British Overseas Airways Corporation
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| British Overseas Airways Corporation | ||
|---|---|---|
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| IATA BA |
ICAO BA |
Callsign SPEEDBIRD |
| Founded | 1939 | |
| Ceased operations | 31 March 1974 | |
| Hubs | London Heathrow Intl Airport | |
| Fleet size | 68 (31 March 1972) | |
| Destinations | ||
| Headquarters |  United Kingdom |
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| Key people | ||
The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946. The company started life with a merger between Imperial Airways Ltd. and British Airways Ltd. Following a 1971 Act of Parliament, BOAC was merged in 1974 with British European Airways Corporation (BEA) to form British Airways.
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[edit] History
During the 1930s, the 1940s postwar and until November 1950, Imperial Airways and then BOAC operated scheduled flying boat services from their Marine Air Terminal at Berth 50 at Southampton to colonial possessions in Africa and Asia. Aircraft such as the Short Empire and Short S.8 Calcutta flying boats, transported their prewar passengers and mail. Postwar, BOAC flew converted Short Sunderlands under the class names of Hythe and Plymouth. Latterly, the airline flew the completely new Short Solent flying boat on their service down the Nile and through East Africa to Johannesburg.
In addition to training pilots in the UK, BOAC operated a tropical training school in Soroti, North East Uganda.
[edit] The breakup
The Civil Aviation Act of 1946 led to the demerger of two divisions of BOAC to form three separate corporations:
- BOAC - for Empire, North American and Far East routes
- British European Airways (BEA) - for European and domestic routes
- British South American Airways (BSAA) - for South American and Caribbean routes
In July 1949, British South American Airways was merged back into BOAC.
[edit] Early post-war operations
BOAC's initial land plane equipment during the years immediately following the end of World War Two was based on converted or adapted military aircraft including the Avro Lancastrian, Consolidated Liberator, Handley Page Halton and Avro York. In summer 1948, the unpressurised Yorks were still operating passenger services as far afield as Nairobi (Kenya), Accra (Gold Coast, later Ghana) and Delhi and Calcutta (India).
The pressurised Lockheed Constellation was operated from April 1946, initially on routes to the United States and Canada, and from 1949 also to Australia. These were supplemented by the Boeing Stratocruiser for their key transatlantic routes from October 1949, as this type could reliably fly non-stop eastbound from New York to London Airport (later Heathrow). The Handley Page Hermes and Canadair DC-4M Argonaut joined the BOAC fleet between 1949 and 1950, replacing the last of the non-pressurised types on passenger services. The Yorks continued to operate BOACs freight flights.
From late 1956, the airline received ten Douglas DC-7Cs to enable them to operate non-stop westbound flights from London and Manchester to New York and other North American east coast destinations,[1] in competition with Pan American Airlines with their DC-7Cs and Trans World Airlines with Lockheed Super Constellations.
[edit] Introduction of jets
In May 1952, BOAC became the first airline to introduce a passenger jet, the de Havilland Comet. All Comet 1 aircraft were grounded in April 1954 after four Comets crashed, the last two being BOAC aircraft. Investigators discovered serious structural cracks caused by metal fatigue due to the repeated pressurisation and depressurisation of the aircraft as they ascended and descended. While rectifying this problem, de Havilland engineers improved the Comet in many ways and improved its range, creating the Series 4. In 1958, BOAC used the new Comets to become the first airline to fly jet passenger services across the Atlantic.
During the 1950s and 1960s, BOAC flew the Bristol Britannia and Comet but these aircraft were not competitive so in October 1956 they ordered 15 Boeing 707s which entered service in 1960. Sir Giles Guthrie, who took charge of BOAC in 1964, preferred the Boeing aircraft for economic reasons, and indeed BOAC began turning a profit in the late 1960s. The preference for US-made aircraft caused a political row in Parliament, however, and the government ordered BOAC to purchase 17 Vickers VC-10 aircraft from a 30-aircraft order which Guthrie had cancelled.[2] However the VC-10 had somewhat higher operating costs than the 707, largely as a result of BOAC's own demands for the aircraft to have excellent hot and high performance.
BOAC later became the largest Boeing customer outside North America. The next major order of Boeing aircraft was for 11 747-100s. BOAC received its first 747 on 22 April 1970 but due to strike action by the British Air Line Pilots Association the aircraft did not enter commercial service for almost a year, on 14 April 1971.
In 1962, BOAC and Cunard formed BOAC-Cunard Ltd to operate scheduled services to North America, the Caribbean and South America. The operation was dissolved in 1966.
[edit] Dissolution
On 1 September 1972, the British Airways Board was formed, a holding board that controlled BOAC and BEA. On 31 March 1974, both the BOAC and BEA were dissolved and their operations merged to form British Airways.
