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I never heard of any of those supposed names neither seen a source stating that
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{{Short description|Language family of South America}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name = Charruan
| name = Charruan
|ethnicity = [[Charrúa people]]
| ethnicity = [[Chaná people]], [[Charrúa people]], [[Guenoa people]]
|region = [[Uruguay]] and [[Entre Ríos Province]], [[Argentina]]
| region = [[Argentina]] ([[Entre Ríos Province]])<br />[[Brazil]] (formerly)<br />[[Uruguay]] (formerly)
|familycolor = American
| familycolor = American
|fam1 = [[Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru]] ?
| fam1 = One of the world's primary [[language family|language families]]
|child1 = [[Balomar language|Balomar]]
| child1 = [[Charrúa language|Charrúa]] †
|child2 = [[Chaná language|Chaná]]
| child2 = [[Chaná language|Chaná]]
|child3 = [[Charrúa language|Charrúa]]
| child3 = [[Güenoa language|Güenoa]] †
| glotto = char1238
|child4 = [[Güenoa language|Güenoa]]
| glottorefname = Charruan
|map = Charrua.JPG
|mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of the Charruan languages}}
| map = Mapa indígena.png
| mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of the Charruan languages
| ancestor =
| glottoname =
| notes =
}}


The '''Charruan languages''' are an extinct group of languages once spoken in [[Uruguay]] and the [[Argentina|Argentine]] province of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]. Recently (2005) a [[semi-speaker]] of Chaná language has appeared<ref>''[[La Nación]]'', [http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=717592 "Investigan los orígenes de una extraña lengua indígena"] 2005/July/01</ref>
The '''Charruan languages''' are a [[language family]] once spoken in [[Uruguay]] and the [[Argentina|Argentine]] province of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]. In 2005, a [[semi-speaker]] of the Chaná language, [[Blas Wilfredo Omar Jaime]], was found in [[Entre Ríos Province]], [[Argentina]].<ref>''[[La Nación]]'', [http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=717592 "Investigan los orígenes de una extraña lengua indígena"]. 2005-07-01.</ref>


==Internal coherence==
Four languages are considered to definitively belong to the Charruan language family<ref name=Loukotka>{{Citation
Charruan may actually consist of two or three unrelated families according to Nikulin (2019).<ref name="Nikulin-2019">Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. ''[https://www.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/317133282 The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки]''. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.</ref> Nikulin notes that many of the following languages share very few basic vocabulary items with each other.

# [[Chaná language|Chaná]] as spoken by [[Blas Wilfredo Omar Jaime]]
# [[Chaná language|Chaná]] of Larrañaga (1923)<ref>Larrañaga, Dámaso Antonio. 1923. ''Compendio del idioma de la nación chaná''. In Escritos de D. Dámaso A. Larrañaga, tomo III, 163-174. Montevideo: Instituto Histórico y Geográfico del Uruguay, Imprenta Nacional.</ref>
# [[Charrúa language|Charrúa]] of Vilardebó (1842)
# [[Güenoa language|Güenoa]] from a short 18th-century [[catechesis]] quoted by [[Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro]]<ref>[[Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro|Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo]]. 1787. ''Saggio Pratico delle lingue''. (Idea dell'Universo, XXI.) Cesena: Gregorio Biasini all'Insengna di Pallade. 255pp.</ref>

==Languages==
Four languages are considered to definitively belong to the Charruan language family, basically Chañá (Lanték), Nbeuá, Charrúa and Guenoa.<ref name=Loukotka>{{Citation
| last = Loukotka
| last = Loukotka
| first = Čestmír
| first = Čestmír
| authorlink = Čestmír Loukotka
| author-link = Čestmír Loukotka
| title = Classification of South American Indian Languages
| title = Classification of South American Indian Languages
| publisher = UCLA Latin American Center
| publisher = UCLA Latin American Center
| year = 1968
| year = 1968
| location = Los Angeles}}</ref>:
| location = Los Angeles}}</ref>


