Steven Spielberg: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Actor |
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{{Redirect|The Green Lantern|the disc jockey|DJ Green Lantern}} |
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| image = Spielberg99.jpg |
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{{Infobox comics set index |
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| caption = Spielberg speaking at the Pentagon on August 11, 1999. |
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<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics--> |
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| birthdate = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1946|12|18}} |
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<!-- |code_name = Green Lantern --> |
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| birthplace = [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], United States |
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|image = Greenlanternrebirth6.jpg |
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| birthname = Steven Allan Spielberg |
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|imagesize = <!-- default 250 --> |
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| spouse = [[Amy Irving]] (1985-1989)<br />[[Kate Capshaw]] (1991-present) |
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|caption = Cover to ''Green Lantern: Rebirth #6'', art by [[Ethan Van Sciver]]. Featured left to right are [[Guy Gardner (comics)|Guy Gardner]], [[Kyle Rayner]], [[Hal Jordan]], [[John Stewart (comics)|John Stewart]] and [[Kilowog]]. |
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| yearsactive = 1964 - present |
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|publisher = [[DC Comics]] |
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| academyawards = '''[[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]]'''<br />1987 Lifetime Achievement <br /> '''[[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]'''<br />1993 ''[[Schindler's List]]''<br />1998 ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''<br />'''[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]'''<br />1993 ''[[Schindler's List]]'' |
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|debut = ''[[All-American Comics]]'' #16 |
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| baftaawards = '''[[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]'''<br />1993 ''[[Schindler's List]]'' <br /> '''[[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]'''<br />1993 ''[[Schindler's List]]'' <br /> '''Britannia Award'''<br />2001 Excellence in Film |
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|debutmo = July |
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| cesarawards = '''[[Honorary César]]'''<br />1995 Lifetime Achievement |
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|debutyr = 1940 |
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| emmyawards = '''Outstanding Animated Program'''<br />1991 ''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]''<br />1993 ''Tiny Toon Adventures''<br />2000 ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]'' <br /> '''Outstanding Special Class Animated Program'''<br />1997 ''[[Freakazoid!]]''<br />1999 ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]'' <br /> '''[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour)|Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour)]]'''<br />1996 ''[[A Pinky & the Brain Christmas Special]]'' <br /> '''[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries|Outstanding Miniseries]]'''<br />2002 ''[[Band of Brothers]]''<br />2003 ''[[Taken]]'' <br /> '''Founders Award'''<br />2006 |
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|debutyr1 = 1959 |
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| goldenglobeawards = '''[[Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture|Best Director - Motion Picture]]'''<br />1993 ''[[Schindler's List]]''<br />1998 ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' <br /> '''[[Cecil B. DeMille Award]]'''<br />2009 Lifetime Achievement |
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|debutyr2 = 1968 |
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| awards = '''[[Saturn Award for Best Direction]]'''<br />1977 ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]''<br />1981 ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''<br />1993 ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''<br />2002 ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'' <br /> '''[[Saturn Award for Best Writing]]'''<br />1977 ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]''<br />2001 ''[[Artificial Intelligence: AI]]'' <br /> '''[[National Board of Review Award for Best Director|NBR Award for Best Director]]'''<br />1987 ''[[Empire of the Sun (film)|Empire of the Sun]]'' <br /> '''[[AFI Life Achievement Award]]'''<br />1995 Lifetime Achievement <br /> '''[[Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director|BSFC Award for Best Director]]'''<br />1981 ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''<br />1982 ''[[E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial]]''<br />1993 ''[[Schindler's List]]'' <br /> '''[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Critics Choice Award for Best Director]]'''<br />1998 ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''<br />2002 ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]'' ; ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'' <br /> '''[[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director|NSFC Award for Best Director]]'''<br />1982 ''[[E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial]]''<br />1993 ''[[Schindler's List]]'' <br /> '''[[Golden Lion|Career Golden Lion]]'''<br />1993 Lifetime Achievement |
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|debutyr3 = 1971 |
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|debutyr4 = 1994 |
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|debutyr5 = <!-- Jade was not originally introduced as "Green Lantern" --> |
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|creators = [[Bill Finger]]<br/>[[Martin Nodell]] |
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|characters = [[Alan Scott]]<br/>[[Hal Jordan]]<br/>[[Guy Gardner (comics)|Guy Gardner]]<br/>[[John Stewart (comics)|John Stewart]]<br/>[[Kyle Rayner]]<br/>[[Jade (comics)|Jade]] |
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|seealso = [[Green Lantern Corps]]<br/>[[List of Green Lanterns]] |
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|cat = |
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|subcat = All-American Publications |
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|hero = |
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|villain = |
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|addcharcat1= DC Comics superheroes |
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|sortkey = Green Lantern |
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}} |
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'''Green Lantern''' is the name of several [[fictional character]]s, [[superhero]]es appearing in [[comic book]]s published by [[DC Comics]]. The first ([[Alan Scott]]) was created by writer [[Bill Finger]] and artist [[Martin Nodell]] in ''[[All-American Comics]]'' #16 (July 1940). |
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'''Steven Allan Spielberg ''' (born December 18, 1946)<ref>{{cite book| last = McBride| first = Joseph| title = Steven Spielberg| publisher = Faber and Faber|date=1997| id = ISBN 0-571-19177-0}}, page 37</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[film director]], [[screenwriter]] and [[Film producer|producer]]. ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine places Spielberg's net worth at $3.1 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_Steven-Spielberg_4XKR.html| title=Steven Spielberg ranks 287 on The World's Billionaires 2007| publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=2007-05-01|date=[[2007-05-01]]}}</ref> In 2006, the magazine ''[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]]'' listed him as the most powerful and influential figure in the [[film industry|motion picture industry]]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' listed him as one of the [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|100 Greatest People of the Century]]. At the end of the twentieth century, ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' named him the most influential person of his generation.<ref>{{cite web| title = The 50 most influential baby boomers: Top 10| publisher = Life.com| url = http://www.life.com/Life/boomers/50boomers01.html#05| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> |
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Each Green Lantern possesses a [[Power ring (weapon)|power ring]] that gives the user great control over the physical world as long as the wielder has sufficient willpower and strength to wield it. While the ring of the [[Golden Age of Comic Books|Golden Age]] Green Lantern (Alan Scott) was magically powered, the rings worn by all subsequent Lanterns were technological creations of the [[Guardians of the Universe]], who granted such rings to worthy candidates. These individuals made up the intergalactic [[Police|police force]] known as the [[Green Lantern Corps]]. |
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In a career of almost four decades, Spielberg's films have touched on many themes and genres. Spielberg's early [[sci-fi]] and [[adventure films]], sometimes centering on children, were seen as an archetype of modern [[Hollywood]] [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] filmmaking. In later years his movies began addressing such issues as the [[Holocaust]], [[slavery]], [[war]] and [[terrorism]]. Spielberg won the [[Academy Award for Best Director]] for 1993's ''[[Schindler's List]]'' and 1998's ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''. Three of Spielberg's films, ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' (1975), ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' (1982), and ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' (1993), broke [[List of highest-grossing films|box office]] records, each becoming the highest-grossing film made at the time. |
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==Early life== |
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After [[World War II]], when sales of superhero [[comic book]]s generally declined, DC ceased publishing new adventures of Alan Scott as the Green Lantern. At the beginning of the [[Silver Age of Comic Books]] in the late 1950's, DC editor [[Julius Schwartz]] assigned writer [[John Broome (writer)|John Broome]] and artist [[Gil Kane]] to revive the Green Lantern character, this time as test pilot Hal Jordan, who became a founding member of the [[Justice League|Justice League of America]]. In the early 1970s, writer [[Dennis O'Neil|Denny O'Neil]] and artist [[Neal Adams]] teamed Green Lantern with archer [[Green Arrow]] in groundbreaking, socially conscious, and award-winning stories that pitted the sensibilities of the law-and-order-oriented Lantern with the [[populism|populist]] [[Green Arrow]]. Several cosmically themed series followed, as did occasional different individuals in the role of Earth's Green Lantern. Most prominent of these are [[John Stewart (comics)|John Stewart]], [[Guy Gardner (comics)|Guy Gardner]], and [[Kyle Rayner]]. |
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Spielberg was born in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], the son of Jewish parents Leah Adler (née Posner), a restaurateur and concert pianist, and Arnold Spielberg, a computer engineer.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web | title = Steven Spielberg Biography (1947?–) | url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/85/Steven-Spielberg.html | work = filmreference.com | accessdate = 2008-01-15}}</ref> Throughout his early teens, Spielberg made amateur 8 mm "adventure" movies with his friends, the first of which he shot at a restaurant (Pinnacle Peak Patio) in [[Scottsdale, Arizona]]. He charged admission (25 cents) to his home movies (which involved the wrecks he staged with his Lionel train set) while his sister sold popcorn. |
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He became a [[Boy Scouting (Boy Scouts of America)|Boy Scout]] and in 1958, he fulfilled a requirement for the [[Merit badge (Boy Scouts of America)|photography merit badge]] by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled ''The Last Gunfight''.<ref>{{cite web| title = Steven Spielberg Sighted in Arizona| publisher = | url = http://doney.net/aroundaz/celebrity/spielberg_stephen.htm| accessdate = 2007-11-19}}</ref> Spielberg recalled years later to a magazine interviewer, "My dad’s still camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father’s movie camera. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western. I made it and got my merit badge. That was how it all started."<ref>{{cite web|title=Nickelodeon Magazine Interviews Steven Spielberg|publisher=''[[Nickelodeon Magazine]]''|url=http://www.nick.com/shows/nick_mag/lookInside/index.jhtml?pagenum=8|accessdate=2008-07-29 }}</ref> At age 13, Spielberg won a prize for a 40-minute war movie he titled "Escape to Nowhere". In 1963, at age 16, Spielberg wrote and directed his first independent movie, a 140-minute [[science fiction]] adventure called [[Firelight (1964 film)|''Firelight'']] (which would later inspire ''Close Encounters''). The movie, which had a budget of US$400, was shown in his local movie theater and generated a profit of $100. |
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Each of Earth's Green Lanterns has been a member of either the [[Justice Society of America]] or the Justice League of America, and John Stewart was featured as one of the main characters in both the ''[[Justice League (TV series)|Justice League]]'' and the ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'' [[animated series]]. The Green Lanterns are often depicted as being close friends of the various men who have been the [[Flash (comics)|Flash]], the most notable friendships having been between [[Alan Scott]] and [[Flash (Jay Garrick)|Jay Garrick]] (the Golden Age Green Lantern and Flash), Hal Jordan and [[Flash (Barry Allen)|Barry Allen]] (the Silver Age Green Lantern and Flash), and [[Kyle Rayner]] and [[Wally West]] (the modern age Green Lantern and Flash), as well as Jordan being friends with West. |
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After his parents divorced, he moved to California with his father. His three sisters and mother remained in Arizona, where he attended [[Passover seder]]s at the home of Zalman and Pearl Segal on an annual basis. Although he attended [[Arcadia High School]] in Phoenix, Arizona for three years, Spielberg ended up graduating from [[Saratoga High School]] in Saratoga, California, in 1965, which he called the "worst experience" of his life and "hell on Earth".<ref>[http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/05.29.97/spielberg-9722.html "Uneven Steven"]. [[Metro Newspapers|Metro]], May 29 - June 4, 1997.</ref> It was during this time Spielberg attained the rank of [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]]. |
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== Publication history == |
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=== Golden Age === |
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Green Lantern was created by [[Martin Nodell]] (using the name Mart Dellon) and [[Bill Finger]]. He first appeared in the [[Golden Age of comic books]] in ''[[All-American Comics]]'' #16 (July 1940), published by [[All-American Publications]], one of three companies that would eventually merge to form [[DC Comics]]. The collector market for original copies of this issue is strong, with a sale in October 2007 selling on an online vintage [[Comics|comic]] trading site, ComicConnect.com, for $29,250.<ref>[http://boards.collectors-society.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1939651&page=0 Collectors Society Message Boards: ComicConnect.com progress update: All-American #16 sells for<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This Green Lantern was [[Alan Scott]], an engineer who had come into possession of a magic lantern. From this, he crafted a [[magic ring]] which gave him a wide variety of powers. The limitations of the ring were that it had to be "charged" every 24 hours by touching it to the lantern for a time, and that it did not work on wood. |
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After moving to California, he applied to attend film school at the [[University of Southern California]] School of Theater, Film and Television three separate times but was unsuccessful due to his C grade average. He attended [[California State University, Long Beach]]. While attending Long Beach State in the 1960s, Spielberg became member of [[Theta Chi Fraternity]]. His actual career began when he returned to Universal studios as an unpaid, seven-day-a-week intern and guest of the editing department. After Spielberg became famous, USC awarded him an honorary degree in 1994, and in 1996 he became a [[trustee]] of the university.<ref name=USCtrustee>[http://www.usc.edu/about/administration/trustees/ Board of Trustees], University of Southern California, ''Accessed April 13, 2008.''</ref> <ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.calstate.edu/Newsline/Archive/01-02/020514-LB.shtml CSU Newsline - Steven Spielberg To Graduate from California State University, Long Beach With Bachelor's Degree in Film and Electronic Arts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2002, thirty-five years after starting college, Spielberg finished his degree via independent projects at [[CSULB]], and was awarded a B.A. in Film Production and Electronic Arts with an option in Film/Video Production.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> |
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Nodell had originally planned to give Green Lantern the alter ego "Alan Ladd," this being a linguistic twist on ''[[Aladdin]]'', who had a magic lamp and magic ring of his own. DC considered the wordplay distracting and foolish, and the character's name was changed before publication to "Alan Scott." In May 1942, the [[film]] ''[[This Gun for Hire]]'' suddenly made the [[journeyman]] [[actor]] of the [[Alan Ladd|same name]] a [[movie star]]. Nodell would always joke that they'd missed a great opportunity.<ref>[http://www.monitorduty.com/mdarchives/2006/02/alan_kistlers_p_4.shtml Monitor Duty (Feb. 13, 2006): "Alan Kistler's Profile On: Green Lantern!"]</ref> |
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As an intern and guest of Universal Studios, Spielberg made his first short film for theatrical release, the 24 minute movie ''[[Amblin']]'' in 1968.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> After Sidney Sheinberg, then the vice-president of production for Universal's TV arm, saw the film, Spielberg became the youngest director ever to be signed to a long-term deal with a major Hollywood studio (Universal). He dropped out of Long Beach State in 1969 to take the television director contract at Universal Studios and began his career as a professional director. |
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[[Image:GreenLantern40.jpg|thumb|175px|Green Lanterns of two worlds: Hal Jordan (left) meets Alan Scott in ''Green Lantern'' #40 (Oct. 1965). Cover art by [[Gil Kane]] & [[Murphy Anderson]].]] |
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Green Lantern was a popular character in the 1940s, featured in both ''All-American Comics'' and in his own title and co-starring in ''[[Comic Cavalcade]]'' along with [[Flash (comics)|Flash]] and [[Wonder Woman]]. He was a charter member of the [[Justice Society of America]], whose adventures ran in ''[[All Star Comics]]''. After [[World War II]], the popularity of [[superhero]]es declined. The ''Green Lantern'' [[comic book]] was cancelled with issue #40 (October 1949). ''[[All Star Comics]]'' #57 (1951) was the character's last Golden Age appearance. |
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==Early career (1968–1975)== |
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=== Silver Age revival === |
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His first professional TV job came when he was hired to do one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of ''[[Night Gallery]]''. The segment, "Eyes", starred [[Joan Crawford]] (who was very supportive of her twenty-two year-old rookie director), and she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death. The episode is unusual in his body of work, in that the camerawork is more highly stylized than his later, more "mature" films. After this, and an episode of ''[[Marcus Welby, M.D.]]'', Spielberg got his first feature-length assignment: an episode of ''Name of the Game'' called "L.A. 2017". This futuristic science fiction episode impressed Universal Studios and they signed him on a short contract. He did another segment on ''Night Gallery'' and did some work for shows such as ''Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law'' and ''The Psychiatrist'' before landing the first series episode of ''[[Columbo (TV series)|Columbo]]'' (previous episodes were actually TV movies). |
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In the late 1950s, [[DC Comics]] successfully revived [[superhero]]es, ushering in what became known as the [[Silver Age of comic books]]. Rather than bringing back the same Golden Age heroes — as [[Atlas Comics (1950s)|Atlas Comics]], the 1950s precursor of [[Marvel Comics]], unsuccessfully attempted — DC reimagined them as new characters for the modern age. Following the successful revival of the [[Flash (comics)|Flash]] in ''[[Showcase (comic book)|Showcase]]'' #4 (Oct. 1956), a new Green Lantern was introduced in ''[[Showcase (comic book)|Showcase]]'' #22 (September-October 1959). |
