Yakutsk
Yakutsk
Якутск | |
|---|---|
City under republic jurisdiction[1] | |
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Sakha | Дьокуускай |
 Yakutsk square with a theater | |
 Flag _2012.jpg) Coat of arms | |
Location of Yakutsk  | |
  Yakutsk Location of Yakutsk  Yakutsk Yakutsk (Sakha Republic) | |
| Coordinates: 62°02′N 129°44′E / 62.033°N 129.733°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Sakha Republic[2] |
| Founded | 1632[3] |
| City status since | 1643 |
| Government | |
| • Body | Okrug Council |
| • Head | Aysen Nikolayev |
| Area | |
| • Total | 122 km2 (47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 95 m (312 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 269,601 |
| • Estimate (2018)[5] | 311,760 (+15.6%) |
| • Rank | 68th in 2010 |
| • Density | 2,200/km2 (5,700/sq mi) |
| • Subordinated to | city of republic significance of Yakutsk[1] |
| • Capital of | Sakha Republic[2] |
| • Capital of | city of republic significance of Yakutsk[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Yakutsk Urban Okrug[6] |
| • Capital of | Yakutsk Urban Okrug[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (MSK+6  [7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 677xxx |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 4112[9] |
| OKTMO ID | 98701000001 |
| City Day | Second Sunday of September |
| Website | www |
Yakutsk (Russian: Якутск, IPA: [jɪˈkutsk]; Yakut: Дьокуускай, D'okuuskay, pronounced [ɟokuːskaj]) is the capital city of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located about 450 kilometers (280 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. Population: 269,601 (2010 Russian census);[4] 210,642 (2002 Census);[10] 186,626 (1989 Soviet census).[11]
Yakutsk is a major port on the Lena River. It is served by the Yakutsk Airport as well as the smaller Magan Airport. It is a major supplier of diamonds. Its average winter temperature is −34 °C (−30 °F), which makes Yakutsk the coldest major city in the world.[12]
History
The Turkic Sakha people, also known as the Yakuts, migrated to the area in the 13th and 14th centuries from other parts of Siberia. When they arrived they mixed with other indigenous Siberians in the area.[13] The Russian settlement of Yakutsk was founded in 1632[3] as an ostrog (fort) by Pyotr Beketov. In 1639, it became the center of a voyevodstvo. The Voyevoda of Yakutsk soon became the most important Russian official in the region and directed expansion to the east and south.
Yakutsk did not grow into a city until the discovery of large reserves of gold and other minerals in the 1880s and 1890s. These reserves were developed extensively during industrialization under Stalin. The rapid growth of forced labor camps in Siberia was also a major factor encouraging Yakutsk’s development.
Climate
With an extreme subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfd), Yakutsk has the lowest winter temperatures for any city.[3] Average monthly temperatures range from +19.5 °C (67.1 °F) in July to −38.6 °C (−37.5 °F) in January, and only Norilsk has a lower mean annual temperature for any settlement of over 100,000.[citation needed] Yakutsk is the biggest city built on continuous permafrost, and most houses there are built on concrete piles.
The lowest temperatures ever recorded on the planet outside Antarctica occurred in the basin of the Yana River to the northeast of Yakutsk, making it the coldest city on earth. Although winters are extremely cold and long – Yakutsk has never reported a temperature above freezing between 10 November and 14 March inclusive – summers are warm (though rather short), with daily maximum temperatures occasionally exceeding +30 °C (86 °F),[3] making the seasonal temperature differences for the region the greatest in the world. The lowest temperature recorded in Yakutsk was −64.4 °C (−83.9 °F) on 5 February 1891 and the highest temperatures +38.4 °C (101.1 °F) on 17 July 2011 and +38.3 °C (100.9 °F) on 15 July 1943. The hottest month in records going back to 1834 has been July 1894, with a mean of +23.2 °C (73.8 °F),[14] and the coldest, January 1900, which averaged −51.2 °C (−60.2 °F).[15]
Yakutsk has a distinctly inland location, being almost 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from the Pacific Ocean, which coupled with the high latitude means exposure to severe winters and also lack of temperature moderation. July temperatures soar to an above-normal average for this parallel, with the average being several degrees hotter than such more southerly Far East cities as Vladivostok or Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.[citation needed] The July daytime temperatures are even hotter than some marine subtropical areas. The warm summers ensure that Yakutsk, in spite of its freezing winters, is far south of the tree line.