{{tree list}}
*'''[[Balomar language|Balomar]]'''
*'''[[Chaná language|Chaná]]'''
* '''Charruan language family'''
*'''[[Charrúa language|Charrúa]]'''
** '''[[Chaná language|Chaná]]'''
*'''[[Güenoa language|Güenoa]]'''
*** Chaná language proper
*** "Mbeguá", "Beguá", or "Chaná-Beguá"
*** "Timbúes", "Chaná Timbúes", "Timbó", or "Chaná timbó"
** '''[[Charrúa language|Charrúa]]'''
** '''[[Güenoa language|Güenoa]]'''
{{tree list/end}}


A number of unattested languages are also presumed to belong to the Charruan family<ref name="Loukotka"/>:
A number of unattested languages are also presumed to belong to the Charruan family:<ref name="Loukotka"/>


*'''Bohane''' – spoken near [[Maldonado, Uruguay]]
*'''Bohane''' – spoken near [[Maldonado, Uruguay|Maldonado]], or [[Salto, Uruguay|Salto]], in [[Uruguay]]
*'''Calchine''' – spoken in [[Santa Fe Province]], Argentina, along the [[Salado River, Argentina|Salado River]]
*'''Calchine''' – spoken in [[Santa Fe Province]], Argentina, along the [[Salado River, Argentina|Salado River]]
*'''Caracañá''' – spoken along the Caracañá River, Santa Fe
*'''Caracañá''' – spoken along the Caracañá River, Santa Fe
Line 37: Line 57:
*'''Corondá''' – spoken in [[Coronda]], Santa Fe Province
*'''Corondá''' – spoken in [[Coronda]], Santa Fe Province
*'''Guaiquiaré''' – spoken in Entre Ríos on the Arroyo Guaiquiraré
*'''Guaiquiaré''' – spoken in Entre Ríos on the Arroyo Guaiquiraré
*'''Mocoreta''' or '''Macurendá''' or '''Mocolete''' – spoken along the [[Mocoretá River]] in Entre Ríos
*'''Mocoreta''' or '''Macurendá''' or '''Mocolete''' – spoken along the [[Mocoretá River]] in [[Entre Ríos Province]]
*'''Pairindi''' – spoken in Entre Ríos from [[Corrientes]] to the [[Feliciano River]]
*'''Pairindi''' – spoken in Entre Ríos from [[Corrientes]] to the [[Feliciano River]]
*'''Timbu''' – spoken in [[Gaboto]], Santa Fe Province
*'''Timbu''' – spoken in [[Gaboto]], Santa Fe Province
*'''Yaro''' – spoken in Uruguay between the [[Río Negro (Uruguay)|Río Negro]] and the San Salvador River
*'''Yaro''' – spoken in Uruguay between the [[Río Negro (Uruguay)|Río Negro]] and the [[San Salvador River (Uruguay)|San Salvador River]]


==Genetic relations==
==Vocabulary Comparison==
Jorge Suárez includes Charruan with [[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]] in a hypothetical ''Waikuru-Charrúa'' stock. [[Morris Swadesh]] includes Charruan along with [[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]], [[Matacoan languages|Matacoan]], and [[Mascoian languages|Mascoyan]] within his ''Macro-Mapuche'' stock. Both proposals appear to be obsolete.
The Charruan languages are poorly attested. However, sufficient vocabulary has been gathered for the languages to be compared<ref name="Loukotka"/>:


==Vocabulary comparison==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
The Charruan languages are poorly attested. However, sufficient vocabulary has been gathered for the languages to be compared:<ref name="Loukotka"/><ref>This comparison table is a revision by Br. José Damián Torko Gómez, based on the J.C. Sábat Pébet and J.J. Figueira compilation of all terms known of the "Uruguayan" aboriginal languages. Source: https://www.estudioshistoricos-en.edu.uy/assets/080-boletín-histórico-nº-120---123---año-1969.pdf{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