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Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do three TV movies. The first was a [[Richard Matheson]] adaptation called ''[[Duel (film)|Duel]]'' about a monstrous tanker truck which tries to run a small car off the road. Special praise of this film by the influential British critic [[Dilys Powell]] was highly significant to Spielberg's career. Another TV film (''Something Evil'') was made and released to capitalize on the popularity of ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'', then a major best-selling book which had not yet been released as [[The Exorcist (film)|a movie]]. He fulfilled his contract by directing the TV movie length pilot of a show called ''Savage'', starring [[Martin Landau]]. Spielberg's debut theatrical feature film was ''[[The Sugarland Express]]'', about a married couple who are chased by police as the couple tries to regain custody of their baby. Spielberg's cinematography for the police chase was praised by reviewers, and ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' stated that "a major new director is on the horizon".<ref>Steven Spielberg by Joseph McBride, page 223</ref> However, the film fared poorly at the box office and received a limited release. |
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This Green Lantern was [[Hal Jordan]], a [[test pilot]] who was given a [[Power ring (weapon)|power ring]] by a dying [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]], [[Abin Sur]], and who became a member of the [[Green Lantern Corps]], an interstellar organization of [[police]] overseen by the [[Guardians of the Universe]]. The Corps' rings were powerless against anything colored yellow, due to a necessary impurity in the ring. Jordan's creation was motivated by a desire to make him more of a [[science fiction]] hero, editor [[Julius Schwartz]] having been a longtime fan of that genre and literary agent who saw [[Popular culture|pop-culture]] tastes turning in that direction. |
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Studio producers [[Richard Zanuck]] and [[David Brown (producer)|David Brown]] offered Spielberg the director's chair for ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', a [[horror film]] based on the [[Peter Benchley]] novel about an enormous killer-shark. Spielberg has often referred to the grueling shoot as his professional crucible. Despite the film's ultimate, enormous success, it was nearly shut down due to delays and budget over-runs. |
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The Silver Age Green Lantern was unique in several ways. He was the first DC superhero with a family.{Green Lantern #9 'Green Lantern's Brother Act'} Written by [[John Broome (writer)|John Broome]] and drawn by [[Gil Kane]], these stories have been reprinted in deluxe hardback editions. |
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But Spielberg persevered and finished the film. It was an enormous hit, winning three [[Academy Awards]] (for editing, original score and sound) and grossing $470,653,000 worldwide at the box office. It also set the domestic record for box office gross, leading to what the press described as "Jawsmania".<ref>Steven Spielberg by Joseph McBride, page 248</ref> Jaws made him a household name, as well as one of America's youngest multi-millionaires, and allowed Spielberg a great deal of autonomy for his future projects.<ref>Steven Spielberg by Joseph McBride, page 250</ref> It was nominated for Best Picture and featured Spielberg's first of three collaborations with actor [[Richard Dreyfuss]]. |
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This Green Lantern was a founding member of the [[Justice League|Justice League of America]] and starred in his own title as well; in issue #40 (Oct. 1965), he met his Golden Age predecessor, who was established to live on the [[Multiverse (DC Comics)|parallel world]] of [[Earth-Two]], separate from Jordan's Earth-One. The two Lanterns struck up a close friendship and have periodically come to each other's aid. Hal Jordan's Green Lantern also became close friends with [[Flash (Barry Allen)|Barry Allen]], and the two heroes appeared frequently in each other's comics to team up. |
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==Mainstream breakthrough (1975–1994)== |
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=== Later developments === |
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Rejecting offers to direct ''[[Jaws 2]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=John |year=1997 |title=Steven Spielberg: The Unauthorised Biography |location=London |publisher=Harper Collins |page=145 |isbn=0006384447}}</ref> ''[[King Kong (1976 film)|King Kong]]'' and ''[[Superman (film)|Superman]]'', Spielberg and actor Richard Dreyfuss re-convened to work on a film about [[Unidentified flying object|UFOs]], which became ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' (1977). One of the rare movies both written and directed by Spielberg, ''Close Encounters'' was a critical and box office hit, giving Spielberg his first Best Director nomination from the Academy as well as earning six other [[Academy Awards]] nominations. It won Oscars in two categories (Cinematography, [[Vilmos Zsigmond]], and a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing, Frank E. Warner). This second blockbuster helped to secure Spielberg's rise. His next film, ''[[1941 (film)|1941]]'', a big-budgeted [[World War II]] farce, flopped with audiences and critics alike. |
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[[Image:GreenLantern86.jpg|thumb|left|175px|"My ward is a junkie!" ''Green Lantern'' vol. 2, #86 (Nov. 1971). Cover art by [[Neal Adams]].]]<!--confirmed: he both penciled & inked--> |
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With issue #76 (April 1970), the series made a radical stylistic departure. Editor Schwartz, in one of the company's earliest efforts to provide more than light [[fantasy]], worked with the writer-artist team of [[Dennis O'Neil|Denny O'Neil]] and [[Neal Adams]] to spark new interest in the comic and address a perceived need for social relevance. They added the character [[Green Arrow]] (with the cover though not the official name retitled ''Green Lantern Co-Starring Green Arrow'') and had the pair travel through America encountering "real world" issues, to which they reacted in different ways — Green Lantern as fundamentally a lawman, Green Arrow as a [[liberal]] [[iconoclast]]. Additionally during this run, the groundbreaking "[[Snowbirds Don't Fly]]" story was published (issues #85 and #86) in which Green Arrow's teen sidekick [[Speedy]] (the later grownup hero [[Roy Harper (comics)|Arsenal]]) developed a [[heroin]] [[addiction]] that he was forcibly made to quit. The stories were critically acclaimed, with publications such as ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', and ''[[Newsweek]]'' citing it as an example of how comic books were "growing up".<ref>Wright, Bradford W. ''Comic Book Nation''. Johns Hopkins, 2001. Pg. 227</ref> However, the O'Neil/Adams run was not a commercial success, and after only 14 issues, the two left the title, which was cancelled. |
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Spielberg then revisited his ''Close Encounters'' project and, with financial backing from Columbia Pictures, released ''Close Encounters: The Special Edition'' in 1980. For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, shot additional footage showing the audience the interior of the mothership seen at the end of the film (a decision Spielberg would later regret as he felt the interior of the mothership should have remained a mystery). |
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The title would know a number of revivals and cancellations. Its title would change to ''Green Lantern Corps'' at one point as the popularity rose and waned. During a time there were two regular titles, each with a Green Lantern, and a third member in the Justice League. A new character, [[Kyle Rayner]], was created to become the feature while Hal Jordan first became the villain [[Parallax (comics)|Parallax]], then died and came back as the [[Spectre (comics)|Spectre]]. |
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Next, Spielberg teamed with ''[[Star Wars]]'' creator and friend [[George Lucas]] on an action adventure film. ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', the first of the [[Indiana Jones]] films, was an homage to the cliffhanger [[Serial (film)|serials]] of the [[Golden Age (metaphor)|Golden Age]] of Hollywood, with [[Harrison Ford]] (whom Lucas had previously cast in his ''[[Star Wars]]'' films) as the archaeologist and adventurer hero [[Indiana Jones]]. It became the biggest film at the box office in 1981, and the recipient of numerous Oscar nominations including Best Director (Spielberg's second nomination) and Best Picture (the second Spielberg film to be nominated for Best Picture). ''Raiders'' is still considered a landmark example of the action genre. |
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In the wake of ''[[DC: The New Frontier| The New Frontier]]'', writer Geoff Johns returned Hal Jordan as Green Lantern in ''[[Green Lantern: Rebirth]]'' (2004-05). Johns began to lay groundwork for a 2009 story to be entitled "The Blackest Night," viewing it as the third part of the trilogy started by ''Rebirth''. Expanding on the Green Lantern mythology with the second part, "[[Sinestro Corps War]]" (2007), Johns, with artist [[Ethan van Sciver]], found wide critical acclaim and financial success with the series, which promised the introduction of a spectrum of coloured "lanterns". Currently, all four "current" Green Lanterns have stories being told in simultaneously published series, ''Green Lantern'' and ''Green Lantern Corps'' respectively. |
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[[Image:Ronald Reagan and Steven Spielberg 1.jpg|left|thumb|Steven Spielberg with President [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Nancy Reagan]] after a showing of ''E.T.'' at the White House]] |
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=== Awards === |
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A year later, Spielberg returned to the science fiction genre with ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''. It was the story of a young boy and the alien whom he befriends, who was accidentally left behind by his people and is trying to get back home to outer space. ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' went on to become the top-grossing film of all time until it was beaten by another of his films, ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', in 1993. ''E.T.'' was also nominated for nine Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director. |
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The series and its creators have received several [[award]]s over the years, including the 1961 [[Alley Award]] for Best Adventure Hero/Heroine with Own Book; and [[Academy of Comic Book Arts]]' [[Academy of Comic Book Arts#Shazam Awards|Shazam Award]] for Best Continuing Feature in 1970, for Best Individual Story ("No Evil Shall Escape My Sight", ''Green Lantern'' vol. 2, #76, by [[Dennis O'Neil]] and [[Neal Adams]]), and in 1971 for Best Individual Story ("Snowbirds Don't Fly", ''Green Lantern'' vol. 2, #85 by O'Neil and Adams). |
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Between 1982 and 1985, Spielberg produced three high-grossing movies: ''[[Poltergeist (film)|Poltergeist]]'' (for which he also co-wrote the screenplay), a big-screen adaptation of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie|The Twilight Zone]]'' (for which he directed the segment "Kick The Can"), and ''[[The Goonies]]''. |
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Writer O'Neil received the Shazam Award for Best Writer (Dramatic Division) in 1970 for his work on ''Green Lantern'', ''[[Batman]]'', ''[[Superman]]'', and other titles, while artist Adams received the Shazam for Best Artist (Dramatic Division) in 1970 for his work on ''Green Lantern'' and ''Batman''. Inker [[Dick Giordano]] received the Shazam Award for Best Inker (Dramatic Division) for his work on ''Green Lantern'' and other titles. |
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[[Image:SpielbergCyndiLauperGoonies.jpg|thumb|Spielberg in ''[[The Goonies 'R' Good Enough]]'' music video by [[Cyndi Lauper]].]] |
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In [[Judd Winick]]'s first regular writing assignment on Green Lantern, he wrote a storyline in which an assistant of Kyle Rayner's emerged as a gay character in Green Lantern #137 (June 2001). In Green Lantern #154 (November 2001) the story entitled "Hate Crime" gained media recognition when Terry was brutally beaten in a homophobic attack. Winick was interviewed on Phil Donahue's show on MSNBC for that storyline on August 15, 2002 and received two GLAAD awards for his Green Lantern work. |
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His next directorial feature was the ''Raiders'' prequel ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]''. Teaming up once again with Lucas and Ford, the film was plagued with uncertainty for the material and script. Reviews were generally less positive than they were for its predecessor (although critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and Pauline Kael praised the movie after criticizing the original), and it was criticized for lacking the energy of the original, its questionable depiction of East Indian culture {{Fact|date=February 2008}}, and for the level of violence in a movie with a large audience of young viewers. This film and the Spielberg-produced ''[[Gremlins]]'' led to the creation of the PG-13 rating due to the high level of violence in movies targeted at younger audiences. In spite of this, ''Temple of Doom'' is rated PG by the MPAA, even though it is the darkest and, possibly, most violent "Indy" movie yet. Nonetheless, the film was still a huge blockbuster hit in 1984. It was on this project that Spielberg also met his future wife, actress [[Kate Capshaw]]. |
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In 1985, Spielberg released ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]],'' an adaptation of [[Alice Walker]]'s [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning [[The Color Purple|novel of the same name]], about a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America. Starring [[Whoopi Goldberg]] and future talk-show superstar [[Oprah Winfrey]], the film was a box office smash and critics hailed Spielberg's successful foray into the [[drama]]tic genre. [[Roger Ebert]] proclaimed it the best movie of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive. The film received eleven [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominations, including two for Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey. However, much to the surprise of many, Spielberg did not get a Best Director nomination. ''The Color Purple'' is the second of two Spielberg films not to be scored by John Williams, the first being ''Duel''. |
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== Fictional character biographies == |
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[[Image:Alan scott-ross.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Alan Scott, the original Green Lantern. Promotional cover art for ''JSA'' # 77, by Alex Ross.]] |
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=== Golden Age Green Lantern === |
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==== Alan Scott ==== |
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{{main|Alan Scott}} |
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Alan Scott's Green Lantern history traditionally began thousands of years ago when a mystical "green flame" meteor fell to Earth in ancient [[China]]. The voice of the flame prophesied that it would act three times: once to bring death (a lamp-maker crafted the green metal of the meteor into a lamp; in fear and as punishment for what they thought [[sacrilege]], the local villagers killed him, only to be destroyed by a sudden burst of the green flame), once to bring life (in modern times, the lamp came into the hands of a patient in a mental institution who fashioned the lamp into a modern lantern; the green flame restored him to sanity and gave him a new life), and once to bring power. By 1940, the lantern passed into the possession of Alan Scott, a young engineer. Following a railroad bridge collapse in which he was the only survivor, the flame instructed Scott how to fashion a ring from its metal, to give him fantastic powers as the superhero Green Lantern. He adopted a colorful costume and became a crimefighter. Alan was a founding member of the [[Justice Society of America]]. |
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In 1987, as China began opening to the world, Spielberg shot the first American movie in Shanghai since the 1930s, an adaptation of [[J.G. Ballard]]'s autobiographical novel ''[[Empire of the Sun (film)|Empire of the Sun]]'', starring [[John Malkovich]] and a young [[Christian Bale]]. The film garnered much praise from critics and was nominated for several Oscars, but did not yield substantial box office revenues. Reviewer [[Andrew Sarris]] called it the best film of the year and later included it among the best films of the decade.<ref>{{cite web| title = Andrew Sarris' Top 10 lists 1958–2005| url = http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/sarris.html#y1977| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> |
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After the [[Crisis on Infinite Earths]], a ''Tales of the Green Lantern Corps'' story was published that brought Scott even closer to the Corps' ranks. It was revealed that Hal Jordan was predated as Earth's Green Lantern by a citizen of ancient China. Not only was the Corps' now-familiar green, black and white uniform motif not yet adopted, but this ancient Chinese GL altered the basic red of his uniform to more closely resemble the style worn by his countrymen. Power ultimately corrupted this early GL and the Guardians allowed his ring to manifest a weakness to wood, the material from which most Chinese weapons of the time were fashioned. This allowed the locals to ultimately defeat their corrupted “champion." His ring and lantern were burned and it was during this process that the “intelligence” inhabiting the ring and the lantern, and linking them to the Guardians, was damaged. |
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After two forays into more serious dramatic films, Spielberg then directed the third Indiana Jones film, 1989's ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''. Once again teaming up with Lucas and Ford, Spielberg also cast actor [[Sean Connery]] in a supporting role as Ford's father. The film earned generally positive reviews and was another box office success, becoming the highest grossing film worldwide that year; its total box office receipts even topped those of Tim Burton's much-anticipated film ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'', which had been the bigger hit domestically. Also in 1989, he re-united with actor [[Richard Dreyfuss]] for the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Always (film)|Always]]'', about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires. Spielberg's first romantic film, ''Always'' was only a moderate success and had mixed reviews. |
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Centuries later, it was explained, when Scott found the mystical lantern, it had no memory of its true origins, save a vague recollection of the uniform of its last master. This was the origin of Scott’s distinctive costume. Due to the damaged link to the Guardians, those immortals presumed the ring and lantern to be lost in whatever cataclysm overcame their last owner of record. Thus it was that Scott was never noticed by the Guardians and went on to carve a history of his own separate and apart from that of the Corps, still sporting a ring with an artificially induced weakness against anything made of wood. Honoring this separate history, the Guardians never moved to force Scott to relinquish the ring, formally join the Corps, or adopt its colors, although during the [[Rann-Thanagar War]], it was revealed that Scott is an honorary member of the Corps. |
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In 1991, Spielberg directed ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]'', about a middle-aged [[Peter Pan]], played by [[Robin Williams]], who returns to [[Neverland]]. Despite innumerable rewrites and creative changes coupled with mixed reviews, the film made $300 million worldwide (from a budget of $70 million). |
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=== Silver Age Green Lantern === |
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==== Hal Jordan ==== |
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{{main|Hal Jordan}} |
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[[Image:Jordan pacheco.jpg|thumb|175px|Hal Jordan, Silver Age Green Lantern. Promotional cover art for ''Green Lantern'' vol. 4, #1, by Carlos Pacheco & Jesús Merino.]] |
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The next Green Lantern to see publication was Harold "Hal" Jordan, a second-generation [[test pilot]], having followed in the footsteps of his father, Martin Jordan. He was given the power ring and battery (lantern) by a dying [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] named [[Abin Sur]], whose [[Starship|spaceship]] crashed on [[Earth]]. Abin Sur used his ring to seek out an individual who was "utterly honest and born without fear" to take his place as Green Lantern. Jordan became a founding member of the Justice League of America and as of the mid-2000s is, along with John Stewart, one of the two active-duty Lanterns in Earth's sector of space. |
