Bhojpuri language

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Bhojpuri
भोजपुरी bhōjpurī
The word "Bhojpuri" in Devanagari script
Pronunciation/boʊdʒˈpʊəri/[1]
Native toIndia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan[citation needed] Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, Caribbean, [citation needed], South Africa, and Fiji[citation needed]
RegionBihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh
Native speakers
40 million (2001 census)[2]
Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.[3]
Dialects
Devanagari (present), Kaithi (Historical)[4]
Official status
Official language in
Nepal, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Fiji, Mauritius, and Suriname
Language codes
ISO 639-2bho
ISO 639-3bho – inclusive code
Individual code:
hns – Caribbean Hindustani
Glottologbhoj1246
Linguasphere59-AAF-sa
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Bhojpuri (Devanagari: भोजपुरी listenⓘ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bhojpuri region of North India and in Madhesh, Nepal.[4] It is chiefly spoken in the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, in the western part of Bihar state, and in the northwestern part of Jharkhand in India. It is also spoken in the northeastern part of Madhya Pradesh and the northern part of Chhattisgarh.[5] Bhojpuri is one of the national languages of Nepal, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Fiji, Mauritius, and Suriname.[6][7]

Bhojpuri is also spoken in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Jamaica, the Caribbean in general, and South Africa.

The variant of Bhojpuri of the Indo-Surinamese is also referred to as Sarnami Hindustani, Sarnami Hindi or just Sarnami[8] and has experienced considerable Sranan Tongo Creole and Dutch lexical influence. More[which?] Indians in Suriname know Bhojpuri. In Mauritius a dialect of Bhojpuri remains in use, and it is locally called Bojpury.[9]

Bhojpuri speaking region is bounded by the Awadhi-speaking region to the west, Madhesh to the north, Magahi- and Maithili-speaking regions to the east, and Magahi- and Bagheli-speaking regions to the south.[4]

Writing system

Bhojpuri story written in Kaithi script, written by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898

Bhojpuri was historically written in Kaithi scripts,[4] but since 1894, Devanagari has served as the primary script.

Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the Mughal era for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Urdu, Magahi and Hindi from at least the 16th century up to the first decade of the 20th century. Government gazetteers report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar through the 1960s. Bhojpuri residents of India, who signed up and moved as indentured labour in Africa and the Caribbean colonies of the British Empire in 19th century and early 20th century, used Kaithi as well as Devanagari scripts.[6]

By 1894, official texts in Bihar were written in Kaithi and Devanagari. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari even in the overseas islands where Bhojpuri is spoken. For example, in Mauritius, both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts have been in use since the arrival of Bhojpuri people from India. The Kathi script was considered informal in Mauritius, with the structure of Kaithi similar to Devanagari (spelled Devanagri in Mauritius). In modern Mauritius, Bhojpuri script is Devanagari.[10]

Phonology

Vowels

Bhojpuri vowels[11]
Front Central Back
Close i ɪ u
Close-mid e ə o
Open-mid ɔ
Open æ ɑ

Consonants

Bhojpuri consonants[11]
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless p t̪ ʈ tʃ k
voiced b d̪ ɖ dʒ ɡ
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
breathy voiced bʱ d̪ʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative s h
Rhotic plain ɾ ɽ
aspirated ɾʱ ɽʱ
Approximant l j w

Sociolinguistics

Bhojpuri is, sociolinguistically, one of the seven Hindi languages (Haryanvi, Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli and Kannauji).[12] Of these seven, Bhojpuri has the most allophonic variations in vowels.[13]

Robert Trammell has published the phonology of Bhojpuri.[14][15]

Bhojpuri has six vowel phonemes,[15] and ten vocoids. The higher vowels are relatively tense, while lower vowels are relatively lax. The language has 31 consonant phonemes and 34 contoids (6 bilabial, 4 apico-dental, 5 apico-alveolar, 7 retroflex, 6 alveo-palatal, 5 dorso-velar and 1 glottal).[14]

