HMS Belfast (C35)

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Hms belfast.jpg
HMS Belfast at her London berth, painted in dazzle camouflage
Career (UK) Royal Navy Ensign
Class and type: Town-class light cruiser
Name: HMS Belfast
Builder: Harland and Wolff shipyard, Belfast
Laid down: 10 December 1936
Launched: 17 March 1938
Commissioned: 5 August 1939
Decommissioned: 24 August 1963
Status: Museum ship since 21 October 1971
General characteristics
Displacement: 11,553 tons
Length: 613 ft 6 in (186.99 m) overall
Beam: 69 ft (21 m)
Draught: 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m)
Propulsion: Four Admiralty oil-fired 3-drum boilers
four Parsons single reduction geared steam turbines driving four shafts at 80,000 shaft horsepower
Speed: 32 knots (59 km/h)
Complement: 750 - 850 (as flagship)
Armament:

(1939) Twelve (4 × 3) 6 inch Mk XXIII
Eight (4 × 2) QF 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mk XVI HA/LA
Twelve (6 × 2) Sixteen (8 × 2) 2-pounder 'pom-pom' AA
Eight (2 × 4) 0.5-inch AA
Six (2 × 3) 21-inch torpedo tubes[1]


(1959) Twelve (4 × 3) 6 inch Mk XXIII
Eight (4 × 2) QF 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mk XVI HA/LA
Twelve (6 × 2) QF 40mm Bofors AA
Armour: 4.5 inches (114 mm)
deck 3 inches (76 mm)
Aircraft carried: Two Supermarine Walrus aircraft (Removed in the latter part of WWII)
Motto: Pro Tanto Quid Retribuamas (Latin: For so much, how shall we repay?)
Honours and awards: Arctic 1943
North Cape 1943
Normandy 1944
Korea 1950-52
Notes: Pennant number C35

HMS Belfast is an ex-Royal Navy Town-class cruiser and now a museum ship operated by the Imperial War Museum. Commissioned in August 1939 shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, Belfast spent much of the early war years undergoing repairs after being damaged by a German mine in November 1940. Recommissioned in November 1942, she saw action escorting Arctic convoys to the Soviet Union during 1943 and participated in the Battle of North Cape in December of that year. In June 1944 Belfast took part in Operation Overlord supporting the Normandy landings. She saw further action during the Korean War.

Decommissioned in 1963 following a number of overseas tours Belfast was initially expected to be disposed of as scrap. After a campaign by a private trust she was preserved as a museum ship and berthed on the River Thames in the Pool of London. Opened to the public in 1971 Belfast has been maintained as a branch of the Imperial War Museum since 1978. In Royal Navy service for 24 years HMS Belfast was, in the view of historian and Imperial War Museum director Noble Frankland, capable of representing "a whole generation of [historical evidence]".[2] A popular tourist attraction, Belfast receives around a quarter of a million visitors per year.[3] As a branch of a national museum, Belfast is supported by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, by admissions income and the Imperial War Museum's other commercial activity.

Contents

[edit] Design

Belfast is a Town class cruiser. The Town class had originated in the early 1930's as the Admiralty's response to the Imperial Japanese Navy's Mogami class cruiser, an 11,200 ton cruiser mounting fifteen 6-inch guns with a top speed exceeding 35 knots. The Admiralty's requirement called for a 9,000 ton cruiser, sufficiently armoured to withstand a direct hit from an 8-inch shell, capable of 32 knots and mounting twelve 6-inch guns. The original proposal included sixteen 6-inch guns, in quadruple turrets, but an effective quadruple turret proved impossible to manufacture, and triple turrets were substituted.[4] Meanwhile, seaplanes carried aboard would enable shipping lanes to be patrolled over a wide area, and the class was also to be capable of its own anti-aircraft defence. The first of the Town class cruisers, the 9,100 ton HMS Southampton, was launched on 10 March 1936.