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In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with the film version of [[Michael Crichton]]'s novel ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', about a theme park with genetically engineered [[dinosaur]]s. With revolutionary special effects provided by friend [[George Lucas]]'s [[Industrial Light and Magic]] company, the film would eventually become the highest grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest grossing film ever. |
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Jordan was also a member of the Green Lantern Corps, which was modeled after the "[[Lensman series|Lensmen]]" from the science fiction novel series written by [[E. E. Smith|E.E. Smith]]. The early 1980s miniseries "Green Lantern Corps" honors this with two characters in the corps: Eddore of Tront and Arisia. A different interpretation of Jordan and the Corps appears in ''[[Superman: Red Son]]''. |
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Spielberg's next film, ''[[Schindler's List]]'', was based on the true story of [[Oskar Schindler]], a man who risked his life to save 1,100 people from the [[Holocaust]].<ref>The screenplay, adapted from [[Thomas Keneally]]'s novel, was originally in the hands of fellow director [[Martin Scorsese]], but Spielberg negotiated with Scorsese to trade scripts. (At the time, Spielberg held the script for a remake of ''[[Cape Fear (1962 film)|Cape Fear]]''.)</ref> ''Schindler's List'' earned Spielberg his first [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Directing|Best Director]] (it also won [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg used the profits to set up the [[Shoah Foundation]], a [[non-profit organization]] that archives filmed testimony of [[the Holocaust]] survivors. Some critics maintain that ''Schindler's List'' is the most accurate portrayal of the Holocaust, and in 1997 the [[American Film Institute]] listed it among the 10 Greatest American Films ever Made (#9). |
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Following the rebirth of Superman and the destruction of Green Lantern's hometown of Coast City in the early 1990s, Hal Jordan seemingly went insane and destroyed the Green Lantern Corps and the Central Power Battery. Now calling himself Parallax, Hal Jordan would devastate the DC Universe off and on for the next several years. However, after Earth's sun was threatened by a Sun-Eater, Jordan sacrificed his life expending the last of his vast power to reignite the dying star. Jordan subsequently returned from beyond the grave as the [[Spectre (comics)|Spectre]], the divine Spirit of God's Vengeance, whom Jordan attempted to transform into a Spirit of Redemption, which ended in failure. |
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==Since 1997== |
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In ''[[Green Lantern: Rebirth]]'' it is revealed that Jordan was under the influence of a creature known as [[Parallax (comics)|Parallax]] when he turned renegade. Parallax was a creature of pure fear that had been imprisoned in the Central Power Battery by the Guardians of the Universe in the distant past. Imprisonment had rendered the creature dormant and it was eventually forgotten, becoming known merely as the "yellow impurity" in the power rings. [[Sinestro]] was able to wake Parallax and encourage it to seek out Hal Jordan as a host. Although Parallax had been trying to corrupt Jordan (via his ring) for some time, it was not until after the destruction of Coast City that it was able to succeed. It took advantage of Jordan's weakened emotional state to lure him to Oa and cause him to attack anyone who stood in his way. When Jordan finally entered the Central Power Battery and absorbed all the power, he unwittingly freed the Parallax entity and allowed it to graft onto his soul. |
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[[Image:Spielberg1990.jpg|thumb|right|240|Spielberg in 1990]] |
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In 1994, Spielberg took a hiatus from directing to spend more time with his family and build his new studio, [[DreamWorks]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Army Archered | title = Spielberg to take break after completing 'List' | publisher = Variety | date = [[1993-06-17]] | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117862199.html?categoryid=2&cs=1&query=dark+AND+angel | accessdate = 2007-02-11}}</ref> In 1997, he helmed the sequel to 1993's ''Jurassic Park'' with ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'', which generated over $618 million worldwide despite mixed reviews, and was the second biggest hit of 1997 behind [[James Cameron]]'s ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (which topped the original ''Jurassic Park'' to become the new recordholder for box office receipts). |
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His next film, ''[[Amistad (1997 film)|Amistad]]'', was based on a true story (like ''Schindler's List''), specifically about an African slave rebellion. Despite decent reviews from critics, it did not do well at the box office. Spielberg released ''Amistad'' under DreamWorks Pictures,<ref>(formed with former [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] animation exec [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] and media mogul [[David Geffen]], providing the other letters in the company name)</ref> which has issued all of his movies since ''Amistad'', a streak that ended in May 2008 ([[#Upcoming projects|see below]]). |
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The Spectre bonded with Jordan in the hopes of freeing the former Green Lantern's soul from Parallax's taint but was not strong enough to do so. In "Green Lantern Rebirth" Parallax began to assert control of the Parallax-Spectre-Jordan composite. Thanks to a supreme effort of will Jordan was able to free himself from Parallax, rejoin his soul to his body and reclaim his power ring. The newly revived (and youthened) Jordan awoke just in time to save [[Kyle Rayner]] and [[Green Arrow]] from Sinestro. After the Korugarian's defeat Jordan was able to successfully lead his fellow Green lanterns in battle against Parallax and imprison it in the Central Power Battery once more. |
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In 1998, Spielberg released the [[World War II]] film ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller ([[Tom Hanks]]) who try to find a soldier missing in France. The film was again, a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the U.S./domestic box office. Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war movies such as ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'' and ''[[Enemy at the Gates]]''. The film was also the first major hit for DreamWorks, which co-produced the film with [[Paramount Pictures]] (as such, it was Spielberg's first release from the latter that was not part of the ''Indiana Jones'' series). Later, Spielberg and Hanks produced a TV mini-series based on [[Stephen Ambrose]]'s book ''[[Band of Brothers]]''. The ten-part [[Home Box Office|HBO]] mini-series follows Easy Company of the [[101st Airborne Division]]'s 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The series won a number of awards at the [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globes]] and the [[Emmy Award|Emmys]]. |
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Hal Jordan is once again a member of both the Justice League and the Green Lantern Corps, and along with John Stewart is one of the two Corps members assigned to Sector 2814, personally defeating Sinestro in the [[Sinestro Corps War]]. Jordan is designated as Green Lantern 2814.1. |
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In 2001, Spielberg filmed fellow director and friend [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s final project, [[A.I. (film)|''A.I.: Artificial Intelligence'']] which Kubrick was unable to begin during his lifetime. A futuristic movie about a humanoid [[android]] longing for love, ''A.I.'' featured groundbreaking visual effects and a multi-layered, allegorical storyline, adapted by Spielberg himself. |
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Post [[Sinestro Corps War]] [[DC Comics]] revisited the origin of [[Hal Jordan]] as a precursor to the [[Green Lantern: The Blackest Night|Blackest Night]] storyline, the next chapter in the [[Geoff Johns]] era on ''Green Lantern''. |
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Spielberg and actor [[Tom Cruise]] collaborated for the first time for the futuristic [[neo-noir]] ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'', based upon the sci-fi short story written by [[Philip K. Dick]] about a Washington, D.C., police captain who has been foreseen to murder a man he has not yet met. The film received strong reviews with the review tallying website [[rottentomatoes.com]] reporting that 199 out of the 217 reviews they tallied were positive.<ref>{{cite web| last = [[rottentomatoes.com]]|first = | authorlink = |title = Minority Report| date = | url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/minority_report/| accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref> The film was praised as a futuristic homage to [[film noir]], with its intelligent premise and "whodunit" structure. The film earned over $358 million worldwide. [[Roger Ebert]], who named it the best film of 2002, praised its breathtaking vision of the future as well as for the way Spielberg blended [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] with live-action.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ebert| first = Roger| authorlink = Roger Ebert| title = Minority Report| date = [[2002-06-21]] | publisher = Chicago Sun-Times | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020621/REVIEWS/206210304/1023| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> |
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=== Bronze Age Green Lanterns === |
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<!-- Should this pair be listed in perceived importance or in publication order? --> |
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Spielberg's 2002 film ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]'' is about the daring adventures of a youthful con artist (played by [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]). It earned [[Christopher Walken]] an Academy Award nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]. The film is known for [[John Williams]]' score and its unique [[title sequence]]. It was a hit both commercially and critically. |
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==== Guy Gardner ==== |
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{{main|Guy Gardner (comics)}} |
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[[Image:GL guy bg.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Guy Gardner. Promotional interior art for ''Green Lantern Corps: Recharge'' #1 (Nov 2005), by Patrick Gleason.]] |
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Spielberg collaborated again with [[Tom Hanks]] along with [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] and [[Stanley Tucci]] in 2004's ''[[The Terminal]]'', a warm-hearted comedy about a man of Eastern European descent who is stranded in an airport. It received mixed reviews but performed relatively well at the box office. In 2005, [[Empire (magazine)|''Empire'']] magazine ranked Spielberg number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time. |
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In the late 1960s, Guy Gardner appeared as the second choice to replace Abin Sur as Green Lantern of sector 2814. Gardner was originally suppossed to recieve Abin Sur's ring but Jordan was closer. This placed him as the "backup" Green Lantern for Jordan. But early in his career as a Green Lantern, tragedy struck Gardner as a power battery blew up in his face putting him in a coma for years. During ''Crisis on Infinite Earths'', the Guardians split into factions, one of which appointed a newly revived Gardner as their champion. As a result of his years in a coma Guy was very emotionally unstable, although he still mostly managed to fight valiantly. He has gone through many changes, including wielding [[Sinestro]]'s yellow Qwardian [[Power ring (weapon)|power ring]], then gaining and losing [[Vuldarian]] powers, and readmission to the Corps during ''Green Lantern: Rebirth''. He later became part of the Green Lantern Honor Guard, and oversees new Green Lanterns' training. Gardner is designated as Green Lantern 2814.3. |
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Also in 2005, Spielberg directed a modern adaptation of ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks), based on the H. G. Wells book of the same name (Spielberg had been a huge fan of the book and the original 1953 film). It starred [[Tom Cruise]] and [[Dakota Fanning]], and, as with past Spielberg films, [[Industrial Light and Magic]] (ILM) provided the [[visual effects]]. Unlike ''E.T.'' and ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'', which depicted friendly alien visitors, ''War of the Worlds'' featured violent invaders. The film was another huge box office smash, grossing over $591 million worldwide. |
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==== John Stewart ==== |
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{{main|John Stewart (comics)}} |
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[[Image:greenlantern156.jpg|thumb|left|175px|John Stewart. Promotional cover art for ''Green Lantern'' vol. 3, #156, by Ariel Olivetti.]] |
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Spielberg's film ''[[Munich (film)|Munich]]'', about the events following the 1972 [[Munich Massacre]] of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games, was his second film essaying Jewish relations in the world (the first being ''Schindler's List''). The film is based on ''Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team'', a book by Canadian journalist [[George Jonas]]{{ndash}} a book whose veracity has been largely questioned by journalists.<ref>It was previously adapted into the 1986 [[television movie|made-for-TV movie]] ''[[Sword of Gideon]]''</ref> The film received strong critical praise, but underperformed at the U.S. and world box-office; it remains one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date.<ref> {{cite paper| author = Yossi Melman and Steven Hartov| title = Munich: Fact and Fantasy| publisher = The Guardian Unlimited| date = [[2006-01-17]] | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1687815,00.html| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> Munich received five Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture, Film Editing, Original Music Score (by John Williams), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Director for Spielberg. It was Spielberg's sixth Best Director nomination and fifth Best Picture nomination. |
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<!-- "Bronze Age" notation --> |
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In the early 1970s, John Stewart, an unemployed [[architect]], was selected by the Guardians to replace a comatose [[Guy Gardner (comics)|Guy Gardner]] as the backup Green Lantern for Jordan. When Jordan resigned from the Corps for an extended period of time, Stewart served as the regular Lantern for that period. Since then, Stewart was in and out of action due to various circumstances, even becoming the first mortal Guardian of the Universe. He also joined and lead the [[Darkstars]] when the Green Lantern Corps was destroyed by [[Parallax (comics)|Parallax]]. After that he took over being Green Lantern for Kyle Rayner when he left Earth, also taking his place in the [[Justice League|JLA]]. Now he has begun serving with Jordan as one of his sector's two designated regular-duty Lanterns designated as Green Lantern 2814.2. |
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Spielberg directed ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'', which wrapped filming in October 2007 and was released on May 22, 2008.<ref>{{Cite news | title = New Indy Adventure Begins Shooting | publisher = [http://www.indianajones.com/ IndianaJones.com] | date = [[2007-06-18]] | url = http://www.indianajones.com/community/news/news20070618.html | accessdate = 2007-06-18}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Spielberg, Ford and Lucas on Indy IV| publisher = Empire| date = [[2006-08-21]]| url = http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=19382| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> This was his first film not to be released by DreamWorks since 1997. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, and has performed very well in theaters. As of June 30 2008, ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' has grossed $315 million domestically, and over $780 million worldwide. |
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=== Modern Age Green Lantern === |
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==== Kyle Rayner ==== |
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{{main|Kyle Rayner}} |
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[[Image:Glkyle.PNG|thumb|rightt|175px|Kyle Rayner. Promotional cover art for ''Green Lantern'' vol. 3, #151, by Jim Lee & Scott Williams.]] |
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===Production credits=== |
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Kyle Rayner is a struggling freelance artist when he is approached by the last Guardian of the Universe, [[Ganthet]], to become a new Green Lantern with the last power ring. Ganthet's reasons for choosing Rayner remained a secret for quite some time. Despite not being cut from the same cloth of bravery and fearlessness as Hal Jordan — or perhaps because of that — Rayner proved to be popular with readers and his fellow characters. Having continually proven himself on his own and with the JLA, he became known amongst the Oans as ''The Torch Bearer''. He was responsible for the rebirth of the Guardians and the re-ignition of the Central Power Battery, essentially restoring all that Jordan had destroyed as Parallax. Rayner later began operating as the Green Lantern known as [[Ion (comics)|Ion]]. |
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Since the mid-1980s Spielberg has increased his role as a film producer. He headed up the production team for several cartoons, including the Warner Brothers hits ''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]'', ''[[Animaniacs]]'', ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]'', ''[[Toonsylvania]]'', and ''[[Freakazoid!]]'', for which he collaborated with [[Jean MacCurdy]] and [[Tom Ruegger]]. Spielberg also produced the [[Don Bluth]] animated features, ''[[An American Tail]]'' and ''[[The Land Before Time]]''. He was furthermore, for a short time, the executive producer of the long-running medical drama ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''. In 1989, he brought the concept of ''[[The Dig]]'' to [[LucasArts]]. He contributed with the project from that time to 1995 when the game was released. He also collaborated with software publishers [[Knowledge Adventure]] on the multimedia game ''[[Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair]]'', which was released in 1996. Spielberg appears, as himself, in the game to direct the player. Spielberg was branded for a Lego Moviemaker kit, the proceeds of which went to the [[Starbright Foundation]]. |
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In 1993, Spielberg acted as executive producer for the highly anticipated television series ''[[seaQuest DSV]]''; a science fiction series set "in the near future" starring [[Roy Scheider]] (who Spielberg had directed in ''Jaws'') and [[Jonathan Brandis]] akin to ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' that aired on Sundays at 8:00 p.m. on [[NBC]]. While the first season was moderately successful, the second season did less well. Spielberg's name no longer appeared in the third season and the show was cancelled mid way through the third season. |
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Kyle Rayner was chosen to wield the last ring because he knew fear, and Parallax had been released from the Central Power Battery. Ganthet knew this and chose Kyle because his experiences dealing with fear enabled him to resist Parallax. Because Parallax is fear, and yellow, none of the other Green Lanterns, including Hal, could harm Parallax and, therefore, came under his control. Kyle taught them to feel and overcome fear so they could defeat Parallax and incarcerate him in the Central Power Battery once again. |
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Spielberg served as an uncredited executive producer on ''[[The Haunting (1999 film)|The Haunting]]'', ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'', ''[[Shrek]]'', and ''[[Evolution (film)|Evolution]]''. In 2005, he served as a producer of ''[[Memoirs of a Geisha (film)|Memoirs of a Geisha]]'', an adaptation of the best-selling novel by [[Arthur Golden]], a film he was previously attached to as director. In 2006 Spielberg co-executive produced with famed filmmaker [[Robert Zemeckis]] a CGI children's movie called ''[[Monster House (film)|Monster House]]'', marking their first collaboration together since 1990's ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]''. He also teamed with [[Clint Eastwood]] for the first time in their careers, co-producing Eastwood's ''[[Flags of Our Fathers (film)|Flags of Our Fathers]]'' and ''[[Letters from Iwo Jima]]'' with [[Robert Lorenz]] and Eastwood himself. He earned his twelfth Academy Award nomination for the latter film as it was nominated for Best Picture. Recently Spielberg served as executive producer for ''[[Disturbia]]'' and the ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]'' live action film with Brian Goldner, an employee of [[Hasbro]]. The film was directed by [[Michael Bay]] and written by [[Roberto Orci]] and [[Alex Kurtzman]]. |
