ExoMars

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Exomars)
Jump to: navigation, search
ExoMars
Operator ESA
Major contractors Thales Alenia Space and Astrium
Mission type Orbiter, lander and rover
Orbital insertion date 2017 and 2019
Launch date 2016 and 2018
Launch vehicle Proton rocket
Mission duration Static lander: a few days[1]
Rover: 6 months
Orbiter: several years
Homepage ExoMars programme
Mass TGO: 3,130 kg[2]
Lander: 600 kg[3]
Rover: 207 kg
Power Solar power / batteries

ExoMars (Exobiology on Mars) is a European-led robotic mission to Mars currently under development by the European Space Agency (ESA) with possible collaboration by Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos).[4] Since its inception, ExoMars has gone through several phases of planning with various proposals for landers, orbiters, launch vehicles, and international cooperation planning, such as the defunct 2009 Mars Exploration Joint Initiative (MEJI) with the United States.[5][6] An ExoMars orbiter examining trace gases and a short-life static lander test is planned for 2016, and a rover for 2018.

Contents

[edit] Mission history

Since its beginnings in the early 2000s, ExoMars was—and still is—subject to massive political and financial strife. Originally, the ExoMars concept consisted of a large robotic rover being part of ESA's Aurora programme as a Flagship mission and was approved by Europe's space ministers in December 2005. Originally conceived as a rover with a static ground station, ExoMars was planned to launch in 2011 aboard a Russian Soyuz Fregat rocket.[7]

In 2007, Canadian-based technology firm MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. (MDA) was selected for a one-million-euro contract with EADS Astrium of Britain to design and build a prototype Mars rover chassis for the European Space Agency. Astrium was also contracted to design the final rover.[8]

In July 2009 NASA and ESA signed the Mars Joint Exploration Initiative, which proposed to utilize an Atlas rocket launcher instead of a Soyuz, which significantly altered the technical and financial setting of the ExoMars mission. On June 19, when the rover was still planned to piggyback on the Mars Trace Gas Orbiter, it was reported that a prospective agreement would require that ExoMars lose enough weight to fit aboard the Atlas launch vehicle with NASA's orbiter.[9] Then the mission was combined with other projects to a multi-spacecraft programme divided over two Atlas V-launches:[10][3][11] the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) was merged into the project, piggybacking a static meteorological lander being slated for launch in 2016. It was also proposed to include a second rover, the MAX-C.[12]

In August 2009 it was announced that the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ESA had signed a collaboration agreement that included cooperation on two Mars exploration projects: Russia's Fobos-Grunt project and ESA's ExoMars. Specifically, ESA secured a Russian Proton rocket as a backup launcher for the ExoMars rover, which would include Russian-made parts.[13][14]

In December 17, 2009, the ESA governments gave their final approval to a two-part Mars exploration programme to be conducted with NASA, confirming their commitment to spend €850 million ($1.23 billion) on missions in 2016 and 2018.[15]

In April 2011, because of a budgeting crisis, a proposal was announced to fly only one rover in 2018 that would be larger than either of the vehicles in the paired concept - ExoMars (ESA) and Max-C (NASA).[16] One suggestion was that the new vehicle would be built in Europe and take a mix of European and U.S. instruments. NASA would provide the rocket to deliver it into Mars and provide the 'Sky Crane' landing system. Despite the proposed reorganisation, the goals of the 2018 mission opportunity would have stayed broadly the same.[16] In April 2011 MAX-C rover was canceled.[12]

[edit] Current status

Under the FY2013 Budget President Obama released on February 13, 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts,[17] in order to pay for the cost overruns of the James Webb Space Telescope.[18] With NASA's funding for this project completely cancelled, most of these plans will have to at least be restructured, if they are to go ahead at all.[6] ESA Director-General declared that the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) appears ready to take part in ExoMars, notably by providing a heavy-lift Proton rocket for the 2016 mission, designed to carry ESA-built TGO satellite to Mars, and a European 'Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module' (EDM).[5][19][20][21] Although Russian instruments likely would be added to this package, the outcome of Russian partnership will come only from an official statement Roscosmos will make sometime early March[22]. While Russian expertise may be sufficient to provide a launch vehicle, it does not currently extend to the critical requirement of a landing system for Mars.[23]