Construction of HMS Belfast began later that year, with her keel laid on 10 December 1936 at Harland and Wolff in Belfast. Her expected cost was £2,141,514; of which the guns cost £75,000 and the aircraft (two Supermarine Walruses) £66,500.[4] She was launched on Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March 1938 by Anne Chamberlain, the wife of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. By this point the Town class had evolved into three subgroups; Belfast and her sister ship HMS Edinburgh formed the final group with a displacement of 10,000 tons, the greater weight the result of thicker armour.[5]

[edit] Prewar service

On 3 August 1939 Belfast sailed for Portsmouth and was commissioned on 5 August 1939, less than a month before the outbreak of the Second World War. Her first captain was Captain G A Scott with a crew complement of 761, and her first assignment was to the Home Fleet's Second Cruiser Squadron. On 14 August Belfast took part in her first exercise, Operation Hipper, in which she played the role of a German commerce raider attempting to escape into the Atlantic. By navigating the hazardous Pentland Firth, Belfast successfully evaded the Home Fleet.[6]

[edit] Second World War

[edit] 1939: Prize capture and mining

On 31 August 1939 Belfast transferred to the 18th Cruiser Squadron. Germany invaded Poland the following day, and Britain and France declared war on 3 September. Based at Scapa Flow in the Orkney islands, 18th Cruiser Squadron was part of the British effort to impose a naval blockade on Germany. On 1 October 1939 Belfast left Scapa Flow for a patrol in the North Sea, and on 9 October intercepted a German liner, the 13,615-ton Cap Norte, 50 miles north-west of the Faroe Islands. Disguised as a neutral Swedish vessel, the SS Ancona, Cap Norte was attempting to return to Germany from Brazil; her passengers included German reservists. Two other vessels were captured that day, and all were steamed back to Scapa by prize crews from Belfast.[6] Under the Admiralty's prize rules, Belfast's crew later received prize money.[7]

On 10 November Belfast was taken off the northern patrol and reassigned to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron. This squadron was to form an independent striking force based at Rosyth. On 21 November, Belfast was to take part in the force's first sortie. At 10:58 a.m. she struck a magnetic mine while leaving the Firth of Forth. The mine, laid by the German submarine U-21 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Fritz Frauenheim,[8] broke Belfast's keel, wrecked one of her engine and boiler rooms and injured 21 of her crew. Belfast was taken under tow by the target tug Krooman and tugged to Rosyth for initial repairs.[9]

[edit] 1940-1942: Repairs

Initial assessments of Belfast's damage showed that while the mine did little physical damage to the outer hull, causing only a small hole directly below one of the boiler rooms, the shock of the explosion caused a severe warping, breaking machinery, deforming the decks and causing the the keel to hog (bend upwards) by three inches. On 4 January 1940 Belfast was paid off into Care and Maintenance and her crew dispersed to other vessels. By 28 June she had been repaired sufficiently to sail to Devonport, arriving on 30 June.[10]

During her repairs, work was carried out to straighten, reconstruct and strengthen her hull. Her armoured belt was also extended and thickened. Her armament was updated with newer 2-pounder 'pom-pom' mountings, and her anti-aircraft armament improved with eighteen 20mm Oerlikon guns in five twin and eight single mountings, replacing two quadruple 0.5-inch Vickers guns. Belfast also received new fire control radars for her main, secondary and anti-aircraft guns. Her increased topweight also led to her hull being bulged amidships, to improve her stability and provide extra longitudinal strength. Belfast recommissioned at Devonport on 3 November 1942, under the command of Captain Frederick Parham.[11] Her displacement had risen to 11,550 tons, making her the largest and arguably most powerful cruiser in the Royal Navy.[12]

[edit] 1942-1943: Recommissioning, Arctic convoys and Battle of North Cape

Main articles: Arctic convoys of World War II and Battle of North Cape

On her return to the Home Fleet Belfast was made flagship of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, flying the flag of Rear-Admiral Robert Burnett, who had previously commanded the Home Fleet's destroyer flotillas.[13] She was now responsible for the hazardous task of escorting Arctic convoys to the Soviet Union, operating from Scapa Flow and bases in Iceland.

Drawing of Scharnhorst as she appeared in December 1943.