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Kyle became Ion, who is later revealed to be the manifestation of willpower in the same way Parallax is fear. During the [[Sinestro Corps War]] between the Green Lantern Corps and the Sinestro Corps, Ion was imprisoned while Parallax possesses Kyle. In ''Green Lantern'' #24 Parallax consumes Hal Jordan. Hal Jordan enters into Kyle's prison, and with his help Kyle finally escapes Parallax. |
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Other major television series Spielberg produced were ''[[Band of Brothers]]'' and ''[[Taken]]''. He was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed 2005 [[TV miniseries]] ''[[Into the West (miniseries)|Into the West]]'' which won two Emmy awards, including one for [[Geoff Zanelli]]'s score. |
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Afterward, [[Ganthet]] and [[Sayd]] trap Parallax in the Lanterns of the four Green Lanterns of Earth. Ganthet asks Kyle to give up his right to be Ion and become a Green Lantern again. Kyle accepts, and Ganthet gives Kyle a power ring. Kyle is outfitted with a new costume including a mask that looks like the one from his first uniform. Kyle is now a member of the Green Lantern Corps Honor Guard, and has been partnered with Guy Gardner. |
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In 2007, Steven Spielberg and [[Mark Burnett]] co-produced ''[[On the Lot]]'' an ill-fated TV [[reality show]] about filmmaking. |
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Kyle now shows up mostly as part of the ensemble cast of ''[[Green Lantern Corps]]''. Corps rookie Sodam Yat took over the mantle of Ion. Sodam has made an appearance in the [[Legion of Super Heroes]] ''[[Final Crisis]]'' tie-in ''[[Legion of Three Worlds]]'' as the last surviving Green Lantern. |
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{{-}} |
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===Acting credits=== |
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=== Others who have Green Lantern Powers === |
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Steven Spielberg had cameo roles in ''[[The Blues Brothers (film)|The Blues Brothers]]'', Gremlins, ''[[Vanilla Sky]]'', and ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'', as well as small uncredited cameos in a handful of other films. |
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==== Jade ==== |
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{{main|Jade (comics)}} |
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The daughter of Alan Scott, the Golden Age Green Lantern, Jennie-Lynn Hayden would discover she shared her father's mystical connection to the [[Alan_Scott#Post-Crisis_and_Ragnarok|Starheart]], which gave her the abilities of a Green Lantern. Choosing to follow in her father's footsteps, she became the superheroine Jade. She would later fight a manifestation of the Starheart and lose those abilities. |
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===Involvement in video games=== |
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After Jade was stripped of her powers, Kyle Rayner gave her a copy of Hal Jordan's power ring. When Rayner left Earth to restart the Green Lantern Corps, Jade donned the classic Green Lantern uniform and served as the planet's Green Lantern until losing the ring during a battle with the villain [[Fatality (comics)|Fatality]]. Later, when the ring was returned to her, she changed her Green Lantern uniform to a modified version of Rayner's. Jade continued to function as a Green Lantern until Rayner, as Ion, used his power to restore her connection to the Starheart. During [[Infinite Crisis]], she died while trying to stop [[Alexander Luthor, Jr.]] from destroying the universe to create a new multiverse. Upon her death, Jade returned her Starheart power to Rayner. |
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Other than films, Spielberg has also revealed an interest in [[video games]], revealing himself to be a gamer.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7260228.stm |title=Making games with Steven Spielberg}}</ref> In 2005 the director signed with [[Electronic Arts]] to collaborate on three games including a [[LMNO (video game)|currently unnamed action game]] and a puzzle game for the [[Wii]] called ''[[Boom Blox]]''. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://kotaku.com/353191/spielbergs-boom-blox-revealed |title=Spielberg's Boom Blox Revealed}}</ref> Previously, he was involved in creating the scenario for the adventure game ''[[The Dig]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.adventureclassicgaming.com/index.php/site/features/265/ |title=The Dig: in the deep of space, a curse is alive...}}</ref> He is also the creator of the [[Medal of Honor (series)|Medal of Honor]] series by [[Electronic Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/medal-of-honor-allied-assault/credits |title=Medal of Honor credits | accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> |
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===Upcoming projects=== |
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== Powers and abilities == |
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Spielberg is planning a [[Tintin (film)|motion capture film trilogy]] based on ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', with [[Peter Jackson]]. He will direct the first, which will be released by 2010 due to the necessary computer animation, while Jackson will direct the second which Spielberg will produce. The two will co-direct a third. After Tintin, Spielberg is expected to direct a remake of the South Korean film [[Oldboy]] with [[Will Smith]] in the lead. Meanwhile, he's announced his Intentions to film a [[Abraham Lincoln]] [[Biographical film|biopic]], titled ''[[Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]]'', starring [[Liam Neeson]], with a script based on the [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]] nonfiction novel Team of Rivals. he is also directing and produceing the film ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]''. |
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{{main|Power ring (weapon)}} |
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{{Refimprove|section|date=October 2007}} |
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Each Green Lantern wields a [[Power ring (weapon)|power ring]] that can generate a variety of effects, sustained purely by the ring wearer's strength of will. The greater the user's willpower, the more effective the ring. The limits of the power ring's abilities are not clearly defined and it has been referred to as "the most powerful weapon in the universe" on more than one occasion. Across the years, the ring has been shown capable of accomplishing ''anything'' within the imagination of the ring bearer. Stories in 2006 [[retcon]]ned the ring's long-established lack of effect on yellow objects, stating that the ring-wielder need only feel fear and overcome it in order to affect yellow objects. In one issue Kyle Rayner blows up an entire yellow sun in order to destroy a group of hundreds of unpopulated planets that held deadly sicknesses by manipulating the sun's energy to destroy itself. |
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''[[Jurassic Park IV]]'' is also in development. Another upcoming project is a miniseries which he will produce with Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman, titled ''[[The Pacific (miniseries)|The Pacific]]''. The miniseries will cost $150 million and will be a 10-part war miniseries in conjunction with the Australian [[Seven Network]]. The project is centered on the battles in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Writer [[Bruce McKenna]], who penned several installments of the first miniseries (''[[Band of Brothers]]''), is the head writer. Filming is expected to begin in August 2008 and will continue for a year, with locations mostly in Australia, to include Far North [[Queensland]], [[Melbourne]], and the [[Northern Territory]]. Producers have chosen to base the series at Melbourne's Central City Studios.<ref>{{cite news | last = Browne | first = MRachel | title = Australia set to score $150m deal for war epic | publisher = The Sydney Morning Herald | date = [[2007-04-08]] | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/film/australia-may-score-150m-deal-for-war-series/2007/04/07/1175366530195.html | accessdate = 2007-04-08}}</ref> He is also producing two untitled Fox TV series, one focusing on fashion, another on time-travellers from World War II.<ref>{{cite news | last = Schneider | first = Michael | title = Spielberg takes development role in Fox TV projects | publisher = Variety | date = 2006-12-11 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117955420.html?categoryid=14&cs=1 | accessdate = 2006-12-11}}</ref> |
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Power rings as used by various wielders have exhibited (but are not limited to) the following effects: |
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* Constructs of green 'solid-energy,' often of tremendous size and/or complexity. |
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* [[Flight#In fiction|Flight]], including flight at [[Faster-than-light|speeds beyond that of light]]. |
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* Plasma bolts. |
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* Ability to walk through walls by travelling through 'the Fourth Dimension' [Alan Scott] |
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* The rings can act as semi-sentient computers, including accessing the Book of [[Oa]], a massive database of everything from the laws of the Guardians and the Corps to the history of the universe. |
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* [[Time travel]]. |
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* The rings are still reliant on the lantern-shaped power batteries, but no longer limited to 24 hours' charge as they originally were. Kyle Rayner's ring was the first ring to absorb more power than originally thought, having stored the main power battery's energy following its explosion on [[Oa]]. |
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* [[Telepathy|Telepathic powers]]. |
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* [[Dolphin mind control]]. |
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* Translation of virtually all languages. |
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* [[Force field (science fiction)|Force field generation]]. |
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* [[Radiation]], including simulated [[kryptonite]] radiations. |
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* Generate "earplugs" to block out all telepathic communication and manipulation.<ref>''[[52 (comic book)|52]]'', Week #13. Writers [[Geoff Johns]], [[Grant Morrison]], [[Greg Rucka]] and [[Mark Waid]] Artists [[Todd Nauck]] and [[Marlo Alquiza]].</ref> |
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* Render user [[Invisibility|invisible]].<ref>''[[Identity Crisis (comics)|Identity Crisis]]'' #2</ref> |
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* ''Green Lantern: Rebirth'' revealed that only a certain ''type'' of willpower can use the ring effectively, as evidenced when Green Arrow's "cynical" willpower barely allows him to generate a single arrow and leaves him exhausted after this feat. |
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* Put humans into a state of suspended animation <ref> Justice League of America v1 #77 p18 Dec-1969"</ref> |
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===Themes=== |
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== In other media == |
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Spielberg's films often deal with several recurring themes. Most of his films deal with ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances. This is especially evident in the [[Indiana Jones]] series. In an [[American Film Institute|AFI]] interview in August 2000 Spielberg commented on his interest in the possibility of extra terrestrial life and how it has influenced some of his films. Spielberg described himself as feeling like an alien during childhood,<ref name="McBride">{{cite book| last = McBride| first = Joseph| title = Steven Spielberg| publisher = Faber and Faber|date=1997| id = ISBN 0-571-19177-0}}</ref> and his interest came from his father, a [[science fiction]] fan, and his opinion that aliens would not travel light years for conquest, but instead curiosity and sharing of knowledge.<ref>{{cite book| title = E.T. DVD Production Notes Booklet| publisher = Universal|date=2002}}</ref> |
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{{main|Green Lantern in other media}} |
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A strong consistent [[theme (literary)|theme]] in his family-friendly work is a childlike, even naïve, sense of wonder and faith, as attested by works such as ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'', ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'', [[Hook (film)|''Hook'']], and [[A.I. (film)|''A.I.'']]. According to Warren Buckland,<ref> Directed by Steven Spielberg: Poetics of the Contemporary Hollywood Blockbuster </ref> these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots, which have become one of Spielberg's directing trademarks. In the cases when his films include children (''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'', ''[[Empire of the Sun (film)|Empire of the Sun]]'', ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', etc.), this type of shot is more apparent, but it is also used in films like ''[[Munich (film)|Munich]]'', ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', ''[[The Terminal]]'', ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'', and ''[[Amistad (1997 film)|Amistad]]''. If one views each of his films, one will see this shot utilized by the director, notably the water scenes in ''Jaws'' are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming. Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age. In ''Empire of the Sun'', Jim, a well-groomed and spoiled English youth, loses his innocence as he suffers through World War II China. Similarly, in ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]'' Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them. |
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== Green Lantern oath == |
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Green Lantern is famous for the oath he recites when he charges his ring. Originally, the oath was simple: |
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{{cquote|'' |
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:''...and I shall shed my light over dark evil.''<br> |
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:''For the dark things cannot stand the light,''<br> |
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:''The light of the Green Lantern!''<br> |
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|||Alan Scott}} |
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(This oath was later given as an in-joke to [[Tomar-Re]], Green Lantern of sector 2813 and the first Lantern [[Hal Jordan]] met after Abin Sur.) |
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The most persistent theme throughout his films is tension in parent-child relationships. Parents (often fathers) are reluctant, absent or ignorant. Peter Banning in ''Hook'' starts off in the beginning of the film as a reluctant married-to-his-work parent who through the course of his film regains the respect of his children. The notable absence of Elliott's father in ''E.T.'', is the most famous example of this theme. In ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'', it is revealed that Indy has always had a very strained relationship with his father, who is a professor of medieval literature, as his father always seemed more interested in his work, specifically in his studies of the Holy Grail, than in his own son, although his father does not seem to realize or understand the negative effect that his aloof nature had on Indy (he even believes he was a good father in the sense that he taught his son "self reliance", which is not how Indy saw it). Even [[Oskar Schindler]], from ''[[Schindler's List]]'', is reluctant to have a child with his wife. ''[[Munich]]'' depicts Avner as man away from his wife and newborn daughter. There are of course exceptions; Brody in ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' is a committed family man, while John Anderton in ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'' is a shattered man after the disappearance of his son. This theme is arguably the most autobiographical aspect of Spielberg's films, since Spielberg himself was affected by his parents' divorce as a child and by the absence of his father. Furthermore to this theme, protagonists in his films often come from families with divorced parents, most notably ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' (protagonist Elliot's mother is divorced) and ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]'' (Frank Abagnale's mother and father split early on in the movie). Little known also is Tim in ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' (early in the movie another, secondary character mentions Tim and Lex's parents' divorce). The family often shown divided is often resolved in the ending as well. Following this theme of reluctant fathers and father figures, Tim looks to Dr. Alan Grant as a father figure. Initially, Dr. Grant is reluctant to return those paternal feelings to Tim . However, by the end of the film, he has changed, and the kids even fall asleep with their heads on his shoulders. |
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In the mid-1940s, this was revised into the form that became famous during the Hal Jordan era: |
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Most of his films are generally optimistic in nature. Critics frequently accuse his films of being overly sentimental, though Spielberg feels it's fine as long as it is disguised. The influence comes from directors [[Frank Capra]] and [[John Ford]].<ref name="culture show">{{cite video| title = The Culture Show| medium = TV| publisher = BBC | date = [[2006-11-04]]}}</ref> |
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{{cquote|'' |
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:''In brightest day, in blackest night,''<br> |
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:''No evil shall escape my sight''<br> |
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:''Let those who worship evil's might,''<br> |
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:''Beware my power...Green Lantern's light!''<br> |
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|||Hal Jordan/All Current Lanterns}} |
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===Contemporaries=== |
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The word "blackest" was often replaced with "darkest" to avoid racist connotations. The above is the most popular version of Green Lantern's oath. [[Science fiction]] writer [[Alfred Bester]], who wrote many Green Lantern stories in the 1940s, has been credited as the creator of this oath. However, in an interview with journalist [[F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre]] at the 1979 [[World Science Fiction Convention]] in Brighton, England, Bester stated that the brightest-day oath was already in place before he began writing for the character. |
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In terms of casting and production itself, Spielberg has a known trademark for working with actors and production members from his previous films. For instance he has cast [[Richard Dreyfuss]] in several movies: ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'', and ''[[Always (film)|Always]]''. Spielberg has also cast [[Harrison Ford]] for several of his movies from small roles, as the headteacher in a cut scene from ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' as well as in leading role in the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' films. Although while only directing him for only the one time (in [[Raiders of the Lost Ark]], as he voiced many of the animals), veteran voice actor [[Frank Welker]] has lent his voice in quite a lot of productions Speilberg has executively produced from [[Gremlins]] to its sequel [[Gremlins 2: The New Batch]] as well as [[The Land Before Time]] (and lending his voice to its sequels which Spielberg had no involvement in), as well as [[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]] and television shows such as [[Tiny Toons]], [[Animaniacs]], [[Seaquest DSV]]. Recently Spielberg has used the actor [[Tom Hanks]] on several occasions and has cast him in ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', ''[[Catch Me if You Can]]'', and ''[[The Terminal]]''. Spielberg also has collaborated with [[Tom Cruise]] twice on ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'' and ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]''. Spielberg prefers working with production members with whom he has developed an existing working relationship. An example of this is his production relationship with [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] who has served as producer on all his major films from ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' to the recent ''[[Munich (film)|Munich]]''. Other working relationships include [[Allen Daviau]], a childhood friend and cinematographer who shot the early Spielberg film ''[[Amblin']]'' and most of his films up to ''[[Empire Of The Sun]]''; [[Janusz Kaminski]] who has shot every Spielberg film since ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (see [[List of noted film director and cinematographer collaborations]]); and the film editor [[Michael Kahn (film editor)|Michael Kahn]] who has edited every single film directed by Spielberg from ''Close Encounters'' to ''Munich'' (except ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''). Most of the DVDs of Spielberg's films have documentaries by Laurent Bouzereau. |