[edit] Mission objectives

The ExoMars mission's scientific objectives, in order of priority, are:[24]

  • to search for possible biosignatures of Martian life, past or present.
  • to characterise the water and geochemical distribution as a function of depth in the shallow subsurface.
  • to study the surface environment and identify hazards to future manned missions to Mars.
  • to investigate the planet's subsurface and deep interior to better understand the evolution and habitability of Mars.
  • achieve incremental steps ultimately culminating in a sample return flight.

The technological objectives to develop are:

  • landing of large payloads on Mars.
  • to exploit solar electric power on the surface of Mars.
  • to access the subsurface with a drill able to collect samples down to a depth of 2 metres (6.6 ft), just below the degradating reach of UV light, oxidants and ionizing radiation.[25]
  • to develop surface exploration capability using a rover.


[edit] 2016 Launch

[edit] ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

The Mars Trace Gas Orbiter.
Main article: ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

The Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), to be launched on January 2016,[25] will deliver the ExoMars EDM lander and then proceed to map the sources of methane on Mars and other gases, and in doing so, help select the landing site for the ExoMars rover to be launched on 2018. The presence of methane in Mars' atmosphere is intriguing because its likely origin is either present-day life or geological activity. Upon the arrival of the rover in 2018/2019, the orbiter would be transferred into a lower orbit where it would be able to perform analytical science activities as well as provide the EDM lander and ExoMars rover with telecommunication relay. The TGO would continue serving as a relay satellite for future landed missions until 2022.[26]

[edit] ExoMars EDM lander

The ExoMars 'Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module' (EDM) is a static lander originally planned to carry a group of eleven instruments collectively called the "Humboldt payload"[27] that would be dedicated to investigate the geophysics of the deep interior. But a payload confirmation review in the first quarter of 2009 resulted in a severe descope of the lander instruments, and the Humboldt suite was cancelled entirely.[28] The ESA-NASA collaboration (Mars Exploration Joint Initiative) agreed to launch all mission elements with two rockets, which generated new payload reviews, so it was decided to first demonstrate ESA's new descent and landing system technology on the EDM lander, so its payload and operation time would be very limited.[1]

The Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) will provide Europe with the technology for landing on the surface of Mars with a controlled landing orientation and touchdown velocity. After entering the Martian atmosphere, the module will deploy a parachute and will complete its landing by using a closed-loop Guidance, navigation and control system based on a Radar Doppler Altimeter sensor and on-board Inertial Measurement Units. The latter will guide a liquid propulsion system which will produce a semi-soft touchdown on the surface of Mars by the actuation of clusters of thrusters to be operated in pulsed on-off mode.[29]

The EDM will be landing during the dust storm season, this will provide a unique chance to characterise a dust-loaded atmosphere during entry and descent, and to conduct surface measurements associated with a dust-rich environment.[30] Once on the surface, it will measure the wind speed and direction, humidity, pressure and surface temperature, and determine the transparency of the atmosphere.[30] It will also make the first measurements of electrical fields at the planet's surface. A color camera system is included in the payload. The EDM lander is expected to operate on the surface of Mars for a short time (about 8 sols) by using the excess energy capacity of its batteries.[29] Its proposed landing site is the Meridiani Planum because it is almost flat and without too many rocks, ideal for its airbag landing system.[1]

[edit] ExoMars rover

An early design ExoMars rover test model at the ILA 2006 in Berlin
Another early test model of the rover from the Paris Air Show 2007

The ExoMars rover is an autonomous six-wheeled terrain vehicle once considered to weigh up to 295 kg, ca. 100 kg more than NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity.[31]

On February 2012, following NASA's withrawal from the programme, ESA will have to use previous designs for a smaller rover,[32] once calculated to be 207 kg. Instrumentation will consist of the 10 kg 'Pasteur Payload' containing, among other instruments, a 2 meter sub-surface drill.[33]