On 26 December 1943, Belfast participated in the Battle of North Cape. This battle involved two strong Royal Navy formations. The first, Force One, comprised the cruisers HMS Norfolk, HMS Sheffield and Belfast (the 10th Cruiser Squadron) with three destroyers, and the second, Force Two, comprised the battleship HMS Duke of York and the cruiser HMS Jamaica with four destroyers. On 25 December 1943, Christmas Day, the German Navy's Gneisenau class battlecruiser Scharnhorst left port in northern Norway to attack Convoy JW55B, which was bound for Russia. The next day, 26 December, Force One encountered Scharnhorst, prevented her from attacking the convoy, and forced her to turn for home after being damaged by the British cruisers. As Scharnhorst did so, she was intercepted by Force Two and sunk by the combined formations. Belfast played an important role in the battle; as flagship of the 10th Cruiser Squadron she was among the first to encounter Scharnhorst and coordinated the squadron's defence of the convoy. After Scharnhorst turned away from the convoy, Admiral Burnett in Belfast shadowed her by radar from outside visual range, enabling her interception by Duke of York.[14]

[edit] 1944: Tirpitz and D-Day

Belfast was part of the escort force in Operation Tungsten in March 1944, a large carrier-launched airstrike against the Tirpitz, at that stage the last surviving German heavy warship, moored at Altafjord in northern Norway. Tirpitz was hit by fifteen bombs and severely damaged, but not destroyed.

HMS Belfast's 4 inch guns bombarding German positions in Normandy at night

For the invasion of Normandy Belfast was made headquarters ship of Bombardment Force E flying the flag of Rear-Admiral Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton, and was to support landings by British and Canadian forces in the Gold and Juno Beach sectors. On 2 June Belfast left the River Clyde for her bombardment areas. That morning Prime Minister Winston Churchill had announced his intention to go to sea with the fleet and witness the invasion from HMS Belfast. This was opposed by the Supreme Allied Commander, General Eisenhower, and the First Sea Lord, Sir Andrew Cunningham. An intervention by the King eventually prevented Churchill from going.

The invasion was to begin on 5 June but bad weather forced a twenty four hour delay. At 5:30am on 6 June Belfast opened fire on a German artillery battery at Ver-sur-Mer, suppressing the guns until the site was overrun by British infantry of 7th Battalion, Green Howards. On 12 June Belfast supported Canadian troops moving inland from Juno Beach and returned to Portsmouth on 16 June to replenish her ammunition. She returned two days later for further bombardments. On the night 6 July, Belfast was threatened at anchor by German motor torpedo boats ('E-boats'). She evaded them by weighing anchor and moving to the concealment of a smokescreen. Belfast fired her last round in anger in European waters on 8 July, in company with the monitor HMS Roberts and the battleship HMS Rodney, as part of Operation Charnwood. On 10 July she sailed for Scapa, the fighting in France having moved beyond the range of her guns.[15][16]

[edit] 1945: Service in the Far East

On 29 July 1944 Captain Parham handed over command of HMS Belfast to Captain R M Dick, and until April 1945 Belfast underwent a refit to prepare for service against Japan in the Far East. This refit improved her accommodation for tropical conditions, and updated her anti-aircraft armament and fire control in order to counter expected kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. On 17 June 1945, with the war in Europe at an end, Belfast sailed for the Far East via Gibraltar, Malta, Alexandria, Port Said, Aden, Colombo and Sydney. By the time she arrived in Sydney on 7 August Belfast had been made flagship of the 2nd Cruiser Squadron of the British Pacific Fleet. While in Sydney Belfast underwent another short refit, supplementing her close-range armament with five 40mm Bofors guns. Belfast had been expected to join in Operation Downfall, but this was forestalled by the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945.[17]