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A famous example of Spielberg working with the same professionals is his long time collaboration with [[John Williams]] and the use of his musical scores in all of his films since ''[[The Sugarland Express]]'' (except ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' and ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''). One of Spielberg's trademarks is his use of music by John Williams to add to the visual impact of his scenes and to try and create a lasting picture and sound of the film in the memories of the film audience. These visual scenes often uses images of the sun (e.g ''Empire of the Sun'', ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', the final scene of ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', and the end credits of ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (where they ride into the sunset)), of which the last two feature a Williams score at that end scene. Spielberg is a contemporary of filmmakers [[George Lucas]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[Martin Scorsese]], [[John Milius]], and [[Brian De Palma]], collectively known as the "[[Movie Brats]]". Aside from his principal role as a director, Spielberg has acted as a producer for a considerable number of films, including early hits for [[Joe Dante]] and [[Robert Zemeckis]]. |
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The [[Pre-Crisis]] version of Hal Jordan has created the oath when he had three early adventures that inspired him on how he can defeat any attempt to elude him. For instance, he captured robbers who used a powerfully bright flare to blind everyone in an area by using his ring as a [[radar]] to find them (In brightest day). The second was when he tracked criminals hiding in a dark cave with a fog like dust suspension that reflected back any external light. Jordan solved the problem by making certain elements of the criminals' bodies grow from within the fog, allowing the Lantern to target them. (In blackest night). Finally, Jordan tracked down safecrackers after an inefficient aerial reconnaissance by detecting the faint shockwaves from the explosives use by the criminals and tracing it back (No evil shall escape my sight). |
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==Personal life== |
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It had been established in the past that each Green Lantern has his, her, or its own oath. For example, [[List of Green Lanterns#Medphyl|Medphyl]], the Green Lantern of the planet J586 (seen in ''[[Swamp Thing]]'' # 61, "All Flesh is Grass"), a planet where a sentient plant species lives, has the following oath: |
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===Marriages and children=== |
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From 1985 to 1989 Spielberg was married to actress [[Amy Irving]]. In their 1989 divorce settlement, she received $100 million from Spielberg after a judge controversially vacated a [[prenuptial agreement]] written on a napkin. Their divorce was recorded as the third most costly celebrity divorce in history.<ref>{{cite news | title = 'Most costly' celebrity divorces | publisher = BBC NEWS | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6552597.stm | date = April 13, 2007}}</ref> Following the divorce, Spielberg and Irving shared custody of their son, Max Samuel. |
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Spielberg subsequently developed a relationship with actress [[Kate Capshaw]], whom he met when he cast her in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]''. They married on October 12, 1991. Capshaw is a convert to [[Judaism]].<ref name="Capshaw">{{cite book | last =Pogrebin| first =Abigail| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk about Being Jewish| publisher =Bantam Dell Pub Group|date=2005| location =| pages=| month =October| url =| id =ISBN0767916123}}</ref> They currently move among their four homes in [[Pacific Palisades, California]]; [[New York City]]; [[East Hampton, NY]]; and [[Naples, Florida]]. |
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:In forest dark or glade beferned |
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:No blade of grass shall go unturned |
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:Let those who have the daylight spurned |
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:Tread not where this green lamp has burned. |
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There are nine children in the Spielberg-Capshaw family: |
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Other notable oaths include that of [[Jack T. Chance]]: |
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* [[Jessica Capshaw]] (August 9, 1976) - daughter from Capshaw's previous marriage to Robert Capshaw |
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* Max Samuel Spielberg (June 13, 1985) - son from Spielberg's previous marriage to Amy Irving |
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* Theo Spielberg (1988) - son adopted by Capshaw before her marriage to Steven; Steven later adopted Theo. <ref>[http://www.funtrivia.com/en/Celebrities/Spielberg-Steven-14300.html]</ref> |
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* Sasha Rebecca (May 14, 1990 in [[Los Angeles]])<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0818587/bio | title = Biography for Sasha Spielberg | publisher = IMDb | accessdate = 2008-01-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/calbirths?c=search&first=Sasha&last=Spielberg&spelling=Exact&4_year=&4_month=0&4_day=0&5=&7=&SubmitSearch.x=51&SubmitSearch.y=15 California Birth Index]</ref> |
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* Janet Sanders (November 28, 1990)<ref>[http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_home/2064:0/Steven_Spielberg.htm The Biography Channel - Steven Spielberg Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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* Sawyer Avery (March 10, 1992 in [[Los Angeles]])<ref>[http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/calbirths?c=search&first=Sawyer&last=Spielberg&spelling=Exact&4_year=&4_month=0&4_day=0&5=&7=&SubmitSearch.x=0&SubmitSearch.y=0 California Birth Index]</ref> |
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* Mikaela George (February 28, 1996) - adopted with Capshaw |
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* Destry Allyn (December 1, 1996) |
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Spielberg has several pets including a dog. His previous dog, Mikhaila, starred in several of his films in various guises including ''Jaws'', ''Close Encounters'', and ''1941''.<ref>[http://www.empireonline.com/features/spielbergat60/60.asp Empire: Features<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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:You who are wicked, evil and mean |
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:I'm the nastiest creep you've '''ever''' seen! |
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:Come one, come all, put up a fight |
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:I'll pound your butts with Green Lantern's light! |
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:Yowza. |
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{{hidden|Genealogy (adoptions in ''Italics'')| |
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and that of [[List of Green Lanterns#Rot Lop Fan|Rot Lop Fan]], a Green Lantern whose species lacks sight, and thus has no concepts of brightness, darkness, day, night, color, or lanterns: |
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{{familytree/start}} |
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | BC |-|-| AS |-|v|-| LA |-|-| BA | | | | | | | | | | | | | BC= Bernice Colner|AS=Arnold Spielberg|LA=Leah Posner|BA=Bernie Adler}} |
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{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | }} |
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{{familytree | AI |-|v|-| SS |-|v|-| KC |-|v|-| RC | | AS |-|-| DO | | SS2 | | NS | | AI=[[Amy Irving]]|SS=[[Steven Spielberg]]|KC=[[Kate Capshaw]]|RC=Robert Capshaw|AS=[[Anne Spielberg]]|DO=Danny Opatoshu|SS2=Sue Spielberg|NS=Nancy Spielberg}} |
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{{familytree | |,|-|-|'| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |`|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} |
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{{familytree | MSS | | | TC | | MG | | DAS | | | JC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MSS=Max Samuel Spielberg|TC=''Theo Capshaw (adopted)''|SS=Sasha Spielberg|SS2=Sawyer Spielberg|MG=''Mikaela George''|DAS=Destry Allyn Spielberg|JC=Jessica Capshaw}} |
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{{familytree/end}} |
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}} |
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===Starbright=== |
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:In loudest din or hush profound |
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In 1991 Steven Spielberg co-founded Starbright with Randy Aduana– a foundation dedicated to improving sick children's lives through technology-based programs focusing on entertainment and education. In 2002 Starbright merged with the Starlight Foundation forming what is now today – [[Starlight Starbright Children's Foundation]]. |
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:My ears catch evil's slightest sound |
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:Let those who toll out [[evil]]'s knell |
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:Beware my power, the [[Musical scale|F-Sharp]] [[Bell (instrument)|Bell]]! |
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===Politics=== |
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Since ''[[Green Lantern: Rebirth]]'' and the restart of the Green Lantern Corps, the only oath used has been the ''Brightest Day, Blackest Night'' version. |
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*Spielberg generally supports [[Democratic Party (United States)|U.S. Democratic Party]] candidates. He has donated over $800,000 for the Democratic party and its nominees. He has been a close friend of former President [[Bill Clinton]] and worked with the President for the USA Millennium celebrations. He directed an 18-minute film for the project, scored by [[John Williams]] and entitled ''The American Journey''. It was shown at America's Millennium Gala on December 31, 1999, in the [[National Mall]] at the [[Reflecting Pool]] at the base of the [[Lincoln Memorial]] in [[Washington D.C.]].<ref>{{cite news | title = The Clinton's Showbiz Celebration| publisher = BBC News| date = [[2000-01-01]]| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/586684.stm| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> |
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*Spielberg resigned as an advisory board member of his local boy scout council in 2001 because of his disapproval of the BSA's [[Boy Scouts of America membership controversies|anti-homosexuality stance]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Spielberg quits scouts 'over gay ban'| publisher = BBC| date = [[2001-04-17]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1281309.stm| accessdate = 2006-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywood.com/news/detail/id/386418|work= Hollywood.com|title=Spielberg resigns from Boy Scouts board |accessdate=2006-03-10}}</ref> |
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In Green Lantern 27, the [[Alpha Lanterns|Alpha Lanterns]] are revealed to have their own oath: |
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*Spielberg joined [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] and [[Haim Saban]] in endorsing the re-election of Hollywood friend [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Governor of California]], on August 7, 2006. |
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:In Days of peace, in nights of war |
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:Obey the Laws forever more |
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:Misconduct must be answered for, |
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:Swear us the chosen: The Alpha Corps! |
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*On February 20, 2007, Spielberg, Katzenberg, and [[David Geffen]] invited Democrats to a [[fundraiser]] for [[Barack Obama]],<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070126/ap_en_ot/celebrities_obama_8 Obama excites entertainment community] By JOCELYN NOVECK, AP National Writer</ref>. But on June 14, 2007, Spielberg endorsed [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] (D-NY) for President. While Geffen and Katzenberg supported Obama, Spielberg was always a supporter of Hillary Clinton. |
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=== Duck Dodgers' oath === |
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In the animated TV series ''[[Duck Dodgers]]'', Duck Dodgers temporarily becomes a Green Lantern after accidentally picking up Hal Jordan's laundry. In the first part of the episode, he forgets the real quote and makes up his own version: |
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*In February 2008, Spielberg pulled out of his role as advisor to the [[2008 Beijing Olympics]] in response to the Chinese government's inaction over the [[War in Darfur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Spielberg drops out as Beijing Olympics advisor|year=2008|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Rachel Abramowitz|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/la-et-spielberg13feb13,1,7027646.story?ctrack=2&cset=true |
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:In blackest day or brightest night |
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|accessdate=2007-02-13}}</ref> Spielberg said in a statement that "''I find that my conscience will not allow me to continue business as usual''".<ref>[http://www.asiaing.com/statement-from-steven-spielberg-regarding-beijing-2008-olympic-games.html Statement from Steven Spielberg, Regarding Beijing 2008 Olympic Games]</ref> It also said that "''Sudan's government bears the bulk of the responsibility for these on-going crimes, but the international community, and particularly China, should be doing more.''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Spielberg in Darfur snub to China|year=2008|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7242016.stm |
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:Watermelon, cantaloupe, yadda yadda |
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|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> The [[IOC]] respected Spielberg's decision, but IOC president [[Jacques Rogge]] admitted in an interview that "''[Spielberg] certainly would have brought a lot to the opening ceremony in terms of creativity.''"<ref>{{cite web|title=Rogge respect for Spielberg move|year=2008|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/7247590.stm |
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:Erm...[[Batman#Golden Age|superstitious and cowardly lot]] |
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|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> Spielberg's statement drew criticism from Chinese officials and state-run media calling his criticism "unfair."<ref>{{cite web|title=China hits back over Olympics row|year=2008|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7254479.stm |
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:[[Pledge of allegiance|With liberty and justice for all!]] |
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|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> Academy Award-nominated Chinese director [[Zhang Yimou]] ultimately directed the ceremonies, to wide international acclaim. |
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*In September 2008, Spielberg and his wife offered their support to [[same-sex marriage]], by issuing a statement following their donation of $100,000 to the "No on [[Proposition 8]]" campaign fund, a figure equal to the amount of money [[Brad Pitt]] donated to the same campaign less than a week prior.<ref>http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b30446_Spielberg_Makes_Like_Pitt__Supports_Same_Sex_Marriage.html</ref> |
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== Green Lantern parodies/references == |
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=== Comics === |
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*[[Quasar (Wendell Elvis Vaughn)|Quasar (Wendell Vaughn)]] - A character in [[Marvel Comics]] who like [[Hal Jordan]], [[John Stewart (comics)|John Stewart]], [[Guy Gardner (comics)|Guy Gardner]], [[Kyle Rayner]] and the rest of those in the [[Green Lantern Corps]], Vaughn was chosen to wear powerful "jewelry," in this case bracelets instead of a ring, by aliens (in this case [[Eon (comics)|Eon]]) to be a protector of the universe. As Quasar, Vaughn's powers were very similar to that of the various Green Lanterns in that he could create constructs of 'solid-energy,' often of tremendous size and/or complexity, fly at [[Faster-than-light|faster than lightspeed]], and create [[Force field (science fiction)|force fields]]. |
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*[[Phyla-Vell]] - After [[Quasar (Wendell Elvis Vaughn)|Wendell Vaughn]] was killed by [[Annihilus]], Annihilus claimed the [[Quasar (Wendell Elvis Vaughn)#Quantum Bands|Quantum Bands]] for himself until his defeat, who was aided by Phyla-Vell (the daughter of [[Mar-Vell|Captain Mar-Vell]]). After the defeat of Annihilus, Phyla claimed the Quantum Bands to become the new Quasar. |
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*[[Doctor Spectrum]] - Instead of a ring, Spectrum used a large diamond-shaped prism which projects all the colors of the spectrum. There are five versions of the character in [[Marvel Comics]] comic books, from both different [[alternate realities]] and from mainstream Marvel continuity. Some are : |
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**The version of Dr. Spectrum that had the most development was a member of the [[Squadron Supreme]]. Dr. Spectrum used to be an astronaut, adventurer and something of a playboy. On one of his space missions, he saved the life of a benevolent alien of the [[Skrull]] race. In gratitude for rescuing him, the Skrull gave Joe Ledger the Power Prism, an energy synthesizer his people had created. |
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**The version of Dr. Spectrum in ''[[Supreme Power]]'' series is a rebooted version of this character. In this version, Joseph (Joe) Daniel Ledger is a Colonel in the United States Army, who performs [[covert operations]] missions. He is considered the perfect soldier: an army man who follows any and all orders and is a natural killer. Joe Ledger was the only candidate who was focused and single minded enough to be able to control the power prism found in [[Hyperion (Supreme Power)|Hyperion]]'s space ship. |
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**An evil version of Dr. Spectrum was a member of the [[Squadron Sinister]]. Although the Squadron Sinister Dr. Spectrum preceded the Squadron Supreme version in appearance, the former is considered the original as the latter was revealed to be just a copy. |
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*[[Beacon (comics)|The Beacon]] - from [[Big Bang Comics]]. |
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**Beacon of Earth A, corresponding to the 1960s version: Dr. Julia Gardner |
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**Beacon of Earth B, corresponding to the 1940s version: Scott Martin |
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*The Green Ghost - from ''[[Invincible (comic)|Invincible]]'' series. |
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*[[Just'a Lotta Animals|Green Lambkin]] - a [[funny animal]] version, first appearing in ''[[Captain Carrot and his Amazing Zoo Crew]]'' #14, April 1983. Given his ring by the Goat-Guardians of the planet Uh-Oh, the Green Lambkin was a member of [[Just'a Lotta Animals]], fighting evil alongside heroes such as Batmouse and Super-Squirrel on the parallel world Earth C-Minus. |
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*In issue #10 of [[Warren Ellis]]' ''[[Planetary]]'', "Magic and Loss", there is a race of red-robed beings providing blue lanterns to those worthy of being "Policemen." One noble alien is selected, and a glowing blue lantern (a "mind-powered weapon") is placed within his chest. The alien, now capable of space-travel, heads to Earth where he is captured, [[Vivisection|vivisected]], and has the blue lantern extracted by Dr. Randall Dowling of [[the Four]], after having his powers nullified through the use of red-hued light. Following this, Lamplight gained the power of the lantern and joins the group [[Stormwatch (comics)|Stormwatch]], a multi-national superhero organization sponsored by the [[United Nations]]. |