The carrier module will deliver the descent module to Mars from a hyperbolic approach trajectory. Once safely landed on the Martian surface the solar powered rover would begin a 218-sol mission. To counter the difficulty of remote control due to communication lag, ExoMars will have autonomous software for visual terrain navigation using compressed stereo images from mast mounted panoramic and infrared cameras and independent maintenance. For this purpose it creates digital maps from navigation stereo pair cameras and autonomously finds the adequate trajectory. Close-up collision avoidance cameras are used to ensure safety enabling the vehicle to navigate and safely travel approximately 100 metres (330 ft) per day. After the lander has been released and landed on the surface of Mars, the Mars Trace Gas Orbiter will also operate as the rover's data-relay satellite.

See more about EM rover


[edit] Launch vehicle

ESA has already worked out a framework agreement with the Russian Space Agency that would allow it to cooperate on ExoMars, including provision of backup launch services and a payload contribution, along with mission support. The backup launcher is the Proton rocket,[14] which is a four-stage rocket that was previously used to launch the Salyut 6, Salyut 7, Mir and some International Space Station components.

[edit] Proposed landing sites

Mawrth Vallis with its potential clues on the history of water on Mars is a landing site-candidate.

As of November 2007, the potential landing sites are:[34]

However, the 2009 discovery of methane sources on the planet makes them a high value target for exploration.[10] The presence of methane is intriguing because its likely origin is either present-day life or geological activity; confirmation of either would be a major discovery. Methane occurres in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane was released from discrete regions. The profiles suggest that there may be two local source regions, the first centered near 30° N, 260° W and the second near 0°, 310° W.[35] To determine the optimal landing site and secure telecommunications, it was decided to include the Mars Trace Gas Mission orbiter in the 2016 launch in order to map beforehand what appears to be seasonal methane production.[36] The rover could then investigate the methane sources identified by the orbiter.

[edit] Instrumentation of the ExoMars rover

The present environment on Mars is exceedingly hostile for the widespread proliferation of surface life: it is too cold and dry and receives large doses of solar UV radiation as well as cosmic radiation. Notwithstanding these hazards, basic microorganisms may still flourish in protected places underground or within rock cracks and inclusions.[36] The science package in the ExoMars rover will hold a variety of instruments to study the environment for past or present habitability and possible biosignatures on Mars. The first instrument proposal (2004) is as follows:[37]

[edit] Imaging system

The Panoramic Camera System (PanCam) has been designed to perform digital terrain mapping for the rover and to search for morphological signatures of past biological activity preserved on the texture of surface rocks. The PanCam assembly includes two wide angle cameras for multi-spectral stereoscopic panoramic imaging, and a high resolution camera for high-resolution colour imaging.[38][39] The PanCam will also support the scientific measurements of other instruments by taking high-resolution images of locations that are difficult to access, such as craters or rock walls, and by supporting the selection of the best sites to carry out exobiology studies.

[edit] Drill

The ExoMars core drill is devised to acquire soil samples down to a maximum depth of 2 metres, in a variety of soil types. The drill will acquire a core sample (1 cm in diameter x 3 cm in length), extract it and deliver it to the inlet port of the Rover Payload Module, where the sample will be distributed, processed and analyzed. The ExoMars Drill embeds the Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies (Ma-Miss) which is a miniaturised IR spectrometer devoted to the borehole exploration. The system will complete experiment cycles and at least 2 vertical surveys down to 2 metres (with four sample acquisitions each). This means that a minimum number of 17 samples shall be acquired and delivered by the drill for subsequent analysis.[40]

[edit] Analytical laboratory instruments

These instruments are placed internally and used to study collected samples:[41]

  • Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) consists of a laser desorption ion source and a GC-MS spectrometry. The laser desorption ion source is capable to evaporate organic molecules even if they are not volatile, while the GC separates the highly volatile small molecules within the gas chromatograph. The final analysis of both instruments is done with an ion trap mass spectrometer.
  • Infrared imaging spectrometer (MicrOmega-IR) is an infrared imaging spectrometer that can analyse the powder material derived from crushing samples collected by the drill. Its objective is to study mineral grain assemblages in detail to try to unravel their geological origin, structure, and composition. These data will be vital for interpreting past and present geological processes and environments on Mars. Because MicrOmega-IR is an imaging instrument, it can also be used to identify grains that are particularly interesting, and assigned them as targets for Raman and MOMA-LDMS observations.
  • Raman spectrometer (Raman) will provide geological and mineralogical context information complementary to that obtained by MicrOmega-IR. It is a very useful technique employed to identify mineral phases produced by water-related processes.[45][46][47]
  • Ground-penetrating radar, called WISDOM (for Water Ice and Subsurface Deposit Information On Mars) will explore the subsurface of Mars to identify layering and help select interesting buried formations from which to collect samples for analysis.[48] It can transmit and receive signals using two, small Vivaldi-antennas mounted on the aft section of the rover. Electromagnetic waves penetrating into the ground are reflected at places where there is a sudden transition in the electrical parameters of the soil. By studying these reflections it is possible to construct a stratigraphic map of the subsurface and identify underground targets down to 2 to 3 m depth, comparable to the 2-m reach of the rover's drill. These data, combined with those produced by the PanCam and by the analyses carried out on previously collected samples, will be used to support drilling activities.[49]
  • Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies (Ma-MISS) is an infrared spectrometer located inside the drill. Ma-MISS will observe the lateral wall of the borehole created by the drill to study the subsurface startigraphy, to understand the distribution and state of water-related minerals, and to characterize the geophysical environment. The analyses of unexposed material by Ma-MISS, together with data obtained with the spectrometers located inside the rover, will be crucial for the unambiguous interpretation of the original conditions of Martian rock formation.[50]

[edit] Autonomous navigation

The ExoMars Rover is designed to navigate autonomously across the surface. A pair of stereo cameras allow the rover to build up a 3D map of the terrain, which the navigation software then uses to assess terrain around it so that it avoids obstacles and find the most efficient route.[51]