[edit] Post-war service 1945-50

With the end of the war, Belfast remained in the Far East, conducting a number of cruises to ports in Japan, China and Malaya and sailing for Portsmouth on 20 August 1947. There she paid off into reserve, and underwent a refit during which her turbines were opened for maintenance. She recommissioned on 22 September 1948 and before returning to the Far East visited her home city of Belfast arriving on 20 October. The following day, 21 October 1948, the ship's company marked Trafalgar Day with a march through the city. The next day Belfast took charge of a silver ship's bell, a gift of the people of Belfast. She sailed for Hong Kong on 23 October, to join the Royal Navy's Far East Station, arriving in late December. By 1949, the political situation in China was precarious, with the Chinese Civil War moving towards its conclusion. As flagship of the 5th Cruiser Squadron, Belfast was the Far Eastern Station's headquarters ship during the April 1949 Amethyst Incident, in which a British sloop, HMS Amethyst was trapped in the Yangtze River by the communist People's Liberation Army. Belfast remained in Hong Kong during 1949, sailing for Singapore on 18 January 1950. There she underwent a minor refit between January and March 1950 and in June she joined the Far East Fleet's summer cruise. On 25 June 1950, while Belfast was visiting Hakodate in Japan, North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel and opened the Korean War.[18]

[edit] Korean War

Belfast served in the Korean War, supporting United Nations land forces by naval bombardment. In July 1952 she was hit by a Communist battery, killing one man and wounding four.

HMS Belfast firing a salvo from her six inch guns against enemy troop concentrations on the west coast of Korea

Belfast was modernized between January 1956 and May 1959. During this refit all the AA guns (4 inch and 40 mm) were removed and replaced by more modern weapons of the same calibre. All the gunnery control equipment and radars fitted during wartime were also replaced. Finally the original bridge was rebuilt and enclosed to face the new constraints of NBC warfare and the original raked tripod masts were replaced by lattice masts. These alterations were very similar to the bridge structure and masting fitted on the new Tiger class cruisers.

Between 1959-62 the ship operated in the Far East on exercises and "showed the flag". In December 1961 she provided the British guard of honour at Dar-es-Salaam during the Tanganyika independence ceremony.

The ship left Singapore on 26 March 1962 for the UK where she made a final visit to Belfast and after an exercise in the Mediterranean was paid off on 24 August 1963.

[edit] As a museum ship

HMS Belfast

HMS Belfast and City Hall seen from the top of The Monument.
Established 1971
Location Morgan's Lane, Tooley Street, London SE1
Visitor figures 258,941[19]
Director Brad King
Public transit access London Bridge, Tower Hill
Website hmsbelfast.iwm.org.uk
Imperial War Museum network
Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms · HMS Belfast · Imperial War Museum Duxford · Imperial War Museum North

In 1967, the Imperial War Museum began to look into the possibility of preserving a 6-inch turret to complement the pair of 15-inch naval guns it had already succeeded in preserving. After a visit to HMS Gambia on 14 April 1967 the possibility was raised of preserving an entire ship. Gambia had already deteriorated too much to be preserved, and so attention turned to the possibility of saving Belfast. A joint committee was established by the Imperial War Museum, the National Maritime Museum and the Ministry of Defence, which reported in June 1968 that the scheme was practical. However, in early 1971 the government decided against preservation.[20]

Despite this, a private trust was formed in order to continue efforts to preserve the ship. The HMS Belfast Trust was established with Rear-Admiral Sir Morgan Morgan-Giles DSO OBE CM, a former captain of the ship and Member of Parliament, as chairman. Following their efforts the government agreed to hand over the ship to the Trust and she was opened to the public on Trafalgar Day, 21 October 1971. Though no longer part of the Royal Navy, HMS Belfast was granted a special dispensation to allow it to continue to fly the White Ensign.[21] By the late 1970s, however, the financial position of the Trust was marginal and the Imperial War Museum sought permission to merge the Trust into the museum. On 19 January 1978 the then Secretary of State for Education and Science, Miss Shirley Williams, accepted the proposal stating that 'HMS Belfast is a unique demonstration of an important phase of our history and technology' .[22] The ship was transferred to the museum on 1 March 1978.[23]

Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, Core Collection, since being brought to London Belfast has twice been drydocked as part of the ship’s long-term preservation. In 1982 she was drydocked at Tilbury and in June 1999 Belfast was towed to Portsmouth. Whilst in dock, her entire hull was cleaned and blasted, her hull blanking plates inspected and an ultrasonic survey carried out.[24] While under tow to Portsmouth she was delayed by bad weather and arrived a day late: it had been intended that she would arrive on 6 June 1999, the fifty-fifth anniversary of the Normandy landings.[25]

Following the maintenance work, Belfast was repainted in a camouflage scheme officially known as Admiralty Disruptive Camouflage Type 25, which she had worn from November 1942 to July 1944. This was objected to by some, due to the anachronistic conflict between her camouflage, which reflects the majority of her active Second World War service, and her present configuration, which was the result of Belfast's extended refit from January 1956 to May 1959.[26]

In August 2009 it was announced that HMS Belfast would receive £150,000 from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and the Wolfson Foundation to support the reinterpretation of the ship's bridge command and control centre.[27]

[edit] Areas open to the public

Today, nine decks of HMS Belfast are open to the public. Access to the ship is via a walkway which connects the quarterdeck with the pedestrianised footpath on the south bank of the River Thames. The Imperial War Museum's guidebook to HMS Belfast divides the ship into three broad sections entitled 'Life on board the ship' (including the messdecks, galley, laundry and sick bay), 'The inner workings' (including the engine room, boiler room and magazines) and 'Action stations' (including the bridge, operations room, gun direction platform and the main and secondary armament).[28] The forward guns of A and B Turrets are aimed at the London Gateway service area, some 12½ miles away, on the M1 motorway, north of London. This has been done to emphasise the range of these weapons.[29]

[edit] Other organisations

HMS Westminster alongside Belfast, December 2005.

HMS Belfast hosts a number of other organisations. These include the HMS Belfast Association, formed to reunite former members of the ship’s company.[30] HMS Belfast is also the headquarters of the City of London Sea Cadet Corps,[31] and the Royal Naval Amateur Radio Society operates the callsign GB2RN from the Bridge Wireless Office.[32] The Wavy Navy re-enactment group mounts recreations of wartime activities, in particular the battle of North Cape.[33] Belfast also regularly hosts the Naval Wargames Society which mount naval wargames for society members and the visiting public.

[edit] Vessels berthing alongside

Belfast often has other vessels berth alongside. In recent years these have included the Royal Navy's HMS Westminster (December 2005), the training ship Stavros S Niarchos, and the French Navy anti-submarine frigate Latouche-Tréville in November 2006. In October 2007 Belfast was visited by the Queen and Prince Philip, for the naming ceremony of the lighthouse tender THV Galatea which was berthed alongside.[34]

[edit] Appearances in popular culture

[edit] Image gallery

The bridge of HMS Belfast
Belfast coming alongside USS Bataan off the coast of Korea on 27 May 1952
HMS Belfast in a night setting with Tower Bridge (2007)
Bridge and Admiral's Bridge (lower windows)
Magazine, 6 inch shells

[edit] References

  1. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 11. ISBN 1-901623-72-6. 
  2. ^ Frankland, Noble (1998) History at War: The Campaigns of an Historian (London: Giles de la Mare) pp.204 ISBN 9781900357104
  3. ^ Department for Culture, Media and Sport (2009). "Museums and Galleries Monthly Visit Figures". http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/Visitor_Figures_Website_spreadsheet.pdf. Retrieved 3 November 2009. 
  4. ^ a b "History of HMS Belfast: Building and Launch". Imperial War Museum. 2009. http://hmsbelfast.iwm.org.uk/server/show/nav.125. Retrieved 1 November 2009. 
  5. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 11. ISBN 1901623726. 
  6. ^ a b Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 33. ISBN 1901623726. 
  7. ^ "History of HMS Belfast: Outbreak of War 1939". Imperial War Museum. 2009. http://hmsbelfast.iwm.org.uk/server/show/nav.176. Retrieved 3 November 2009. 
  8. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur (2009). "Allied ships hit by U-boats: HMS Belfast". Uboat.net. http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship.html?shipID=112. Retrieved 3 November 2009. 
  9. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 34-35. ISBN 1901623726. 
  10. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 35-36. ISBN 1901623726. 
  11. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 39-40. ISBN 1901623726. 
  12. ^ "History of HMS Belfast: Arctic convoys". Imperial War Museum. 2009. http://hmsbelfast.iwm.org.uk/server/show/nav.466. Retrieved 4 November 2009. 
  13. ^ A. W. Clarke, (2004) ‘Burnett, Sir Robert Lindsay (1887–1959)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), accessed 4 Nov 2009
  14. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 44-55. ISBN 1901623726. 
  15. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 57-58. ISBN 1901623726. 
  16. ^ "History of HMS Belfast: D-Day 6 June 1944". Imperial War Museum. http://hmsbelfast.iwm.org.uk/server/show/nav.297. Retrieved 3 November 2009. 
  17. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 58-61. ISBN 1901623726. 
  18. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. pp. 62, 73-76. ISBN 1901623726. 
  19. ^ "Monthly museum and gallery visitor figures (2007/08)" (PDF). Department of Culture, Media and Sport. http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/Visitor_Figures_Website_spreadsheet.pdf. Retrieved 10 December 2008. 
  20. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. 101. ISBN 1-901623-72-6. 
  21. ^ Howard, Philip (16 October 1971). "Navy waives the rules for last big gun ship". The Times: p. 3 column A. issue 58300. 
  22. ^ Hansard, HC Deb 19 January 1978 vol 942 c301W Hansard 1803-2005Accessed 13 April 2009.
  23. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. Postscript. ISBN 1-901623-72-6. 
  24. ^ Jon Wenzel, then Director of HMS Belfast, speaking about her forthcoming drydocking at the Third International Conference on the Technical Aspects of the Preservation of Historic Vessels, April 1997 in San Francisco, California. Diminishing Shipyard Resources Accessed 20 April 2009.
  25. ^ "War veteran battles weather". BBC News. 7 June 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/363318.stm. Retrieved 20 April 2009. 
  26. ^ Wingate, John (2004). In Trust for the Nation: HMS Belfast 1939-1972. London: Imperial War Museum. p. Postscript. ISBN 1-901623-72-6. 
  27. ^ '£4 million grants announced for English museums under DCMS/Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund' (28 August 2009) Department for Culture Media and Sport Press Release and DCMS/Wolfson Museums & Galleries Improvement Fund Round 8 (2009-10). Accessed 17 September 2009.
  28. ^ Imperial War Museum HMS Belfast. London: Imperial War Museum. 2009. pp. 6-7. ISBN 9781904897934. 
  29. ^ Imperial War Museum HMS Belfast. London: Imperial War Museum. 2009. p. 52. ISBN 9781904897934. 
  30. ^ Imperial War Museum HMS Belfast (2009) HMS Belfast Association About the Association. Accessed 22 September 2009.
  31. ^ Sea Cadets: City of London (2009) Marine Society and Sea Cadets http://www.ms-sc.org. Accessed 22 September 2009.
  32. ^ Royal Naval Amateur Radio Society gb2rn.org.uk. Accessed 22 September 2009.
  33. ^ The Wavy Navy: 1940’s Royal Navy Living History Group H.M.S. Belfast - Battle of North Cape. Accessed 22 September 2009.
  34. ^ 'Her Majesty The Queen names THV Galatea' (17 October 2007) Trinity House Press Release. Accessed 22 September 2009.
  35. ^ It's Called A Heart Interview
  36. ^ People Are People
  • Watton, Ross (2003) Anatomy of the Ship: The Cruiser HMS Belfast (London: Conway Maritime Press) ISBN 0851779565

The Ballad of HMS Belfast by Ciaran Carson

[edit] External links

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v • d • e
Southampton class
Gloucester class
Edinburgh class

Belfast · Edinburgh
Preceded by: Arethusa class · Succeeded by: Dido class
List of cruiser classes of the Royal Navy

Coordinates: 51°30′23.98″N 0°04′52.50″W / 51.5066611°N 0.08125°W / 51.5066611; -0.08125

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