:{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!width="75"|[[English language|English]]
!width="75"|[[English language|English]]
!width="75"|[[Charrua language|Charrua]]
!width="75"|[[Charrúa language|Charrua]]
!width="75"|[[Chaná language|Chaná]]
!width="75"|[[Chaná language|Chaná]]
!width="75"|[[Güenoa language|Güenoa]]
!width="75"|[[Güenoa language|Güenoa]]
|-
|me
|m'
|mi-tí
|hum
|-
|you
|m'
|mutí /em/ baté
|m
|-
|we
|
|rampti/ am-ptí
|rambuí
|-
|-
|eye
|eye
|i-xou
|i-hou
|ocál
|
|
|
|-
|-
|ear
|ear
|i-mau
|i-mau / i-man
|timó
|
|
|-
|mouth
|ej
|hek / obá
|
|
|-
|-
|hand
|hand
|guar
|guar
|nam
|mbó
|
|-
|foot / toe
|atit
|eté
|
|
|-
|-
|water
|water
|hué
|hué
|atá
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|dog
|dog
|lohán
|samayoí
|agó
|
|
|lochan
|-
|-
|white
|tree
|
|
|huok
|huok
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|one
|one
|yú
|yú
|u-gil / ngui
|ugil
|yut
|yut
|-
|-
|two
|two
|sam
|sam
|usan
|usan / amá
|
|
|-
|-
|three
|three
|detí
|detí / datit
|detit / heít
|detit
|detit
|-
|know
|sepé
|seker
|
|
|-
|good / nice
|bilú
|oblí / oblé
|
|-
|brother/sister
|inchalá
|nchalá
|
|-
|friend
|huamá
|uamá
|
|-
|why? / how?
|
|retám
|retanle*
|-
|who?
|
|ua-reté
|
|-
|past (suf.)
|
|ndau / nden
|edam
|}
|}


==Genetic Relations==
[[Morris Swadesh]] includes Charruan along with [[Matacoan languages]], [[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]], and [[Mascoian languages|Mascoian]] within his Macro-Mapuche stock.


Lexical comparison from Nikulin (2019):<ref name="Nikulin-2019"/>
Kaufman (1990) suggests that the Guaicuruan–Matacoan–Charruan–Mascoyan–Lule–Vilela proposal deserves to be explored — a grouping which he calls Macro-Waikurúan.<ref>{{Citation