[edit] See also

Portal icon Mars portal
Portal icon Solar System portal
Portal icon Spaceflight portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c "The ExoMars Program - Implementing the EXM objectives by remaining compliant with budget" (PDF). ExoMars mission status. ESA. July 2009. pp. 23 pp.. http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/jul-09/04-Mepag_Coradini.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
  2. ^ Smith, Michael, ed. (10 September 2009). "Mars Trace Gas Mission Science Rationale & Concept". Presentation to the NRC Decadal Survey Mars Panel. http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/PSDS%20Mars1%20Smith-TGM.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-15. 
  3. ^ a b "ESA Proposes Two ExoMars Missions". Aviation Week. October 19, 2009. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/Exomars101909.xml&headline=ESA%20Proposes%20Two%20ExoMars%20Missions. Retrieved 2009-10-30. 
  4. ^ Laura MacInnis, David Alexander and Jim Wolf, Alister Bull (Feb 13, 2012). "Obama budget taxes rich, cuts military and is labeled more a campaign document than economic proposal". National Post. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/02/13/obama-budget-taxes-rich-cuts-military-and-is-more-a-campaign-document-than-economic-proposal/. Retrieved 2012-02-15. 
  5. ^ a b "NASA budget boosts manned space, cuts Mars exploration". C Net News. February 13, 2012. http://news.cnet.com/8301-19514_3-57377062-239/nasa-budget-boosts-manned-space-cuts-mars-exploration/. Retrieved 2012-02-15. ""Tough choices had to be made," Bolden said. "This means we will not be moving forward with the planned 2016 an 2018 ExoMars mission that we had been exploring with the European Space Agency." 
  6. ^ a b "Have Europe’s Martian exploration plans been derailed by America?". National Space Centre (MSN News). 15 February 2012. http://news.uk.msn.com/blog/the-space-blog-blogpost.aspx?post=1fac64fc-9e63-4c9c-9304-ce598c2ab71d. Retrieved 2012-02-15. 
  7. ^ "Europe's ExoMars rover...". Space Today Online. August 28, 2005. http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Mars/MarsExploration/MarsEuroRover.html. Retrieved 2009-11-10. 
  8. ^ "B.C. robotics firm lands Martian contract". CanWest News Service. http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id=67e4d15d-5ecc-4db8-9fe3-f5d904694950&k=48686. 
  9. ^ NASA Could Take Role in European ExoMars Mission June 19, 2009
  10. ^ a b Amos, Jonathan (12 October 2009). "Europe's Mars plans move forward". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8302876.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-12. 
  11. ^ "ESA Proposes Two ExoMars Missions". Aviation Week. October 19, 2009. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/Exomars101909.xml&headline=ESA%20Proposes%20Two%20ExoMars%20Missions. Retrieved 2009-10-23. 
  12. ^ a b "ESA Halts Work on ExoMars Orbiter and Rover". Space News. 20 April 2011. http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110420-esa-halts-work-exomars.html. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 
  13. ^ "Agreement between ESA and Roscosmos signed at "MAKS 2009"". WAPA (Avio News). 2009-08-20. http://www.avionews.com/index.php?corpo=see_news_home.php&news_id=1108379&pagina_chiamante=index.php. Retrieved 2009-09-08. 
  14. ^ a b "ESA, Roscosmos Strike Mars Deal". Red Orbit. 20 August 2009. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1740298/esa_roscosmos_strike_mars_deal/. Retrieved 2009-09-08. 
  15. ^ http://www.space.com/news/091218-exomars-mission.html
  16. ^ a b "US and Europe mull single 2018 Mars rover". BBC News. 7 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13002214. Retrieved 2011-04-08. 
  17. ^ [1] Aviation Week (February 14, 2012)
  18. ^ "Experts React to Obama Slash to NASA’s Mars and Planetary Science Exploration". Universe Today. February 1, 2012. http://www.universetoday.com/93512/experts-react-to-obama-slash-to-nasas-mars-and-planetary-science-exploration/. Retrieved 2012-02-18. 
  19. ^ "ExoMars co-operation between Nasa and Esa near collapse". BBC News. 6 February 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16906740. 
  20. ^ "ESA, Roscosmos See ExoMars Without NASA". aviationweek. 13 February 2012. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awx/2012/02/10/awx_02_10_2012_p0-423750.xml&headline=ESA,%20Roscosmos%20See%20ExoMars%20Without%20NASA. 
  21. ^ "Nasa budget slashes Martian funds". BBC News. 13 February 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17020830. 
  22. ^ http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_02_21/66581204/
  23. ^ "NASA drops ExoMars missions in 2013 budget". Optics. 15 February 2012. http://optics.org/news/3/2/23. Retrieved 2012-02-15. 
  24. ^ "Scientific objectives - ExoMars". European Space Agency (ESA). November 1, 2007. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ExoMars/SEM0VIAMS7F_0.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. 