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*[[Christian Walker]] becomes a member of the Millennium Guard, an agency similar in jurisdiction to the Green Lantern Corps, in ''[[Powers (comics)|Powers]]''. |
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== |
==Achievements== |
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[[Image:Steven Spielberg 1999 4.jpg|250px|thumb|Spielberg with a public service award from US Secretary of Defense William Cohen, 1999]] |
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*In the [[ReBoot]] TV series there is a group know as the Guardians. Their mission is to "mend and defend," they have Keytools, devices that are capable of almost infinite feats by just changing their configurations, thus showing a great similarity to the Power Rings. In the latest movie, the Keytool Glitch gain energy-based powers that work just like the Power Rings. |
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Spielberg is a winner of three Academy Awards. He has been nominated for six Academy Awards for the category of [[Academy Award for Directing|Best Director]], winning two of them (''[[Schindler's List]]'' and ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''), and seven of the films he directed were up for the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] Oscar (''Schindler's List'' won). In 1987 he was awarded [[The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]] for his work as a creative producer. |
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*The American sitcom ''[[Seinfeld]]'' made references to Green Lantern in three episodes: "[[The Barber (Seinfeld episode)|The Barber]]" (November 11, 1993), "[[The Stand In (Seinfeld episode)|The Stand In]]" (Feb. 25, 1994) and "[[The Strong Box (Seinfeld episode)|The Strong Box]]" (Feb. 5, 1998). |
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*The comic book read by Walt on the TV series [[Lost (TV series)|''Lost'']] is ''Green Lantern/Flash: Faster Friends'' #1. |
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*In the TV series [[Bones (TV series)|''Bones'']] Agent Booth is seen reading an episode of the Green Lantern in his bathtub during the season 3 finale "Pain in the Heart." Boreanaz supplied the voice of Hal Jordan in [[Justice League: New Frontier]]. |
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*In the Warner Brothers animated series ''[[Freakazoid!]]'', villain Armando Guitierrez, upon discovering that Freakazoid is not vulnerable to [[kryptonite]], attempts to menace him with a yellow piece of paper. Freakazoid shakes his head and says "That's the Green Lantern." |
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*The Green Swoosh as portrayed by the [[Johnny Bravo]]. His power does not come from a ring, but instead superpowered boots. |
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*In the UK comedy series [[Coupling (UK TV series)|''Coupling'']] (2001), there is a short reference to Green Lantern and his ring in the episode "Her Best Friend's Bottom" |
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*In an episode of ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'' titled "You Vegeta-believe It!", Dexter builds a gardening tool called the Green Thumb 1, which has several functions parodying the powers of Green Lantern's power ring. |
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*In an episode of ''[[Duck Dodgers]]'', Duck Dodgers has his dry cleaning mixed with the Green Lanterns and joins the Green Lantern Corps. |
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*On the reality animated TV parody show ''[[Drawn Together]]'', [[Captain Hero]] (when he is under stress) makes a reference that he wishes that the Green Lantern were there because "he always knew how to help me relax" |
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*In 2007, ls:tv (Leeds Student Television, a member of the [[National Student Television Association]]) aired a short sketch series entitled "The Green Intern" in a comedy program called "Bits". |
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*Bradin Westerly on the TV series ''[[Summerland (TV series)|Summerland]]'' is a Green Lantern fan. In an episode{{Fact|date=April 2007}}, he argues with another character about who knows more about Green Lantern. |
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*In ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', when asked by [[Marge Simpson|Marge]] about the significance of "[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]," [[Comic Book Guy]] mistakes it for the scream made by Green Lantern when thrown into a vat of acid by [[Sinestro]]. |
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*In the English TV series ''[[Whoops Apocalypse]]'', the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] and the [[Home Secretary]] briefly dress up as Green Lantern, Hawkman and the Flash. |
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Drawing from his own experiences in [[Scouting]], Spielberg helped the [[Boy Scouts of America]] develop a merit badge in cinematography. The badge was launched at the 1989 [[National Scout jamboree (Boy Scouts of America)|National Scout Jamboree]] which Spielberg attended, personally counseling many boys in their work on requirements. |
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=== Music === |
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*Green Lantern is mentioned in the hit 1966 song "[[Sunshine Superman (song)|Sunshine Superman]]" by Scottish [[folk music|folk]] musician [[Donovan]]. |
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*The [[New Zealand]] band the [[Mutton Birds]] has a song called "Green Lantern", about someone whose status in life has diminished. The refrain has the narrator assuring the subject, "you're still the Green Lantern to me." |
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*HipHop DJ [[DJ Green Lantern]] named himself after the character and is wearing a green hooded sweater with the Green Lantern insignia on the chest on the cover art for his ''Alive On Arrival'' CD. |
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That same year, 1989, was the release of ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''. The opening scene shows a teenage Indiana Jones in [[Uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts of America|scout uniform]] bearing the rank of a [[Life Scout]]. Spielberg stated he made Indiana Jones a Boy Scout in honor of his experience in Scouting. For his career accomplishments and service to others, Spielberg was awarded the [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Distinguished Eagle Scout Award| publisher = National Capital Area Council — Boy Scouts of America| url = http://www.boyscouts-ncac.org/pages/6207_distinguished_eagle_scout_award.cfm| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> |
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=== Movie === |
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Warner Bros. plans to make a movie based on [[Green Lantern]], with a tentative release in 2010. [[Matt Kohler]] is assigned to direct the film. The film will focus on [[Hal Jordan]] becoming the Green Lantern as well as his first assignment as a member of the [[Green Lantern Corps]] and will allegedly have cameos by [[Alan Scott]] and [[Guy Gardner]].<ref>[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117974886.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2562 "Berlanti Lights Up 'Green Lantern'", <i>Variety</i>, October 28, 2007]</ref>. The film is being produced by De Line Pictures <ref>[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117974886.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2562 "Berlanti Lights Up 'Green Lantern'", <i>Variety</i>, October 28, 2007]</ref>. |
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In 1999, Spielberg received an honorary degree from [[Brown University]]. Spielberg was also awarded the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] [[Awards and decorations of the United States government#Department of Defense|Medal for Distinguished Public Service]] by Secretary of Defense [[William Cohen]] at [[the Pentagon]] on August 11, 1999. Cohen presented Spielberg the award in recognition of his movie ''Saving Private Ryan''. |
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[[John Stewart (comics)|John Stewart]], [[Hal Jordan]]'s backup Green Lantern, was slated to appear in Warner Bros' 2009 live action [[Justice League#Film|Justice League]] movie, before it was shelved in April 2008.<ref>[http://screenrant.com/archives/justice-league-is-mortal-as-in-1584.html Justice League IS Mortal... As In: Dead - Screen Rant<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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In 2001, he was created a [[List of honourary British Knights|honorary Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Spielberg receives Royal honour | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1142446.stm | publisher = BBC NEWS | date = 2001-01-30}}</ref><ref>American usage of title [[Sir]]</ref><ref>[[Article One of the United States Constitution]] clause 9</ref> |
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In the 2008 animated movie, Justice League: The New Frontier, the film centers around the establishment of at least three new Heroes, Hal Jordan's Green Lantern among them. |
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In 2004 he was admitted as [[knight]] of the [[Légion d'honneur]] from president [[Jacques Chirac]].<ref>{{cite news| title = Le Président de la République remet les insignes de chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur à M. Steven Spielberg| publisher = Palais de l'Élysée| date = [[2004-09-05]] | language = French | url = http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais_archives/actualites/a_l_elysee/2004/septembre/popup/steven_spielberg_legion_d_honneur-photo_1-5.22276.html| accessdate = 2007-09-29}}</ref> On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the [[Chicago International Film Festival#Grand Prize: Gold Hugo|Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award]] at the Summer Gala of the [[Chicago International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news| title = Spielberg receives Lifetime Achievement Award| publisher = Chicago Film Festival| date = [[2006-07-17]]| url = http://www.chicagofilmfestival.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/CIFFSite.woa/wa/pages/SummerGala06| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> and also was awarded a [[Kennedy Center]] honour on December 3.<ref>{{cite news | title = Kennedy Center Honors Spielberg, Parton and Robinson | publisher = IMDb — Movie and TV news | date = [[2006-12-04]] | url = http://www.imdb.com/news/wenn/2006-12-04/#3 | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref> The tribute to Spielberg featured a short filmed biography narrated by [[Tom Hanks]] and included thank-yous from World War II veterans for ''Saving Private Ryan'', as well as a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein's ''Candide'', conducted by John Williams (Spielberg's frequent composer). |
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=== Other === |
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*[[Gregory Helms|The Hurricane]] - [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE)'s character. Gregory Helms is a comics fan and has a Green Lantern tattoo on his right shoulder. His love of comics was turned into a wrestling character or "gimmick". His favorite Lantern is Kyle Rayner. |
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*The Star Knights in the [[Mutants and Masterminds]] [[Role-playing game]] are a [[homage]] to the Green Lantern Corps. |
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*The protagonist of ''No More Magic'', a novel by [[Edward Irving Wortis|Avi]], is an avid reader of comic books, and in particular, a fan of the Green Lantern series. |
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*Green Lantern is a featured character in the short fan films ''Losing Lois Lane'' and ''Grayson''. Although these fan films are based respectively on the [[Superman]] and [[Batman]] mythos, Green Lantern is presumably featured for his long-time membership in the [[Justice League of America]]). |
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*Liberal pundit and blogger [[Matthew Yglesias]] has ascribed to [[conservatism|conservative]] advocates of [[United States|U.S.]] military intervention in the [[Middle East]] the "Green Lantern Theory of Geopolitics." Yglesias characterized adherents to this "theory" as people who believe "American military might" is like a Green Lantern's power ring, "that, roughly speaking, we can accomplish absolutely anything in the world through the application of sufficient military force. The only thing limiting us is a lack of willpower."<ref>Yglesias, Matthew. "[http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11732 Triumph of the Will]." ''The American Prospect,'' 18 July 2006.</ref> "The Green Lantern Theory" has since become an [[Internet meme|meme]] among liberal bloggers.<ref>Quiggin, John. "[http://crookedtimber.org/2006/12/21/the-empirical-basis-of-the-green-lantern-theory/ The Empirical Basis of the Green Lantern Theory]." ''Crooked Timber,'' 21 December 2006.</ref> |
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*In the movie ''[[I Am Legend (2008 film)|I Am Legend]]'' the bottom of a Green Lantern movie poster can be seen in the background accompanied by a [[Teen Titans]] movie poster above the "Box Sets" shelves behind a family of mannequins (a woman in white, a man in brown and two children) and a second Green Lantern poster can be seen on a column above two female mannequins as Will Smith is walking out of a store. (since the movie is set in the future this was put in as an [[easter egg (media)|easter egg]] by the director as possible movies to be made{{Fact|date=February 2008}}) |
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*In the videogame ''[[Astroseries]]'', the Rubitek warriors wear green clothing and have power rings capable of causing several different attacks. |
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In November 2007, he was chosen for [[Lifetime Achievement Award]] to be presented at the sixth annual [[Visual Effects Society Awards]] in February 2009. He was set to be honored with the [[Cecil B. DeMille Award]] at the January 2008 [[Golden Globes]]; however, the new, watered-down format of the ceremony result from conflicts from the [[2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike|2007-08 writers strike]], the HFPA postponed his honor to the 2009 ceremony.<ref>{{cite news | title = Spielberg to Receive Cecil B. DeMillle Award | publisher = ComingSoon.net | date = [[2007-11-14]] | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=39311 | accessdate=2007-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7179401.stm | title = Spielberg Globe honour 'deferred' | publisher = BBC NEWS | date = January 9, 2008}}</ref> In 2008, Spielberg was awarded the [[Légion d'honneur]].<ref>{{cite news | title = French honour for Steven Spielberg | publisher = [[The Press Association]] | date = [[2008-05-21]] | url = http://ukpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5jS1sYgmE95AtZeoVHxjt38GsqF1A | accessdate=2008-05-22}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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*[[Doctor Spectrum]] a [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] superhero based on the Green Lantern as a homage. |
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*[[Green Lantern Corps]] |
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*[[List of Green Lantern enemies]] |
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*[[List of Green Lanterns]] |
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*[[Power Ring (weapon)|Power Ring]] |
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*[[Sinestro Corps]] |
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In June 2008, Spielberg was the recipient of [[Arizona State University]]’s Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/541939/Steven Spielberg Receives Arizona State University Communication Award] Newswise, Retrieved on June 22, 2008.</ref> |
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== Footnotes == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== References == |
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*[http://www.emeralddawn.com/ Emerald Dawn] |
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*[http://www.jlresource.com/good/glc.php Green Lantern Corps. JLResource.com entry] |
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*[http://www.gammabase.com/rebirth/ Green Lantern Rebirth] |
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*[http://glcorps.dcuguide.com/book2.php The Book of OA] |
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==Criticism== |
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Spielberg, as a then co-owner of [[DreamWorks]], was involved in a heated debate in which the studio proposed building on the remaining [[wetland]]s in [[Southern California]], though development was later dropped.<ref>{{cite news | title = Entertainment Spielberg Studio Plan axed| publisher = BBC| date = [[1999-07-22]]| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/384010.stm| accessdate = 2006-10-30}}</ref> |
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Spielberg's films are often accused of leaning towards sentimentalism at the expense of other aspects of the film.<ref>{{cite web | title = A.I.: Artificial Intelligence | author = Thorsen, Tor | url = http://www.reel.com/movie.asp?MID=131724&Tab=reviews&CID=13 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5W5lgqisj |archivedate = 2008-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Saving Private Ryan (amazon.co.uk review) | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Saving-Private-Ryan-Tom-Hanks/dp/B00004D36D | accessdate = 2007-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Steven Spielberg on Senses of Cinema | author = Rowley, Stephen | url = http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/06/spielberg.html | accessdate = 2007-03-16 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5W5l7d4OV |archivedate=2008-03-05}}</ref> |
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== External links == |
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*[http://members.tripod.com/~Lantern_light/ The Green Lantern Shrine] |
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*[http://www.glcorps.org/ The Unofficial Green Lantern Corps Web Page] |
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*[http://darkmark6.tripod.com/green_lantern_index.html Index of Hal Jordan's (and John Stewart's) Earth-1 adventures] |
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[[French New Wave]] giant [[Jean-Luc Godard]] famously and publicly criticised Spielberg at the premiere of his film ''[[In Praise of Love]]''. Godard, who has continuously complained about the commercial nature of modern cinema, holds Spielberg partly responsible for the lack of artistic merit in mainstream cinema. Godard accused Spielberg of using his film to make a profit of tragedy while Schindler's wife lived in poverty in [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Bill Gibron | title = Short Cuts — Forgotten Gems: In Praise of Love | publisher = Pop Matters | date = [[2007-04-21]] | url = http://www.popmatters.com/pm/blogs/shortends_post/33421/short-cuts-forgotten-gems-in-praise-of-love-2001 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>. American artist and actor [[Crispin Glover]] (who starred in the Spielberg-produced ''[[Back to the Future]]'') also criticised Spielberg in his 2005 essay ''What Is It?''<ref>{{cite web| last = Glover| first = Crispin| authorlink = Crispin Glover| title = What Is It?| url = http://web.archive.org/web/20060503191918/http://thecrispincorner.com/essay.html| accessdate = 2007-09-01}}</ref>. Among Glover's accusations are that Spielberg purchased a sled used in [[Orson Welles]]'s 1941 film ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' for $50,000 but refused to fund Welles's would-be final film; that he received money from the [[United States government]] to promote his personal religious and cultural beliefs; and that he exploited tragedy for personal gain in the film ''[[Schindler's List]]''. |
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{{Green Lantern}} |
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Critics such as anti-mainstream film theorist [[Ray Carney]] also complain that Spielberg's films lack depth and do not take risks<ref>{{cite web | title = There's no Business like Show Business | author = Carney, Ray | url = http://people.bu.edu/rcarney/carncult/showbiz.shtml | accessdate = 2007-03-16}}</ref>. In Spielberg's defense, critic [[Roger Ebert]] argues that Spielberg is very talented and has also said, "Has Godard or any other director living or dead done more than Spielberg, with his Holocaust Project, to honor and preserve the memories of the survivors?"<ref>{{cite news | author = [[Roger Ebert]] | title = In Praise Of Love | publisher = Ebert | date = [[2002-10-18]] | publisher = Chicago Sun-Times | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20021018/REVIEWS/210180306/1023 |accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> |
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Spielberg's most intellectually respected proponent has been New York Press film critic Armond White, credited for writing the most substantive and persuasive arguments for Spielberg as a populist and humanist filmmaker. White's essays on The Color Purple (hailed as "post-modernist" and "feminist"), Minority Report, A.I. and Munich have been praised and argued-over as Spielberg's most insightful and appreciative critiques. White's view has done much to counter Spielberg's dismissal by most mainstream critics. |