| last = Kaufman
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
| first =Terrence
! gloss !! Chana ([[Blas Wilfredo Omar Jaime|Jaime]]) !! Charrúa !! Chana (Larranaga 1923) !! Guenoa
| authorlink =Terrence Kaufman
|-
| year = 1990
| we || || || ampti / am-, rampti || rambui
| contribution = Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more
|-
| editor-last = Payne
| give || ará || || da.jú ||
| editor-first = D.L.
|-
| title = Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages
| sun || dioi || || diói ||
| place = Austin
|-
| publisher = University of Texas Press
| go || nderé || bajiná 'to walk' || do ||
| pages = 13–67
|-
| isbn = 0-292-70414-3}}</ref> Kaufman's (1994) Macro-Waikurúan proposal excludes Lule–Vilela.<ref>{{Citation
| thou || || || empti em- / m- ||
| last = Kaufman
|-
| first =Terrence
| one || gilí / güi || yú ~ yu || gil: ugil 'único' || yut isa 'only one'
| year = 1994
|-
| contribution = The native languages of South America
| who || || || guareptí || guárete
| editor-last = Mosley
|-
| editor-first = C.
| sand || lgorí || || han ||
| editor2-last = Asher
|-
| editor2-first = R.E.
| mouth || uvá || ej || hek ||
| title = Atlas of the world's languages
|-
| place = London
| that || || || huati / huat- ||
| publisher = Routledge
|-
| pages =46–76}}</ref>
| white || noá || || huóc ||
|-
| good || || || latár ||
|-
| hear || timotéc || || montéc ||
|-
| come || nderé || || na ||
|-
| not || reé || || =mén ||
|-
| what || || || r'eca 'what', r'epti || retant 'how many?'
|-
| two || amá || sam ~ sán || san ||
|-
| know || || || seker, sekér ||
|-
| see || || || solá 'mirar' ||
|-
| mountain || || || to e ||
|-
| woman || adá || || ukái / kái 'female' ||
|-
| I || || || ytí / i- ~ y- ||
|-
| all || opá || || ||
|-
| sleep || utalá || ando diabun 'vamos a dormir' || ||
|-
| foot || vedé verá || atit || ||
|-
| kill || ña || aú || ||
|-
| go || nderé || bajiná 'to walk' || do ||
|-
| stand || reé utalá || basquadé 'levantarse' || ||
|-
| mouth || uvá || ej || hek ||
|-
| hand || nam || guar || ||
|-
| moon || aratá || guidai || ||
|-
| water || atá || hué || ||
|-
| nose || utí || ibar || ||
|-
| eye || ocál || ijou || ||
|-
| ear || timó || imau || ||
|-
| head || ta ~ ta ug vedé || is || ||
|-
| hair || moni || itaj || ||
|-
| fire || yogüín || it || ||
|-
| dog || agó || samayoí || ||
|-
| two || amá || sam ~ sán || san ||
|-
| one || gilí / güi || yú ~ yu || gil: ugil 'único' || yut isa 'only one'
|-
| person || || || || ëewuit edam
|-
| who || || || guareptí || guárete
|-
| die || ña || || || hallen
|-
| name || || || || hapatam 'his name'
|-
| we || || || ampti / am-, rampti || rambui
|-
| what || || || r'eca 'what', r'epti || retant 'how many?'
|-
| one || gilí / güi || yú ~ yu || gil: ugil 'único' || yut isa 'only one'
|}


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>


{{Mataco-Guaicuru languages}}
{{language families}}
{{language families}}
{{South American languages}}
{{Languages of Argentina}}
{{Languages of Uruguay}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Charruan Languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Charruan Languages}}
[[Category:Charruan languages| ]]
[[Category:Charruan languages| ]]
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Languages of Argentina]]
[[Category:Languages of Argentina]]
[[Category:Languages of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Languages of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Cone]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Cone]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]]
[[Category:Mataco–Guaicuru languages]]

[[Category:Chaco linguistic area]]
[[ca:Llengües charruanes]]
[[es:Lenguas charrúas]]
[[fr:Langues charruanes]]
[[pt:Línguas charruanas]]

Revision as of 19:35, 22 January 2024

Charruan
EthnicityChaná people, Charrúa people, Guenoa people
Geographic
distribution		Argentina (Entre Ríos Province)
Brazil (formerly)
Uruguay (formerly)
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
  • Charruan
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologchar1238
Pre-contact distribution of the Charruan languages

The Charruan languages are a language family once spoken in Uruguay and the Argentine province of Entre Ríos. In 2005, a semi-speaker of the Chaná language, Blas Wilfredo Omar Jaime, was found in Entre Ríos Province, Argentina.[1]

Internal coherence

Charruan may actually consist of two or three unrelated families according to Nikulin (2019).[2] Nikulin notes that many of the following languages share very few basic vocabulary items with each other.

  1. Chaná as spoken by Blas Wilfredo Omar Jaime
  2. Chaná of Larrañaga (1923)[3]
  3. Charrúa of Vilardebó (1842)
  4. Güenoa from a short 18th-century catechesis quoted by Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro[4]

Languages

Four languages are considered to definitively belong to the Charruan language family, basically Chañá (Lanték), Nbeuá, Charrúa and Guenoa.[5]

  • Charruan language family
    • Chaná
      • Chaná language proper
      • "Mbeguá", "Beguá", or "Chaná-Beguá"
      • "Timbúes", "Chaná Timbúes", "Timbó", or "Chaná timbó"
    • Charrúa
    • Güenoa

A number of unattested languages are also presumed to belong to the Charruan family:[5]

Genetic relations

Jorge Suárez includes Charruan with Guaicuruan in a hypothetical Waikuru-Charrúa stock. Morris Swadesh includes Charruan along with Guaicuruan, Matacoan, and Mascoyan within his Macro-Mapuche stock. Both proposals appear to be obsolete.