  25. ^ a b "Mars Panel Meeting". Planetary Science Decadal Survey. Arizona State University, Tempe (USA): ESA. 10 September 2009. http://www.marspages.eu/media/archive4/exomars/statusbericht/StatusberichtSep2009.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  26. ^ "2016 ESA/NASA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter", MEPAG June 2011, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, June 16, 2011, http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/jun-11/13-EMTGO_MEPAG_June2011_presentation-rev2.pdf, retrieved 2011-06-29  (PDF)
  27. ^ "The ExoMars Instruments". ESA. 1 February 2008. http://www.esa.int/esaMI/ExoMars/SEMSZIAMS7F_0.html. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 
  28. ^ Amos, Jonathan (15 June 2009). "Europe's Mars mission scaled back". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8102086.stm. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 
  29. ^ a b "The ESA-NASA ExoMars Programme". European Space Agency. 15 December2009. http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46124. Retrieved 2009-12-22. 
  30. ^ a b "Entry, Descent and Surface Science for 2016 Mars Mission". Science Daily. 10 June 2010. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110610131834.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 
  31. ^ "ExoMars Status". 20th MEPAG Meeting. European Space Agency. 3–4 March 2009. http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/mar-09/09_ExoMars_Status_MEPAG_09_Final.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-15. 
  32. ^ "NASA Jumping Out Of Joint ESA Mars Mission". Redorbit. February 7, 2012. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1112469812/nasa-jumping-out-of-joint-esa-mars-mission/. Retrieved 2012-02-15. 
  33. ^ "Amase-ing Life On The Ice". Mars Daily. August 9, 2009. http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/Amaseing_Life_On_The_Ice_999.html. Retrieved 2009-09-08. 
  34. ^ BBC NEWS|Science/Nature|Europe eyes Mars landing sites
  35. ^ Mumma, Michael J.; et al. (20 February 2009). "Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003". Science 323 (5917): 1041–1045. Bibcode 2009Sci...323.1041M. doi:10.1126/science.1165243. PMID 19150811. http://images.spaceref.com/news/2009/Mumma_et_al_Methane_Mars_wSOM_accepted2.pdf. 
  36. ^ a b Hand, Eric (March 3, 2009). "NASA pursues Mars methane orbiter". The Great Beyond (Nature). http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2009/03/nasa_pursues_mars_methane_orbi.html. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
  37. ^ Progress on the development of the ICAPS Dust Particle Facility (DPF)
  38. ^ PanCam - the Panoramic Camera
  39. ^ A. D. Griffiths, A. J. Coates, R. Jaumann, H. Michaelis, G. Paar, D. Barnes, J.-L. Josset (2006). "Context for the ESA ExoMars rover: the Panoramic Camera (PanCam) instrument". International Journal of Astrobiology 5 (3): 269–275. doi:10.1017/S1473550406003387. 
  40. ^ The ExoMars drill unit.
  41. ^ "The ExoMars instrument suite". European Space Agency. 15 Dec 2009. http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=45103. Retrieved 2009-12-19. 
  42. ^ A. Wielders, R. Delhez (2005). "X-ray Powder Diffraction on the Red Planet". Int. Union of Crystallography Newsletter 30: 6–7. 
  43. ^ R. Delhez, L. Marinangeli, S. van der Gaast (2005). "Mars-XRD: the X-ray Diffractometer for Rock and Soil Analysis on Mars in 2011". Int. Union of Crystallography Newsletter 30: 7–10. 
  44. ^ Mars-XRD
  45. ^ ExoMars' Raman Spectrometer
  46. ^ J. Popp, M. Schmitt (2004). "Raman spectroscopy breaking terrestrial barriers!". J. Raman Spectrosc. 35: 429–432. Bibcode 2004JRSp...35..429P. doi:10.1002/jrs.1198. 
  47. ^ F. Rull Pérez, J. Martinez-Frias (2006). "Raman spectroscopy goes to Mars". Spectroscopy Europe 18: 18–21. http://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/Raman_18_1.pdf. 
  48. ^ Corbel C., Hamram S., Ney R., Plettemeier D., Dolon F., Jeangeot A., Ciarletti V., Berthelier J. (2006). "WISDOM: an UHF GPR on the Exomars Mission". Eos Trans. AGU 87 (52): P51D–1218. Bibcode 2006EOSTr..87...51G. doi:10.1029/2006EO050005. 
  49. ^ WISDOM - the ground-penetrating radar
  50. ^ Ma-MISS - an IR spectrometer inside the drill
  51. ^ "The ExoMars Rover". European Space Agency. 4 April 2010. http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=45084. Retrieved 2010-04-09. 

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: ExoMars
Goal-achieving spacecraft missions to Mars
Flybys
Sol 460-471b.F haz R-B473R1.gif
Mars transparent.png
Orbiters
Landers
Rovers
Planned
Proposed
Related
Bold italics indicate active missions
Events and objects
Extraterrestrial bodies
Communication
Related topics
Hypotheses
Missions
Exhibitions
Planetary habitability
Misidentified signals
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ExoMars&oldid=479753944"
Personal tools
Namespaces

Variants
Actions
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages