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'''Shina''' (Urdu:شینا)(also known as Tshina) is a [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]] spoken by a plurality of the people in the [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] autonomous territory of [[Pakistan]], formerly known as the Northern Areas, and the town of [[Dras]] in [[Ladakh]], [[Indian-administered Kashmir]]. The valleys in which it is spoken include [[Astore Valley|Astore]], [[Chilas]], [[Dareil]], [[Tangeer]], [[Gilgit]], [[Ghizer]], and a few parts of [[Baltistan]] and [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]]. It is also spoken in [[Gurez]], [[Drass]], [[Kargil district|Kargil]], [[Karkit Badgam]] and [[Ladakh]] valleys.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} There were 321,000 speakers of Gilgiti Shina as of 1981, and an estimated total of speakers of all dialects of 550,000.
'''Shina''' (Urdu:شینا)(also known as Tshina) is a [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]] spoken by a plurality of the people in the [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] autonomous territory of [[Pakistan]], formerly known as the Northern Areas, and the town of [[Dras]] in [[Ladakh]], [[Indian-administered Kashmir]]. The valleys in which it is spoken include [[Astore Valley|Astore]], [[Chilas]], [[Dareil]], [[Tangeer]], [[Gilgit]], [[Ghizer]], and a few parts of [[Baltistan]] and [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]]. It is also spoken in [[Gurez]], [[Drass]], [[Kargil district|Kargil]], [[Karkit Badgam]] and [[Ladakh]] valleys.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} There were 321,000 speakers of Gilgiti Shina as of 1981, and an estimated total of speakers of all dialects of 550,000.


Dialects are Gilgiti (the main dialect), Astori, Kohistani, and Chilasi. Related languages spoken by ethnic Shina are [[Brokskat language|Brokskat]] (the Shina of Baltistan and Ladakh), [[Domaaki language|Domaaki]], [[Kohistani Shina language|Kohistani Shina]], [[Palula language|Palula]], [[Savi language|Savi]], and [[Ushoji language|Ushojo]].<ref name="e16" />
Dialects are Gilgiti (the main dialect), Astori, Kohistani, and Chilasi. Related languages spoken by ethnic Shina are [[Brokskat language|Brokskat]] (the Shina of Baltistan and Ladakh), [[Domaaki language|Domaaki]], [[Kohistani Shina language|Kohistani Shina]], [[Palula language|Palula]], [[Savi language|Savi]], and [[Ushoji language|Ushojo]].<ref name="e16">61 million in India, per the [[List of languages by number of native speakers]], and 4 million elsewhere, per {{ethnologue|tam}}</ref>


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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{{Cquote|These names are used in Gilgit, Hunza, Nager, and were most probably introduced by the Locals and have been use since times memorial in the country of the [[Indus River|Indus]]. It would seem as if the natives, while introducing the [[Sanskrit]] days of the week, adopted in other respects the mode of computing time already existing in the country.<ref name="Publications p 93"/>}}
{{Cquote|These names are used in Gilgit, Hunza, Nager, and were most probably introduced by the Locals and have been use since times memorial in the country of the [[Indus River|Indus]]. It would seem as if the natives, while introducing the [[Sanskrit]] days of the week, adopted in other respects the mode of computing time already existing in the country.<ref name="Publications p 93">"Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh John Biddulph", Sang e meel Publications, p 93</ref>}}
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Revision as of 20:55, 17 February 2013

Shina language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Shina
Native toPakistan, India
RegionNorthern Areas, Pakistan
Native speakers
(500,000 cited 1981 census)[1]
Arabic Script
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
scl – Shina
plk – Kohistani Shina
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Shina (Urdu:شینا)(also known as Tshina) is a Dardic language spoken by a plurality of the people in the Gilgit–Baltistan autonomous territory of Pakistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas, and the town of Dras in Ladakh, Indian-administered Kashmir. The valleys in which it is spoken include Astore, Chilas, Dareil, Tangeer, Gilgit, Ghizer, and a few parts of Baltistan and Kohistan. It is also spoken in Gurez, Drass, Kargil, Karkit Badgam and Ladakh valleys.[citation needed] There were 321,000 speakers of Gilgiti Shina as of 1981, and an estimated total of speakers of all dialects of 550,000.

Dialects are Gilgiti (the main dialect), Astori, Kohistani, and Chilasi. Related languages spoken by ethnic Shina are Brokskat (the Shina of Baltistan and Ladakh), Domaaki, Kohistani Shina, Palula, Savi, and Ushojo.[1]

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop Plain p t ʈ k
Aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
Voiced b d ɖ ɡ
Affricate Plain tʂ tʃ
Aspirated tʂʰ tɕʰ
Voiced dʐ dʒ
Fricative Plain f s ʂ ʃ h
Voiced v z ʐ ʒ
Nasal m n ɳ
Lateral l
Rhotic r ɽ
Semivowel j

Tone

Tshina has two contrasting tones, level and rising.

Grammar

Common words and phrases

Days of the week

English Shina Sanskrit
Sunday Adit Aditya var
Monday Tsunduro Som var
Tuesday Ungaroo Mangal var
Wednesday Bodo Budh var
Thursday Bressput Brihaspati var
Friday Shooker Shukra var
Saturday Shimshere Sanisch var

These names are used in Gilgit, Hunza, Nager, and were most probably introduced by the Locals and have been use since times memorial in the country of the Indus. It would seem as if the natives, while introducing the Sanskrit days of the week, adopted in other respects the mode of computing time already existing in the country.[2]

  • Gileet: Gilgit
  • Ala => Hey
  • Thay nom jayk han? What is your name.
  • May nom Peter han: My name is Peter.
  • Jayk haal hay'n: How are you? (Yowk haal heen? >>astori dialect<<)
  • Mas tutt khosh thamus(M)/thamis(F): I love(like) you
  • Kontay bujano(M)/ bujani(F)? Where are you going?
  • Mas tutt nafrat thamus(M)thamis(F)
  • Tus jayk thayno(M)/ thayni(F)? What are you doing?
  • Ash bala jayk thayno(M)/ thayni(F)? What are you doing nowadays?
  • Tu kon hano(M)/ hani(F)? Where are you?
  • Sadpara kon hin: Where is Sadpara?
  • Kon?: Where?
  • Aan: here
  • Adaan (aatay): over here
  • Aal (wah): there
  • Paar Aal (Paar wah <<Shinakki>>): over there
  • Khiri beyy: sit down
  • Weyy pi: drink water
  • Tura pashaaram bey: let me show you now ( usually said with pressure when scolding)
  • Tiki kha: eat food
  • assal: good for you ( again said in scolding sarcasticliy)
  • Peter inn wa: Peter come here.
  • Lowko: quick
  • Ma boju mus: I'm going.
  • Baba: father
  • Aaji: mother
* Mo England era har ney: take me to England
  • Sah: sister
  • Kaáka/Kaká): brother (also "Zraah" ... the beginning is a mix of the sounds "J" and "Z", and then an "R")
  • Hunn the: pick up
  • Angai: sky
  • Birdii: Land
  • Balai: monster
  • Ruiy: witch
  • Attay: bring (it)
  • Shaalbaal: children
  • Mishti dish kon hin? What is the best place around?
  • Pheepi: Aunt (mothers sister)
  • Phupho:Aunt (fathers sister)
  • chuni aaji: Aunt (fathers sister in law but classed as younger sister in law,)
  • Bari aaji:Aunt (fathers sister in law but opposite of chuni aaji ( older sister in law)
  • Tu kontay bujano(M)/ bujani(F)? Where are you going?
  • Bilayn:Medicines
  • Mos tu maramus(M)maramis(F): I'm going to kill you
  • Mos tu halaal thamus(M)thamis(F): I'm going to slaughter you
  • Daado: grand father
  • Daddi: grand mother
  • Maamo: uncle, or mamaa
  • Mulai: girl
  • Baal: boy

>>replace "o" with "i" to turn an adjective feminine <<

  • Bado(i): big
  • Chuno(i): small
  • Thulo(i): fat
  • Ashaato(i): weak
  • Dango(i): tall (also "Zrigo(i)"...this is more commonly used)
  • Khutto(i): short
  • Dewano (i): crazy
  • Mishto(i): good (the "sh" sound has a bit of an "r" in it...like in Shina)
  • Dhohn gho(M) Dhohn ee(F)
  • Atooto(i): tiny

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Shina at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon
    Kohistani Shina at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon Cite error: The named reference "e16" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh John Biddulph", Sang e meel Publications, p 93
  • Calvin R. Rensch, Sandra J. Decker, Daniel G. Hallberg. (1992). Languages of Kohistan (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 1). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 263 pp. ISBN 969-8023-11-9.
  • Backstrom, Peter C. (1992). Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2). 417 pp. ISBN 969-8023-12-7.
  • Zia, Muhammad Amin. (1986). Shina Grammar. First Shina grammar to be written in Shina.
  • Zia, Muhammad Amin. Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary). First available Shina dictionary, containing 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.


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