Vocabulary comparison

The Charruan languages are poorly attested. However, sufficient vocabulary has been gathered for the languages to be compared:[5][6]

English Charrua Chaná Güenoa
me m' mi-tí hum
you m' mutí /em/ baté m
we rampti/ am-ptí rambuí
eye i-hou ocál
ear i-mau / i-man timó
mouth ej hek / obá
hand guar nam
foot / toe atit eté
water hué atá
sun dioi
dog lohán agó
white huok
one yú u-gil / ngui yut
two sam usan / amá
three detí / datit detit / heít detit
know sepé seker
good / nice bilú oblí / oblé
brother/sister inchalá nchalá
friend huamá uamá
why? / how? retám retanle*
who? ua-reté
past (suf.) ndau / nden edam


Lexical comparison from Nikulin (2019):[2]

gloss Chana (Jaime) Charrúa Chana (Larranaga 1923) Guenoa
we ampti / am-, rampti rambui
give ará da.jú
sun dioi diói
go nderé bajiná 'to walk' do
thou empti em- / m-
one gilí / güi yú ~ yu gil: ugil 'único' yut isa 'only one'
who guareptí guárete
sand lgorí han
mouth uvá ej hek
that huati / huat-
white noá huóc
good latár
hear timotéc montéc
come nderé na
not reé =mén
what r'eca 'what', r'epti retant 'how many?'
two amá sam ~ sán san
know seker, sekér
see solá 'mirar'
mountain to e
woman adá ukái / kái 'female'
I ytí / i- ~ y-
all opá
sleep utalá ando diabun 'vamos a dormir'
foot vedé verá atit
kill ña aú
go nderé bajiná 'to walk' do
stand reé utalá basquadé 'levantarse'
mouth uvá ej hek
hand nam guar
moon aratá guidai
water atá hué
nose utí ibar
eye ocál ijou
ear timó imau
head ta ~ ta ug vedé is
hair moni itaj
fire yogüín it
dog agó samayoí
two amá sam ~ sán san
one gilí / güi yú ~ yu gil: ugil 'único' yut isa 'only one'
person ëewuit edam
who guareptí guárete
die ña hallen
name hapatam 'his name'
we ampti / am-, rampti rambui
what r'eca 'what', r'epti retant 'how many?'
one gilí / güi yú ~ yu gil: ugil 'único' yut isa 'only one'

References

  1. ^ La Nación, "Investigan los orígenes de una extraña lengua indígena". 2005-07-01.
  2. ^ a b Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
  3. ^ Larrañaga, Dámaso Antonio. 1923. Compendio del idioma de la nación chaná. In Escritos de D. Dámaso A. Larrañaga, tomo III, 163-174. Montevideo: Instituto Histórico y Geográfico del Uruguay, Imprenta Nacional.
  4. ^ Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo. 1787. Saggio Pratico delle lingue. (Idea dell'Universo, XXI.) Cesena: Gregorio Biasini all'Insengna di Pallade. 255pp.
  5. ^ a b c Loukotka, Čestmír (1968), Classification of South American Indian Languages, Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center
  6. ^ This comparison table is a revision by Br. José Damián Torko Gómez, based on the J.C. Sábat Pébet and J.J. Figueira compilation of all terms known of the "Uruguayan" aboriginal languages. Source: https://www.estudioshistoricos-en.edu.uy/assets/080-boletín-histórico-nº-120---123---año-1969.pdf[permanent dead link]
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