According to Trammell, the syllable system is peak type: every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point of sonority. Codas may consist of one, two or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei in diphthongs. The intonation system involves four pitch levels and three terminal contours.[14][16]

Universal declaration of human rights in Bhojpuri

The United Nations has published the universal declaration of human rights in Bhojpuri and Sarnámi, one of 154 languages of the world.[17] Article 1 of the declaration in Bhojpuri, Hindi, Sarnámi and English respectively are:

अनुच्छेद १: सबहि लोकानि आजादे जम्मेला आओर ओखिनियो के बराबर सम्मान आओर अघ्कार प्राप्त हवे। ओखिनियो के पास समझ-बूझ आओर अंत:करण के आवाज होखता आओर हुनको के दोसरा के साथ भाईचारे के बेवहार करे के होखला।[17]

अनुच्छेद १: सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये।[18]

Aadhiaai 1: Sab djanne aadjádi aur barabar paidaa bhailèn, iddjat aur hak mê. Ohi djanne ke lage sab ke samadj-boedj aur hierdaai hai aur doesare se sab soemmat sè, djaane-maane ke chaahin.[19]

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[20]

Sample sentences

English sentence Bhojpuri translation
What is your name? तोहार नाव/नाम का ह? Tohar nao/naam kaa ha?
Come here. हीयां आव Hiyan/Eehan/Hene/Ehar aava
What are you doing? तु का करत हव/तारा Tu kaa karat hava/tara?
That man is going. उ मरद जात आ/ह/बा Ooh marad jaat aa/ha/baa.
How are you? का हाल बा?/कइसन बाङ? Kaa haal ba??/Kaisan Bara?
I'm fine. हम ठीक हई/बानी Hum theek haiin/baani.
I don't know. हम नईखी जानत/हमके नईखे मालूम/हमरा नइखे मालूम/हमके पता नाईं Hum naikhi jaanat/Hamke naikhe maalum/Humra Naikhe Maaloom/Hamke pataa nai
He is my son. इह हमार laika ह Eeh hamaar (/laika) ha.
She is my daughter. इह हमरी छौरी हीया Eeh hamari chhauri(/laiki) hiya.
What should i do? हम का करीं/हमके का करे के चाहीं Hum kaa kari?/ Hamke kaa kare ke chahi?
What did they do? ओहनी के का करल सं? Ohni ke kaa karla/(kailan ha) san?
Did you all eat? तुहनी सब खईल सं? Tuhni sab khaila san?
He is eating an apple. उह ए गो सेव खात हाँ/ खाता Ooh ago sev khaat haan/ Ooh ago sev khaat baa.
Where were you, I was waiting for you? कहाँ रह तू, कब से तहार बाट जोहत रहीं? Kahan raha tu, kab se tahar baat johat rahin?
I saw the film last week. हम पिछला हफ़्ता फ़िल्लम देखले रहीं Hum pichhla hafta filim dekhle haiin.
They went to the mosque. उह सभे मह्जीद गईले हाँ Ooh sabhe mahjid gaile ba log.
She slept the whole night. उह सारी रात सुत्तल रहे Ooh bhar raat suttal.
I go. हम जात हई/हम जातइं Hum jaat haiin./ Hum jaat tani/bani.
He will go. उह जाई Ooh jaayi.
He will eat. उह खायी Ooh khayi.
He has eaten. उह खईलस हाँ/उह खा लेहलस UU Kha lelan (repect) / lelakh (someone younger).
Why did you tell him to go? तू ओहके काहे जाए के कहले हव? Tu ohke/okra kaahe jaaye ke kahle ha
Why is it crowded here? हीयाँ मये आलम काहे जुट्टल बा/हीयाँ इतना हुजूम काहे ह? Hiyan (yehar) maye aalam kaahe juttal ha?/ Hiyan (yehar) itna hujum kaahe ha?
I have to leave for Varanasi early tomorrow morning. हमके काल फजिरे बनारस खातिर निकले ल हाँ/निकरे के बा Humke kaal fajire Banaras khatir nikle ke baa.
