates

[edit]

On January 22, 2018, Duke Energy Renewables proposed a $62 million rebate program for both residential and nonresidential customers. It was the first of three programs Duke is proposing as part of "Competitive Energy Solutions for North Carolina" legislation, signed into law in 2017 by Gov. Roy Cooper. The program requires approval from the North Carolina Utilities Commission.[72]

Proposal details
Electricity customer Eligible rebate Maximum rebate
Residential
(10 kilowatts or less) 		60 cents per watt $6,000
Nonresidential 50 cents per watt $50,000
Nonprofit entity 75 cents per watt $75,000

Customers would also have the option of leasing solar equipment from a third-party.

On April 16, 2018, the North Carolina Utilities Commission approved the program. It applies to Duke Energy's residential, nonresidential and nonprofit customers who installed a solar system and a bi-directional meter on their property on or after January 1, 2018.[73]

EnergizeNC: North Carolina's Solar For All Program

[edit]

The EnergizeNC coalition was awarded a $156 million grant on April 22, 2024 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The grant is part of the $7 billion Solar for All program, which seeks to invest in solar projects for low-income and disadvantaged communities. EnergizeNC has three focus areas for solar: rooftop installation in single-family homes, behind-the-meter installations in multifamily housing and non-profit buildings and community solar programs (electric co-ops). The program is expected to launch statewide in Fall 2025.[74]

Duke Energy Solar Centers

[edit]

A solar center is a facility that has thousands of installed solar panels. Duke Energy has proposed projects for a variety of solar centers using PV panels. The plan is to have the centers operating by late 2025 and they are estimated to produce enough electricity to power 23,000 homes.[75]

Solar Center Location Megawatts Solar Panel Amount
Bailey Mill[76] Jefferson County 74.9 MW ~163,000
Half Moon[77] Sumter County 74.9 MW ~142,000
Rattler[78] Hernando County 74.9 MW ~210,000

In the chart above are the plans for facilities in various areas. Also, a proposed plan in North Carolina, known as the Longleaf Solar Center, will be located in New Hill, NC. It is proposed to be completed in 2028. It is said to be a 100 MW facility with about 215,000 solar panels and the ability to power 27,900 homes.[79]

Pricing of solar energy

[edit]

The price of solar power in North Carolina has been steadily decreasing since its introduction. Currently, the average price for one watt of solar power is $2.29 during the installation process.[80] This has also decreased further via economic incentives and subsidies.[80] The federal solar tax credit reduces the cost of installation by up to 30%.[80] The average period for the solar powers to pay for their own installation, however, is 11 years in North Carolina.[80]

Wattage Cost
6W $13.72
7W $16.00
8W $18.29
9W $20.56
10W $22.26

There are also systems in place such as home equity loans, also known as home equity line of credit (HELOC), which utilize the house as collateral, providing a lump sum payment that can be paid back over the course of several years.[80] This aids in covering the initial high cost of a full 3-10kW solar power system, which may not be affordable for some people without financing.[80]

Solar power distribution potential

[edit]

Research efforts are ongoing to improve and maximize the amount of North Carolina's energy that is sourced from solar energy. One area of interest is agricultural land that has an adjacent water shed. A case study was performed in 2020 to find potential areas that would maximize the economic impact of solar farms and minimize the impacts on land and the environment.[81] The environmental impacts were found to be minimal compared to other energy sources like coal and fossil fuels that create pollution in the runoff and water sheds.[81] The study also found that in the eastern part of the state there already exists a relationship between farmlands and active solar farms.[clarification needed] It was shown that many agricultural areas are located by watersheds that have high levels of water pollution and damage caused by current energy practices.[81] The study concluded that using agricultural land adjacent to water sheds has high potential.[81] With the availability of this land and the benefits associated, solar energy has the potential to source up to 40% of North Carolina's total energy production.[81]

See also

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[edit]

References

[edit]
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  81. ^ a b c d e Curtis, Scott; Etheridge, Randall; Malali, Praveen; Peralta, Ariane L.; Filho, Faete (2020). "Planning for Future Solar Farm Development in North Carolina: A Geographic Food Energy-Water Approach". Southeastern Geographer. 60 (1): 48–64. doi:10.1353/sgo.2020.0004. ISSN 1549-6929.
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