BOAC would have become one of the first operators of the Concorde had it not merged to become British Airways. BA's Concordes carried registrations of G-BOAA through G-BOAG. The first Concorde delivered to British Airways was actually registered G-BOAC.
[edit] Aircraft operated
- Airspeed Consul (1949)
- Airspeed Oxford (1948)
- Armstrong Whitworth A.W.38 Whitley 5 (1942)
- Armstrong Whitworth Ensign (1939)
- Avro 683 Lancaster (1944)
- Avro 691 Lancastrian (1945)
- Avro 688 Tudor 1 (1946)
- Avro 685 York (1944)
- Bristol Britannia (1955)
- Boeing 314A (1941)
- Boeing 377 Stratocruiser (1949)
- Boeing 707 (1960)
- Boeing 747 (1969)
- Canadair C-4 Argonaut (1949)
- Consolidated Model 28 Catalina (1940)
- Concorde (test flown during the latter years of BOAC, before being passed on to British Airways for passenger services.)
- Consolidated Model 32 Liberator (1941)
- Curtis Wright CW-20 (1941)
- de Havilland DH.91 Albatross (1940)
- de Havilland DH.95 Flamingo (1940)
- de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito (1943)
- de Havilland DH.104 Dove (1946)
- de Havilland DH.106 Comet (1951)
- Douglas DC-3 (1940)
- Douglas DC-7C (1956)
- Focke-Wulf Fw 200B Condor (1940)
- Handley Page Halifax (1946)
- Handley Page Halton (1946)
- Handley Page Hermes (1949)
- Lockheed Constellation (1946)
- Lockheed Hudson (1941)
- Lockheed Lodestar (1941)
- Short S.23 Empire (1936)
- Short S.25 Sunderland (1942)
- Short S.26 (1939)
- Short S.30 Empire (1938)
- Short Sandringham (1947)
- Short Solent (1946)
- Vickers VC10 (1964)
- Vickers Warwick (1942)
[edit] Fleet
| Aircraft | Total | Orders | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| BAC/Sud Concorde | 0 | 0 | Eight on option |
| Boeing SST | 0 | 0 | Six on option |
| Boeing 707-300 | 6 | 4 | |
| Boeing 707-400 | 18 | 0 | |
| Boeing 747-100 | 0 | 12 | |
| BAC VC10 | 11 | 0 | |
| BAC Super VC10 | 17 | 0 | |
| Total | 52 | 16 |
[edit] Incidents
- AM918, Liberator C I BOAC registration G-AGDR, shot down by a Spitfire in error over English Channel near Plymouth, England on 15 February 1943.
- Flight 777, 1 June 1943, shot down over the Bay of Biscay by German Junkers Ju 88s. All seventeen crew and passengers were killed, including actor Leslie Howard.[4] There has been widespread speculation that the downing was an attempt to kill British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[5]
- Flight 781, Mediterranean Sea, near Elba, 10 January 1954.
- South African Airways Flight 201 (operated by BOAC), Mediterranean, near Naples, 8 April 1954.
- Bristol Britannia 312, Tail Number; G-AOVD, Crashed near Winkton England on the morning of 24 December 1958.
- Flight 911, (5 March 1966). A Boeing 707 crashed on Mount Fuji after experiencing clear air turbulence. Several passengers cancelled their tickets at the last moment in order to see a ninja demonstration. These passengers, Cubby Broccoli, Harry Saltzman, Ken Adam, Lewis Gilbert and Freddie Young, were in Japan scouting locations for the fifth James Bond film, You Only Live Twice.
- Flight 712, England 9 April 1968.[6]
- Flight 775 became the first British plane to be hijacked on 9 September 1970 as part of the Dawson's Field hijackings.
[edit] Popular culture
- Evolutions of the BOAC logo inherited from Imperial Airways, the Speedbird, continue to be used as the logo for British Airways, and continues to be used as BA's call sign.
- The Beatles song "Back in the USSR" (released in 1968 on "The White Album") begins with the line "Flew in from Miami Beach BOAC."
- Bobby Bloom's song Montego Bay in its first line refers to a jetliner as a "BOAC", pronouncing it as an acronym rather than as an initialism, which was more usual.
[edit] References
- Notes
- ^ Scholefield 1998, p. 86
- ^ Brickbats at BOAC, TIME, March 24, 1967.
- ^ Flight International 26 March 1970
- ^ Goss, Christopher H. (2001). Bloody Biscay: The History of V Gruppe/Kampfgeschwader 40. Manchester: Crécy Publishing. pp. 50–56. ISBN 0-947554-87-4.
- ^ N/461. "Howard & Churchill". http://www.n461.com/howard.html. Retrieved on 2 December 2006.
- ^ Special Report: British Overseas Airline Company Flight 712. AirDisaster.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- Bibliography
- Scholefield, R.A. (1998), Manchester Airport, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-1954-X
[edit] External links
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