Which is the best Hindi newspaper? सबसे बढ़िया हिंदी अखबार कवन होवे ला? Sabse badhiya Hindi akhbar kawan howe haa.
Where should i go? हम कहाँ जायीं? Hum kahaan jaai?
It is a book. ई ए गो किताब ह Ee ago kitab ha.
Will you give me your pen? तू हमके आपण कलम देब? Tu hamke aapan kalam deba?
Yes, of course./ Why not. हाँ ज़रूर/ काहे ना Haan, jarur./ Kaahe na.
Which village do you hail from? तू कवन गाँव से हव/ताल्लुक रखे ल? Tu kawan gaon se talluk rakhe la?/ Tahaar gaon kahaan ha?
Did he call you? का उह तहरा बुलवले हाँ? Kaa ooh tahraa bulavale haan?
This is our area. ई सब आपणे जागीर ह Ee sabh apne jageer ha.
What's going on? का चलत हाँ/का चल रहल बा? Kaa chalat haan?/ Kaa chal rahal ba?
Please say that again. तनी फिर से कह Tani phir se kaha.
Pleased to meet you. तोहसे मिल के बढ़िया लागल हाँ/तोहसे मिल कर ख़ुशी भईल हाँ Tohse mil ke badhiya laagal haan./ Tohse mil ke khusi bhayil haan.
Is everything all right? सब खैरियत से ह न? Sab khairiyat se ha na?
How was your exam? तहार इतिहान कैसन रहे? Tahaar imtihaan kaisan rahe?
Are you married? तहार बियाह भईल बा/तू शादीशुदा हव? Tahaar biyaah bhail ba?/ Tu shaadishuda hava?
She doesn't understand anything. ओहके जरी ना समझ में आवे/ओके तनको ना बुझा ला Ohke jari naa samajh me aave./ Oke tanko naa bujhaa la.
Please speak more slowly जरी आहिस्ता बोल/तनी आहिस्ता बोल Jari aahista bola/ Tani aahista bola
You are very beautiful. तू बड्डी सुह्नर हउT/तू बड्डी सुह्नर हव Tu baddi suhnar (/khapsoorat) havaa. (to male)/ Tu baddi suhnar (/khapsoorat) hau. (to female)
He is looking at you. उह तोहका ताकत हाँ Ooh tohka taakat haan.
My life is full of problems. हमार जिनिगी खलसा परेशानी से भरल बा Hamar jinigi khalsa pareshani se bharal ba.
Come with me. हमरा साथे आव Hamra saathe aava./ Hamra sange aava.
One language is never enough. ए गो जुबान कबहों ज़ादा ना होखे ला/ एक भाखा कब्हों ज़ादा नअ होवे ला Ago juban kabho kafi na hove la/ Ek bhakha kab'ho jada na hokhe la.
I'll come after you. हम तहरा पाछे आइब Hum taharaa paachhe aaib.
Go there हुंवा जा Hunva jaa.
I can do anything for you. हम तहरा वास्ते कछु कर सकत हईं Hum tahraa vaaste kuchhu kar sakat haiin./ Hum tahraa khaatir kuchhuwo kar saki na.

Note that the above table is mostly based on talking to a male who is older or of the same age. At other times, "tahaar" tends to be "tohaar" and "tor" (for a younger person). While talking to someone, people often use the word "falan" or "falana" to refer to someone unnamed or unknown; for example, in "Falana ke babuji hiyan aail rahen", which means "His father has come here", the name of the "he" being referred to is either unmentioned or unknown.

Politeness

Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflect a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can be conjugated as per these tiers. For example, the verb "to come" in Bhojpuri is "aana" and the verb "to speak" is "bolna". The imperatives "come!" and "speak!" can thus be conjugated five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude a host of auxiliary verbs and expressions which can be added to these verbs to add even greater degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted.

Literary [tu] āō [tu] bōl
Casual and intimate [tu] āō [tu] bōl
Polite and intimate [tu] āv' [tu] bōl'
Formal yet intimate [rau'ā] āīñ [rau'ā] bōlīñ
Polite and formal [āp] āīñ [āp] bōlīñ
Extremely formal āyā jā'e bōlā jā'e

Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. For example, "your" has several forms with different tones of politeness: "tōr" (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), "rā'ur" (polite and formal) and "āp ke" (extremely formal).

Dialects

The known dialects, per world language classification system, are Bhojpuri Tharu, Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), and Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi).[4]

Bhojpuri has the following dialects, the first three being the major child dialects:[7]

  1. Southern Standard Bhojpuri
  2. Northern Standard Bhojpuri
  3. Western Standard Bhojpuri[21]
  4. Nagpuria Bhojpuri[22]

Southern Standard Bhojpuri is prevalent the areas of Bhojpur, Rohtas, Saran, Bhabua, Buxar, Siwan, Gopalganj in Bihar, and Ballia and eastern Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh. It is sometimes referred to as ‘Kharwari’. It can be further divided into 'Shahabadi' and 'Chapariyah'.[23]

Northern Bhojpuri is common in the areas of Deoria, Gorakhpur and Basti in Uttar Pradesh, north Bihar and Nepal.[24] Local names include ‘Gorakhpuri’ for the language in Deoria and eastern Gorakhpur, and ‘Sarwariya’ in western Gorakhpur and Basti. The variety spoken cast of Gandak river between Gorakhpuri Bhojpuri and Maithili in Champaran has a local name Pachhimahwa.[citation needed] Northern Bhojpuri has Maithili influence.

Western Bhojpuri is prevalent the areas of Varanasi, Azamgarh, Ghazipur and Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. ‘Banarasi’ is a local name for the Banaras Bhojpuri. Western Bhojpuri is also referred to as "Purbi" or "Benarsi".[25]

Nagpuria Bhojpuri (not to be confused with Nagpuri) is southern most dialect, found in Chhotanagpur region of Jharkhand, particularly parts of Palamau and of Ranchi. It has more Magahi influence.[22][24] It is sometimes referred to as 'Sadani'.[26]

Recognition

Ravikant Dubey has petitioned that Bhojpuri be one of the official languages of India.[27] For cultural reasons, it is usually seen as a dialect of Hindi. Due to the persistent demand from Bhojpuri language activists to recognise it as an official language, P Chidambaram, Home Minister, Government of India announced to Lok Sabha speaker a few lines in Bhojpuri : "hum rauwa sabke bhavna samjhatani (I understand your feelings)", proposing to include Bhojpuri in 8th Schedule of the Constitution and accorded the official status.[28]

Bhojpuri literature

Main article: Bhojpuri literature

Lorikayan, or the story of Veer Lorik, is a famous Bhojpuri folklore of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.[29]

A modest number of novels have been published in Bhojpuri since 1956.

Bhojpuri media

Many Bhojpuri magazines and papers are published in Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. Parichhan is a contemporary important literary-cultural Maithili-Bhojpuri magazine, published by Maithili-Bhojpuri academy, Delhi government and edited by Parichay Das. Parichay Das is pathbreaker poet, Essayist, Critic, editor in Bhojpuri. He was Secretary, Hindi, Maithili-Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi Government. The Sunday Indian, Bhojpuri[30] is a regular national news magazine in Bhojpuri published by Planman Media, owned by Prof. Arindam Chaudhary and edited by Onkareshwar Pandey. Aakhar is a monthly online Bhojpuri literature magazine.[31] It is published by Sanjay Singh, Shashi Mishra, Navin Kumar and designed-edited by Ashwini Rudra. Other media in Bhojpuri include Lok Lucknow,[32] Mahuaa TV and Hamar TV as Bhojpuri language channels, and a weekly paper in Bhojpuri published from Birgunj, Parsa of Nepal whose publisher is Dipendra Prasad Kanu.