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Some of Spielberg's most famous fans include film legends [[Ingmar Bergman]]<ref>{{cite web| title=När Bergman går på bio| url = http://sydsvenskan.se/nojen/article255225.ece | accessdate = 2007-08-27|archiveurl=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/vine/showpost.php?p=384322&postcount=1|archivedate=2002-05-12}}</ref> and [[Terry Gilliam]] (although he has criticised some of Spielberg's more recent work)<ref>{{cite web| title=Terry Gilliam bitter about Potter| url = http://www.wizardnews.com/story.20050829.html | accessdate = 2007-10-21}}</ref>. The late French filmmaker [[François Truffaut]] admired his work and took a role in Spielberg's film ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind''. |
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One of the most accomplished critical assessments of Spielberg's work as an artist and thinker was Gregory Solman's "Awakening to A.I.'s Dream" which was published in Senses of Cinema, Issue 27, July/August 2003. |
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An [[Free Hat|episode]] of ''[[South Park]]'', "[[Free Hat]]", satirizes Spielberg and Lucas for their revisions of previous films, such as ''E.T.'' and the ''Star Wars'' series. In the DVD commentary for this episode, [[Trey Parker|Parker]] and [[Matt Stone|Stone]], the makers of ''South Park'', assert that the films are being revised to make them more [[Political correctness|politically correct]] and profitable, disregarding the original work of art (Spielberg was specifically targeted for changes in the [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial#20th anniversary edition|20th Anniversary Edition of ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'']], such as a scene where police brandishing guns on a group of boys was digitally altered to replace the guns with walkie-talkies). However, Spielberg has commented in subsequent media interviews that the removal of the firearms from the policemen's hands was done as a personal favor to [[Drew Barrymore]], who starred in the film. Barrymore has outwardly expressed her dislike for guns, thus leading to the digital alterations done for ''E.T.''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s re-release. |
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Parker and Stone criticized Spielberg again in [[The China Probrem]], in which he and Lucas are accused by the boys of raping [[Indiana Jones]], a crime for which they are later on arrested. |
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==Filmography== |
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{{main|Steven Spielberg filmography}} |
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==Awards and nominations== |
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{{Expand-section|date=October 2008}} |
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===[[Academy Award for Best Director]]=== |
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*[[49th Academy Awards|1977]] - ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' |
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*[[53rd Academy Awards|1981]] - ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' |
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*[[54th Academy Awards|1982]] - ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' |
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*'''[[66th Academy Awards|1993]] - ''[[Schindler's List]] (win)''''' |
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*'''[[71st Academy Awards|1998]] - ''[[Saving Private Ryan]] (win)''''' |
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*[[78th Academy Awards|2005]] - ''[[Munich (film)|Munich]]'' |
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====[[Academy Award for Best Picture]]==== |
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*[[47th Academy Awards|1975]] - ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' |
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*[[53rd Academy Awards|1981]] - ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' |
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*[[55th Academy Awards|1982]] - ''[[E.T: The Extra-Terrestrial]]'' |
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*[[58th Academy Awards|1985]] - ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' |
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*'''[[66th Academy Awards|1993]] - ''[[Schindler's List]] (win)''''' |
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*[[71st Academy Awards|1998]] - ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' |
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*[[78th Academy Awards|2005]] - ''[[Munich (film)|Munich]]'' |
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*[[79th Academy Awards|2006]] - ''[[Letters from Iwo Jima]]'' (as producer) |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons|Steven Spielberg}} |
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*{{imdb name|id=0000229|name=Steven Spielberg}} |
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*{{tcmdb name|id=355283|name=Steven Spielberg}} |
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*{{senses|id=directors/06/spielberg|name=Steven Spielberg}} |
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*{{amg movie|id=2:112325|name=Steven Spielberg}} |
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*{{isfdb name}} |
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* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/spielberg.html Steven Spielberg Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)] |
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* [http://www.dreamworks.com/dreamworks_home.html Official website of Dreamworks] |
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* [http://www.vhf.org/ Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (founded by Spielberg)] |
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* ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' 100: [http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/spielberg.html Steven Spielberg] |
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*[http://www.theyshootpictures.com/spielbergsteven.htm They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?] |
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*[http://www.empireonline.com/features/spielbergat60/60.asp Spielberg at 60] - [[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |
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*[http://www.playmountain.net Fansite and forum "Playmountain", the successor of "Spielbergfilms"] |
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|NAME=Spielberg, Steven |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Academy Award-winning American film director and producer |
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|DATE OF BIRTH=December 18, 1946 |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Cincinnati, Ohio]], USA |
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Revision as of 00:23, 11 November 2008
Steven Spielberg | |
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![]() Spielberg speaking at the Pentagon on August 11, 1999. | |
Born | Steven Allan Spielberg |
Years active | 1964 - present |
Spouse(s) | Amy Irving (1985-1989) Kate Capshaw (1991-present) |
Awards | Saturn Award for Best Direction 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1993 Jurassic Park 2002 Minority Report Saturn Award for Best Writing 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind 2001 Artificial Intelligence: AI NBR Award for Best Director 1987 Empire of the Sun AFI Life Achievement Award 1995 Lifetime Achievement BSFC Award for Best Director 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1982 E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial 1993 Schindler's List Critics Choice Award for Best Director 1998 Saving Private Ryan 2002 Catch Me If You Can ; Minority Report NSFC Award for Best Director 1982 E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial 1993 Schindler's List Career Golden Lion 1993 Lifetime Achievement |
Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946)[1] is an American film director, screenwriter and producer. Forbes magazine places Spielberg's net worth at $3.1 billion.[2] In 2006, the magazine Premiere listed him as the most powerful and influential figure in the motion picture industry. Time listed him as one of the 100 Greatest People of the Century. At the end of the twentieth century, Life named him the most influential person of his generation.[3] In a career of almost four decades, Spielberg's films have touched on many themes and genres. Spielberg's early sci-fi and adventure films, sometimes centering on children, were seen as an archetype of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years his movies began addressing such issues as the Holocaust, slavery, war and terrorism. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for 1993's Schindler's List and 1998's Saving Private Ryan. Three of Spielberg's films, Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Jurassic Park (1993), broke box office records, each becoming the highest-grossing film made at the time.
Early life
Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Jewish parents Leah Adler (née Posner), a restaurateur and concert pianist, and Arnold Spielberg, a computer engineer.[4] Throughout his early teens, Spielberg made amateur 8 mm "adventure" movies with his friends, the first of which he shot at a restaurant (Pinnacle Peak Patio) in Scottsdale, Arizona. He charged admission (25 cents) to his home movies (which involved the wrecks he staged with his Lionel train set) while his sister sold popcorn.
He became a Boy Scout and in 1958, he fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight.[5] Spielberg recalled years later to a magazine interviewer, "My dad’s still camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father’s movie camera. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western. I made it and got my merit badge. That was how it all started."[6] At age 13, Spielberg won a prize for a 40-minute war movie he titled "Escape to Nowhere". In 1963, at age 16, Spielberg wrote and directed his first independent movie, a 140-minute science fiction adventure called Firelight (which would later inspire Close Encounters). The movie, which had a budget of US$400, was shown in his local movie theater and generated a profit of $100.
After his parents divorced, he moved to California with his father. His three sisters and mother remained in Arizona, where he attended Passover seders at the home of Zalman and Pearl Segal on an annual basis. Although he attended Arcadia High School in Phoenix, Arizona for three years, Spielberg ended up graduating from Saratoga High School in Saratoga, California, in 1965, which he called the "worst experience" of his life and "hell on Earth".[7] It was during this time Spielberg attained the rank of Eagle Scout.
After moving to California, he applied to attend film school at the University of Southern California School of Theater, Film and Television three separate times but was unsuccessful due to his C grade average. He attended California State University, Long Beach. While attending Long Beach State in the 1960s, Spielberg became member of Theta Chi Fraternity. His actual career began when he returned to Universal studios as an unpaid, seven-day-a-week intern and guest of the editing department. After Spielberg became famous, USC awarded him an honorary degree in 1994, and in 1996 he became a trustee of the university.[8] [9] In 2002, thirty-five years after starting college, Spielberg finished his degree via independent projects at CSULB, and was awarded a B.A. in Film Production and Electronic Arts with an option in Film/Video Production.[9]
As an intern and guest of Universal Studios, Spielberg made his first short film for theatrical release, the 24 minute movie Amblin' in 1968.[4] After Sidney Sheinberg, then the vice-president of production for Universal's TV arm, saw the film, Spielberg became the youngest director ever to be signed to a long-term deal with a major Hollywood studio (Universal). He dropped out of Long Beach State in 1969 to take the television director contract at Universal Studios and began his career as a professional director.
Early career (1968–1975)
His first professional TV job came when he was hired to do one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery. The segment, "Eyes", starred Joan Crawford (who was very supportive of her twenty-two year-old rookie director), and she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death. The episode is unusual in his body of work, in that the camerawork is more highly stylized than his later, more "mature" films. After this, and an episode of Marcus Welby, M.D., Spielberg got his first feature-length assignment: an episode of Name of the Game called "L.A. 2017". This futuristic science fiction episode impressed Universal Studios and they signed him on a short contract. He did another segment on Night Gallery and did some work for shows such as Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist before landing the first series episode of Columbo (previous episodes were actually TV movies).
Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do three TV movies. The first was a Richard Matheson adaptation called Duel about a monstrous tanker truck which tries to run a small car off the road. Special praise of this film by the influential British critic Dilys Powell was highly significant to Spielberg's career. Another TV film (Something Evil) was made and released to capitalize on the popularity of The Exorcist, then a major best-selling book which had not yet been released as a movie. He fulfilled his contract by directing the TV movie length pilot of a show called Savage, starring Martin Landau. Spielberg's debut theatrical feature film was The Sugarland Express, about a married couple who are chased by police as the couple tries to regain custody of their baby. Spielberg's cinematography for the police chase was praised by reviewers, and The Hollywood Reporter stated that "a major new director is on the horizon".[10] However, the film fared poorly at the box office and received a limited release.
Studio producers Richard Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director's chair for Jaws, a horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer-shark. Spielberg has often referred to the grueling shoot as his professional crucible. Despite the film's ultimate, enormous success, it was nearly shut down due to delays and budget over-runs.
But Spielberg persevered and finished the film. It was an enormous hit, winning three Academy Awards (for editing, original score and sound) and grossing $470,653,000 worldwide at the box office. It also set the domestic record for box office gross, leading to what the press described as "Jawsmania".[11] Jaws made him a household name, as well as one of America's youngest multi-millionaires, and allowed Spielberg a great deal of autonomy for his future projects.[12] It was nominated for Best Picture and featured Spielberg's first of three collaborations with actor Richard Dreyfuss.
Mainstream breakthrough (1975–1994)
Rejecting offers to direct Jaws 2,[13] King Kong and Superman, Spielberg and actor Richard Dreyfuss re-convened to work on a film about UFOs, which became Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). One of the rare movies both written and directed by Spielberg, Close Encounters was a critical and box office hit, giving Spielberg his first Best Director nomination from the Academy as well as earning six other Academy Awards nominations. It won Oscars in two categories (Cinematography, Vilmos Zsigmond, and a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing, Frank E. Warner). This second blockbuster helped to secure Spielberg's rise. His next film, 1941, a big-budgeted World War II farce, flopped with audiences and critics alike.
Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and, with financial backing from Columbia Pictures, released Close Encounters: The Special Edition in 1980. For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, shot additional footage showing the audience the interior of the mothership seen at the end of the film (a decision Spielberg would later regret as he felt the interior of the mothership should have remained a mystery).
Next, Spielberg teamed with Star Wars creator and friend George Lucas on an action adventure film. Raiders of the Lost Ark, the first of the Indiana Jones films, was an homage to the cliffhanger serials of the Golden Age of Hollywood, with Harrison Ford (whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars films) as the archaeologist and adventurer hero Indiana Jones. It became the biggest film at the box office in 1981, and the recipient of numerous Oscar nominations including Best Director (Spielberg's second nomination) and Best Picture (the second Spielberg film to be nominated for Best Picture). Raiders is still considered a landmark example of the action genre.
A year later, Spielberg returned to the science fiction genre with E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. It was the story of a young boy and the alien whom he befriends, who was accidentally left behind by his people and is trying to get back home to outer space. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial went on to become the top-grossing film of all time until it was beaten by another of his films, Jurassic Park, in 1993. E.T. was also nominated for nine Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director.
Between 1982 and 1985, Spielberg produced three high-grossing movies: Poltergeist (for which he also co-wrote the screenplay), a big-screen adaptation of The Twilight Zone (for which he directed the segment "Kick The Can"), and The Goonies.
His next directorial feature was the Raiders prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Teaming up once again with Lucas and Ford, the film was plagued with uncertainty for the material and script. Reviews were generally less positive than they were for its predecessor (although critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and Pauline Kael praised the movie after criticizing the original), and it was criticized for lacking the energy of the original, its questionable depiction of East Indian culture [citation needed], and for the level of violence in a movie with a large audience of young viewers. This film and the Spielberg-produced Gremlins led to the creation of the PG-13 rating due to the high level of violence in movies targeted at younger audiences. In spite of this, Temple of Doom is rated PG by the MPAA, even though it is the darkest and, possibly, most violent "Indy" movie yet. Nonetheless, the film was still a huge blockbuster hit in 1984. It was on this project that Spielberg also met his future wife, actress Kate Capshaw.
In 1985, Spielberg released The Color Purple, an adaptation of Alice Walker's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name, about a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America. Starring Whoopi Goldberg and future talk-show superstar Oprah Winfrey, the film was a box office smash and critics hailed Spielberg's successful foray into the dramatic genre. Roger Ebert proclaimed it the best movie of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive. The film received eleven Academy Award nominations, including two for Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey. However, much to the surprise of many, Spielberg did not get a Best Director nomination. The Color Purple is the second of two Spielberg films not to be scored by John Williams, the first being Duel.
In 1987, as China began opening to the world, Spielberg shot the first American movie in Shanghai since the 1930s, an adaptation of J.G. Ballard's autobiographical novel Empire of the Sun, starring John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale. The film garnered much praise from critics and was nominated for several Oscars, but did not yield substantial box office revenues. Reviewer Andrew Sarris called it the best film of the year and later included it among the best films of the decade.[14]
After two forays into more serious dramatic films, Spielberg then directed the third Indiana Jones film, 1989's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Once again teaming up with Lucas and Ford, Spielberg also cast actor Sean Connery in a supporting role as Ford's father. The film earned generally positive reviews and was another box office success, becoming the highest grossing film worldwide that year; its total box office receipts even topped those of Tim Burton's much-anticipated film Batman, which had been the bigger hit domestically. Also in 1989, he re-united with actor Richard Dreyfuss for the romantic comedy-drama Always, about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires. Spielberg's first romantic film, Always was only a moderate success and had mixed reviews.
In 1991, Spielberg directed Hook, about a middle-aged Peter Pan, played by Robin Williams, who returns to Neverland. Despite innumerable rewrites and creative changes coupled with mixed reviews, the film made $300 million worldwide (from a budget of $70 million).
In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with the film version of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park, about a theme park with genetically engineered dinosaurs. With revolutionary special effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light and Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest grossing film ever.