The climate is quite dry, with maximum precipitation occurring in the summer months, due to the intense Siberian High forming around the very cold continental air during the winter. Even during the summer, precipitation is not heavy since the moist southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean lose their moisture over the coastal mountains well before reaching the Lena valley.
With the Lena River navigable in the summer, there are various boat cruises offered, including upriver to the Lena Pillars, and downriver tours which visit spectacular scenery in the lower reaches and the Lena delta.
| Climate data for Yakutsk (1971 to 2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −5.8 (21.6) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.1 (95.2) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −35.1 (−31.2) |
−28.6 (−19.5) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−23.1 (−9.6) |
−34.3 (−29.7) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −38.6 (−37.5) |
−33.6 (−28.5) |
−20.1 (−4.2) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−27 (−17) |
−37.6 (−35.7) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −41.5 (−42.7) |
−38.2 (−36.8) |
−27.4 (−17.3) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
1.0 (33.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−31 (−24) |
−40.4 (−40.7) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −63 (−81) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
−54.9 (−66.8) |
−41 (−42) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−40.9 (−41.6) |
−54.5 (−66.1) |
−59.8 (−75.6) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 9 (0.4) |
8 (0.3) |
7 (0.3) |
8 (0.3) |
20 (0.8) |
35 (1.4) |
39 (1.5) |
37 (1.5) |
31 (1.2) |
18 (0.7) |
16 (0.6) |
10 (0.4) |
238 (9.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 7.3 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 53.7 |
| Average snowy days | 28 | 28 | 17 | 10 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 0 | 4 | 25 | 28 | 27 | 172 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 76 | 70 | 60 | 54 | 57 | 62 | 67 | 72 | 78 | 78 | 76 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 18.6 | 98.0 | 232.5 | 273.0 | 303.8 | 333.0 | 347.2 | 272.8 | 174.0 | 105.4 | 60.0 | 9.3 | 2,227.6 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: [17] | |||||||||||||
Economy
Yakutsk is responsible for a fifth of the world's production of diamonds,[3] and is home to ALROSA and other mining companies. The city is also home to a significant food industry, to tanneries, to sawmills, and to factories for building materials.[3]
Yakutia Airlines has its head office in the city.[18]
Culture
There are several theaters in Yakutsk: the State Russian Drama Theater, named after A. S. Pushkin; the Sakha Theater, named after P. A. Oiyunsky; the Suorun Omoloon Young Spectator's Theater; and the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, named after D. K. Sivtsev.
There are a number of museums as well: the National Fine Arts Museum of Sakha; the Museum of Local Lore and History, named after E. Yaroslavsky; and the only museums in the world dedicated to the khomus and permafrost.
The annual Ysyakh summer festival takes place the last weekend in June. The traditional Yakut summer solstice festivities include a celebration of the revival and renewal of the nature, fertility and beginning of a new year. It is accompanied by national Yakut rituals and ceremonies, folk dancing, horse racing, Yakut ethnic music and singing, national cuisine, and competitions in traditional Yakut sports.[19]
Administrative and municipal status
Yakutsk is the capital of the Sakha Republic.[2] As an inhabited locality, Yakutsk is classified as a city under republic jurisdiction.[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the settlement of Zhatay and eleven rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yakutsk—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, Yakutsk and the eleven rural localities are incorporated as Yakutsk Urban Okrug.[6] The settlement of Zhatay is not a part of Yakutsk Urban Okrug and is independently incorporated as Zhatay Urban Okrug.[6]
Transportation
 | This section needs to be updated. (January 2014) |
Yakutsk is a destination of the Lena Highway. The city's connection to the highway is only accessible by ferry in the summer, or in the dead of winter, directly over the frozen Lena River, as Yakutsk lies entirely on its western bank, and there is no bridge anywhere in the Sakha Republic that crosses the Lena. The river is impassable for long periods of the year when it contains loose ice, when the ice cover is not thick enough to support traffic, or when the water level is too high and the river turbulent with spring flooding. The highway ends on the eastern bank of Lena in Nizhny Bestyakh (Нижний Бестях), an urban-type settlement of some four thousand people. Yakutsk is connected with Magadan by the Kolyma Highway.