Bhojpuri outside India

South Asia

In Bangladesh, there are also Bhojpuri-speaking Muslims. However, their total number is estimated to be smaller than the number of Bhojpuri speakers in Mauritius, African, Caribbean, and South American nations.

Bhojpuri is a major language spoken in Nepal with official status.[7]

Outside South Asia

Bhojpuri is also spoken by people who were brought as indentured labourers in the 19th century and early 20th century, for work in sugarcane plantations during British colonial era, to Mauritius, Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and South Africa.[6][7][33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bhojpuri entry, Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press
  2. ^ Bhojpuri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Caribbean Hindustani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. ^ Language Demographics Census,[dubious – discuss] Government of India (2001)
  4. ^ a b c d e Bhojpuri Ethnologue World Languages (2009)
  5. ^ Ethnologue's detailed language map of western Madhesh; see the disjunct enclaves of language #9 in SE.
  6. ^ a b c Rajend Mesthrie, Language in indenture: a sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa, Routledge, 1992, ISBN 978-0415064040, pages 30-32
  7. ^ a b c d Bhojpuri Language Materials Project, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
  8. ^ Hindustani, Caribbean Ethnologue (2013)
  9. ^ William J. Frawley, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Volume 1, ISBN 0-19-513977-1, Oxford University Press, Bhojpuri, page 481
  10. ^ Sarita Boodho, Bhojpuri traditions in Mauritius, Mauritius Bhojpuri Institute, 1999, ISBN 978-9990390216, pages 47-48 and 85-92
  11. ^ a b Trammell, R. L. (1971). The Phonology of the Northern Standard Dialect of Bhojpuri. Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 126–141
  12. ^ Diwakar Mishra and Kalika Bali, A COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIALECTS OF HINDI, ICPhS XVII, Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, pp 1390
  13. ^ Diwakar Mishra and Kalika Bali, A COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIALECTS OF HINDI, ICPhS XVII, Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, pp 1390-1393
  14. ^ a b c Robert L. Trammell, The Phonology of the Northern Standard Dialect of Bhojpuri, Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 126-141
  15. ^ a b Verma, Manindra K. (2003), Bhojpuri, In Cardona et al. (Editors), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 515-537. London: Routledge
  16. ^ Shukla, Shaligram (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Washington, D. C., Georgetown University Press
  17. ^ a b Universal Declaration of Human Rights Bhojpuri language (United Nations)
  18. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights Hindi language (United Nations)
  19. ^ UDHR Sárnami - http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hns.pdf
  20. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights English language (United Nations)
  21. ^ Parable of the prodigal son in Benares Bhojpuri, A Recording in May 1920 by Rajaji Gupta, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA
  22. ^ a b Parable of the prodigal son in Nagpuria Bhojpuri, A Recording in 1920 by Shiva Sahay Lal, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA
  23. ^ Map of Southern Standard Bhojpuri Digital Library of Language Relationships (2012)
  24. ^ a b Shaligram Shukla (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Georgetown University School of Language, ISBN 978-0878401895
  25. ^ Western Standard Bhojpuri Digital Library of Language Relationships (2012)
  26. ^ Monika Horstmann (1969), Sadani, Indologia Berolinensis, Otto Harrassowitz - Weisbaden, Germany, pp 176-180
  27. ^ "'Recognition' of Bhojpuri sought". The Times Of India. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  28. ^ "Chidambaram speaks a surprise". Chennai, India. The Hindu. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  29. ^ Traditions of heroic and epic poetry - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. 4 December 1969. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  30. ^ Bhojpuri - The Sunday Indian Newspaper
  31. ^ http://www.aakhar.com
  32. ^ https://rni.nic.in/display_language.asp
  33. ^ "Forced Labour". The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010.

External links

Bhojpuri edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhojpuri_language&oldid=744816004"