A road bridge over the Lena is scheduled to be built by 2020.[20][21] The bridge had originally been planned to be a dual-use railroad and road bridge so the Amur Yakutsk Mainline, the North–South railroad being extended from the South, could connect the city with the East–West Baikal Amur Mainline. The railway reached the settlement of Nizhny Bestyakh, on the opposite bank of the Lena from Yakutsk, in November 2011.[22]
The bridge will be over 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) long and constructed 40 kilometers (25 mi) upriver at Tabaga, where the river narrows and does not create a wide flooded area in spring. In the dead of winter, the frozen Lena makes for a passable highway for ice truckers using its channel to deliver provisions to far-flung outposts. Yakutsk is also connected to other parts of Russia by Yakutsk Airport.
Education and research
M.K.Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University is situated in the city. There is also a branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which contains, among other things, the Institute of Cosmophysical Research, which runs the Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower installation (one of the largest cosmic-ray detector arrays in the world), and the Yakutsk Permafrost Institute developed with the aim of solving the serious and costly problems associated with construction of buildings on frozen soil.
At the primary and secondary levels, the city has a number of UNESCO Associated Schools, including the Sakha-Turkish College, Sakha-French School, Sakha-Korean School, and School #16.[23]
Twin towns and sister cities
 |
Yakutsk is twinned with:
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic
- ^ a b c Constitution of the Sakha Republic
- ^ a b c d e f Iuncker, Steeve (April 10, 2013). "Yakutsk: The Coldest City on Earth". LightBox (blog). Time. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Law #174-Z #355-III
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ "Телефонные коды городов / Большая Телефонная книга" (in Russian). Retrieved November 10, 2010.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Jessa Gamble. "What's the world's coldest city?". the Guardian.
- ^ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.203.3886&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- ^ Погода в Якутске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Июль 2001 г. (in Russian)
- ^ Погода в Якутске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Январь 2001 г.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net-Climate Data for Yakutsk 1981–2010" (in Russian). Retrieved February 15, 2017.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Jakutsk". weather.gov.hk.
- ^ "About Us." Yakutia Airlines. Retrieved on July 18, 2010. "JSC "Air Company Yakutia" Address: 9, Bykovsky st., Yakutsk, Russia, 677014." Russian address: "Contact Us." "ОАО «Авиакомпания «Якутия» Адрес: Республика Саха (Якутия), 677014, г. Якутск, ул. Быковского, 9"
- ^ "Celebrate Ysyakh festival in Yakutsk…". Air Russia.
- ^ "Lena River Bridge to Provide Hope and Fruit" Link accessed March 15, 2014. Template:En icon
- ^ Russia Basel's wins tender to build Yakutia railroad Reuters, Thu Nov 6, 2008
- ^ Russian Berkakit-Tommot-Nizhny Bestyakh line completed
- ^ Nikolaev, Michael E. (January 7, 2007). "The Most Valuable Possession of a Society is Education". Yakutia Today. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
Sources
- Верховный Совет Республики Саха (Якутия). 4 апреля 1992 г. «Конституция (основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)», в ред. Конституционного закона №1077-З №1035-IV от 8 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)». Опубликован: "Якутские ведомости", №7, 26 апреля 1992 г. (Supreme Council of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. April 4, 1992 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, as amended by the Constitutional Law #1077-Z No. 1035-IV of June 8, 2012 On Amending and Supplementing the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ).
- Государственное Собрание (Ил Тумэн) Республики Саха (Якутия). Закон №174-З №355-III от 30 ноября 2004 г. «Об установлении границ территорий и о наделении статусом городского округа муниципальных образований Республики Саха (Якутия)», в ред. Закона №641-З №177-IV от 29 декабря 2008 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Саха (Якутия) "Об установлении границ территорий и о наделении статусом городского округа муниципальных образований Республики Саха (Якутия)"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Якутия", №243, 29 декабря 2004 г. (State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. Law #174-Z No. 355-III of November 30, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and on Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formations of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, as amended by the Law #641-Z No. 177-IV of December 29, 2008 On Amending the Law of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and on Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formations of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
- Official website of Yakutsk Template:Ru icon
- Sakha Life Information Agency Template:Ru icon
- Lena Pillars at Natural Heritage Protection Fund
- Flickr photos tagged Yakutsk
- The State Yakutia United Museum of History and Culture of the People of the North at Google Cultural Institute
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