Spielberg's next film, Schindler's List, was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 people from the Holocaust.[15] Schindler's List earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg used the profits to set up the Shoah Foundation, a non-profit organization that archives filmed testimony of the Holocaust survivors. Some critics maintain that Schindler's List is the most accurate portrayal of the Holocaust, and in 1997 the American Film Institute listed it among the 10 Greatest American Films ever Made (#9).
Since 1997
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Spielberg1990.jpg/220px-Spielberg1990.jpg)
In 1994, Spielberg took a hiatus from directing to spend more time with his family and build his new studio, DreamWorks.[16] In 1997, he helmed the sequel to 1993's Jurassic Park with The Lost World: Jurassic Park, which generated over $618 million worldwide despite mixed reviews, and was the second biggest hit of 1997 behind James Cameron's Titanic (which topped the original Jurassic Park to become the new recordholder for box office receipts).
His next film, Amistad, was based on a true story (like Schindler's List), specifically about an African slave rebellion. Despite decent reviews from critics, it did not do well at the box office. Spielberg released Amistad under DreamWorks Pictures,[17] which has issued all of his movies since Amistad, a streak that ended in May 2008 (see below).
In 1998, Spielberg released the World War II film Saving Private Ryan, about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) who try to find a soldier missing in France. The film was again, a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the U.S./domestic box office. Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war movies such as Black Hawk Down and Enemy at the Gates. The film was also the first major hit for DreamWorks, which co-produced the film with Paramount Pictures (as such, it was Spielberg's first release from the latter that was not part of the Indiana Jones series). Later, Spielberg and Hanks produced a TV mini-series based on Stephen Ambrose's book Band of Brothers. The ten-part HBO mini-series follows Easy Company of the 101st Airborne Division's 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The series won a number of awards at the Golden Globes and the Emmys.
In 2001, Spielberg filmed fellow director and friend Stanley Kubrick's final project, A.I.: Artificial Intelligence which Kubrick was unable to begin during his lifetime. A futuristic movie about a humanoid android longing for love, A.I. featured groundbreaking visual effects and a multi-layered, allegorical storyline, adapted by Spielberg himself.
Spielberg and actor Tom Cruise collaborated for the first time for the futuristic neo-noir Minority Report, based upon the sci-fi short story written by Philip K. Dick about a Washington, D.C., police captain who has been foreseen to murder a man he has not yet met. The film received strong reviews with the review tallying website rottentomatoes.com reporting that 199 out of the 217 reviews they tallied were positive.[18] The film was praised as a futuristic homage to film noir, with its intelligent premise and "whodunit" structure. The film earned over $358 million worldwide. Roger Ebert, who named it the best film of 2002, praised its breathtaking vision of the future as well as for the way Spielberg blended CGI with live-action.[19]
Spielberg's 2002 film Catch Me If You Can is about the daring adventures of a youthful con artist (played by Leonardo DiCaprio). It earned Christopher Walken an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. The film is known for John Williams' score and its unique title sequence. It was a hit both commercially and critically.
Spielberg collaborated again with Tom Hanks along with Catherine Zeta-Jones and Stanley Tucci in 2004's The Terminal, a warm-hearted comedy about a man of Eastern European descent who is stranded in an airport. It received mixed reviews but performed relatively well at the box office. In 2005, Empire magazine ranked Spielberg number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time.
Also in 2005, Spielberg directed a modern adaptation of War of the Worlds (a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks), based on the H. G. Wells book of the same name (Spielberg had been a huge fan of the book and the original 1953 film). It starred Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning, and, as with past Spielberg films, Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) provided the visual effects. Unlike E.T. and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which depicted friendly alien visitors, War of the Worlds featured violent invaders. The film was another huge box office smash, grossing over $591 million worldwide.
Spielberg's film Munich, about the events following the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games, was his second film essaying Jewish relations in the world (the first being Schindler's List). The film is based on Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team, a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas– a book whose veracity has been largely questioned by journalists.[20] The film received strong critical praise, but underperformed at the U.S. and world box-office; it remains one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date.[21] Munich received five Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture, Film Editing, Original Music Score (by John Williams), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Director for Spielberg. It was Spielberg's sixth Best Director nomination and fifth Best Picture nomination.
Spielberg directed Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, which wrapped filming in October 2007 and was released on May 22, 2008.[22][23] This was his first film not to be released by DreamWorks since 1997. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, and has performed very well in theaters. As of June 30 2008, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull has grossed $315 million domestically, and over $780 million worldwide.
Production credits
Since the mid-1980s Spielberg has increased his role as a film producer. He headed up the production team for several cartoons, including the Warner Brothers hits Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!, for which he collaborated with Jean MacCurdy and Tom Ruegger. Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animated features, An American Tail and The Land Before Time. He was furthermore, for a short time, the executive producer of the long-running medical drama ER. In 1989, he brought the concept of The Dig to LucasArts. He contributed with the project from that time to 1995 when the game was released. He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the multimedia game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair, which was released in 1996. Spielberg appears, as himself, in the game to direct the player. Spielberg was branded for a Lego Moviemaker kit, the proceeds of which went to the Starbright Foundation.
In 1993, Spielberg acted as executive producer for the highly anticipated television series seaQuest DSV; a science fiction series set "in the near future" starring Roy Scheider (who Spielberg had directed in Jaws) and Jonathan Brandis akin to Star Trek: The Next Generation that aired on Sundays at 8:00 p.m. on NBC. While the first season was moderately successful, the second season did less well. Spielberg's name no longer appeared in the third season and the show was cancelled mid way through the third season.
Spielberg served as an uncredited executive producer on The Haunting, The Prince of Egypt, Shrek, and Evolution. In 2005, he served as a producer of Memoirs of a Geisha, an adaptation of the best-selling novel by Arthur Golden, a film he was previously attached to as director. In 2006 Spielberg co-executive produced with famed filmmaker Robert Zemeckis a CGI children's movie called Monster House, marking their first collaboration together since 1990's Back to the Future Part III. He also teamed with Clint Eastwood for the first time in their careers, co-producing Eastwood's Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima with Robert Lorenz and Eastwood himself. He earned his twelfth Academy Award nomination for the latter film as it was nominated for Best Picture. Recently Spielberg served as executive producer for Disturbia and the Transformers live action film with Brian Goldner, an employee of Hasbro. The film was directed by Michael Bay and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman.
Other major television series Spielberg produced were Band of Brothers and Taken. He was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed 2005 TV miniseries Into the West which won two Emmy awards, including one for Geoff Zanelli's score.
In 2007, Steven Spielberg and Mark Burnett co-produced On the Lot an ill-fated TV reality show about filmmaking.
Acting credits
Steven Spielberg had cameo roles in The Blues Brothers, Gremlins, Vanilla Sky, and Austin Powers in Goldmember, as well as small uncredited cameos in a handful of other films.
Involvement in video games
Other than films, Spielberg has also revealed an interest in video games, revealing himself to be a gamer.[24] In 2005 the director signed with Electronic Arts to collaborate on three games including a currently unnamed action game and a puzzle game for the Wii called Boom Blox. [25] Previously, he was involved in creating the scenario for the adventure game The Dig.[26] He is also the creator of the Medal of Honor series by Electronic Arts.[27]
Upcoming projects
Spielberg is planning a motion capture film trilogy based on The Adventures of Tintin, with Peter Jackson. He will direct the first, which will be released by 2010 due to the necessary computer animation, while Jackson will direct the second which Spielberg will produce. The two will co-direct a third. After Tintin, Spielberg is expected to direct a remake of the South Korean film Oldboy with Will Smith in the lead. Meanwhile, he's announced his Intentions to film a Abraham Lincoln biopic, titled Lincoln, starring Liam Neeson, with a script based on the Doris Kearns Goodwin nonfiction novel Team of Rivals. he is also directing and produceing the film Interstellar.
Jurassic Park IV is also in development. Another upcoming project is a miniseries which he will produce with Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman, titled The Pacific. The miniseries will cost $150 million and will be a 10-part war miniseries in conjunction with the Australian Seven Network. The project is centered on the battles in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Writer Bruce McKenna, who penned several installments of the first miniseries (Band of Brothers), is the head writer. Filming is expected to begin in August 2008 and will continue for a year, with locations mostly in Australia, to include Far North Queensland, Melbourne, and the Northern Territory. Producers have chosen to base the series at Melbourne's Central City Studios.[28] He is also producing two untitled Fox TV series, one focusing on fashion, another on time-travellers from World War II.[29]
Themes
Spielberg's films often deal with several recurring themes. Most of his films deal with ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances. This is especially evident in the Indiana Jones series. In an AFI interview in August 2000 Spielberg commented on his interest in the possibility of extra terrestrial life and how it has influenced some of his films. Spielberg described himself as feeling like an alien during childhood,[30] and his interest came from his father, a science fiction fan, and his opinion that aliens would not travel light years for conquest, but instead curiosity and sharing of knowledge.[31]
A strong consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike, even naïve, sense of wonder and faith, as attested by works such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, and A.I.. According to Warren Buckland,[32] these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots, which have become one of Spielberg's directing trademarks. In the cases when his films include children (E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park, etc.), this type of shot is more apparent, but it is also used in films like Munich, Saving Private Ryan, The Terminal, Minority Report, and Amistad. If one views each of his films, one will see this shot utilized by the director, notably the water scenes in Jaws are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming. Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age. In Empire of the Sun, Jim, a well-groomed and spoiled English youth, loses his innocence as he suffers through World War II China. Similarly, in Catch Me If You Can Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them.
The most persistent theme throughout his films is tension in parent-child relationships. Parents (often fathers) are reluctant, absent or ignorant. Peter Banning in Hook starts off in the beginning of the film as a reluctant married-to-his-work parent who through the course of his film regains the respect of his children. The notable absence of Elliott's father in E.T., is the most famous example of this theme. In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, it is revealed that Indy has always had a very strained relationship with his father, who is a professor of medieval literature, as his father always seemed more interested in his work, specifically in his studies of the Holy Grail, than in his own son, although his father does not seem to realize or understand the negative effect that his aloof nature had on Indy (he even believes he was a good father in the sense that he taught his son "self reliance", which is not how Indy saw it). Even Oskar Schindler, from Schindler's List, is reluctant to have a child with his wife. Munich depicts Avner as man away from his wife and newborn daughter. There are of course exceptions; Brody in Jaws is a committed family man, while John Anderton in Minority Report is a shattered man after the disappearance of his son. This theme is arguably the most autobiographical aspect of Spielberg's films, since Spielberg himself was affected by his parents' divorce as a child and by the absence of his father. Furthermore to this theme, protagonists in his films often come from families with divorced parents, most notably E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (protagonist Elliot's mother is divorced) and Catch Me If You Can (Frank Abagnale's mother and father split early on in the movie). Little known also is Tim in Jurassic Park (early in the movie another, secondary character mentions Tim and Lex's parents' divorce). The family often shown divided is often resolved in the ending as well. Following this theme of reluctant fathers and father figures, Tim looks to Dr. Alan Grant as a father figure. Initially, Dr. Grant is reluctant to return those paternal feelings to Tim . However, by the end of the film, he has changed, and the kids even fall asleep with their heads on his shoulders.
Most of his films are generally optimistic in nature. Critics frequently accuse his films of being overly sentimental, though Spielberg feels it's fine as long as it is disguised. The influence comes from directors Frank Capra and John Ford.[33]
Contemporaries
In terms of casting and production itself, Spielberg has a known trademark for working with actors and production members from his previous films. For instance he has cast Richard Dreyfuss in several movies: Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always. Spielberg has also cast Harrison Ford for several of his movies from small roles, as the headteacher in a cut scene from E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial as well as in leading role in the Indiana Jones films. Although while only directing him for only the one time (in Raiders of the Lost Ark, as he voiced many of the animals), veteran voice actor Frank Welker has lent his voice in quite a lot of productions Speilberg has executively produced from Gremlins to its sequel Gremlins 2: The New Batch as well as The Land Before Time (and lending his voice to its sequels which Spielberg had no involvement in), as well as Who Framed Roger Rabbit and television shows such as Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, Seaquest DSV. Recently Spielberg has used the actor Tom Hanks on several occasions and has cast him in Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me if You Can, and The Terminal. Spielberg also has collaborated with Tom Cruise twice on Minority Report and War of the Worlds. Spielberg prefers working with production members with whom he has developed an existing working relationship. An example of this is his production relationship with Kathleen Kennedy who has served as producer on all his major films from E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to the recent Munich. Other working relationships include Allen Daviau, a childhood friend and cinematographer who shot the early Spielberg film Amblin' and most of his films up to Empire Of The Sun; Janusz Kaminski who has shot every Spielberg film since Schindler's List (see List of noted film director and cinematographer collaborations); and the film editor Michael Kahn who has edited every single film directed by Spielberg from Close Encounters to Munich (except E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial). Most of the DVDs of Spielberg's films have documentaries by Laurent Bouzereau.
A famous example of Spielberg working with the same professionals is his long time collaboration with John Williams and the use of his musical scores in all of his films since The Sugarland Express (except The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie). One of Spielberg's trademarks is his use of music by John Williams to add to the visual impact of his scenes and to try and create a lasting picture and sound of the film in the memories of the film audience. These visual scenes often uses images of the sun (e.g Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, the final scene of Jurassic Park, and the end credits of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (where they ride into the sunset)), of which the last two feature a Williams score at that end scene. Spielberg is a contemporary of filmmakers George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma, collectively known as the "Movie Brats". Aside from his principal role as a director, Spielberg has acted as a producer for a considerable number of films, including early hits for Joe Dante and Robert Zemeckis.
Personal life
Marriages and children
From 1985 to 1989 Spielberg was married to actress Amy Irving. In their 1989 divorce settlement, she received $100 million from Spielberg after a judge controversially vacated a prenuptial agreement written on a napkin. Their divorce was recorded as the third most costly celebrity divorce in history.[34] Following the divorce, Spielberg and Irving shared custody of their son, Max Samuel.
Spielberg subsequently developed a relationship with actress Kate Capshaw, whom he met when he cast her in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. They married on October 12, 1991. Capshaw is a convert to Judaism.[35] They currently move among their four homes in Pacific Palisades, California; New York City; East Hampton, NY; and Naples, Florida.
There are nine children in the Spielberg-Capshaw family:
- Jessica Capshaw (August 9, 1976) - daughter from Capshaw's previous marriage to Robert Capshaw
- Max Samuel Spielberg (June 13, 1985) - son from Spielberg's previous marriage to Amy Irving
- Theo Spielberg (1988) - son adopted by Capshaw before her marriage to Steven; Steven later adopted Theo. [36]
- Sasha Rebecca (May 14, 1990 in Los Angeles)[37][38]
- Janet Sanders (November 28, 1990)[39]
- Sawyer Avery (March 10, 1992 in Los Angeles)[40]
- Mikaela George (February 28, 1996) - adopted with Capshaw
- Destry Allyn (December 1, 1996)
Spielberg has several pets including a dog. His previous dog, Mikhaila, starred in several of his films in various guises including Jaws, Close Encounters, and 1941.[41]
Bernice Colner | Arnold Spielberg | Leah Posner | Bernie Adler | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amy Irving | Steven Spielberg | Kate Capshaw | Robert Capshaw | Anne Spielberg | Danny Opatoshu | Sue Spielberg | Nancy Spielberg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Max Samuel Spielberg | Theo Capshaw (adopted) | Mikaela George | Destry Allyn Spielberg | Jessica Capshaw | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Starbright
In 1991 Steven Spielberg co-founded Starbright with Randy Aduana– a foundation dedicated to improving sick children's lives through technology-based programs focusing on entertainment and education. In 2002 Starbright merged with the Starlight Foundation forming what is now today – Starlight Starbright Children's Foundation.
Politics
- Spielberg generally supports U.S. Democratic Party candidates. He has donated over $800,000 for the Democratic party and its nominees. He has been a close friend of former President Bill Clinton and worked with the President for the USA Millennium celebrations. He directed an 18-minute film for the project, scored by John Williams and entitled The American Journey. It was shown at America's Millennium Gala on December 31, 1999, in the National Mall at the Reflecting Pool at the base of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C..[42]
- Spielberg resigned as an advisory board member of his local boy scout council in 2001 because of his disapproval of the BSA's anti-homosexuality stance.[43][44]
- Spielberg joined Jeffrey Katzenberg and Haim Saban in endorsing the re-election of Hollywood friend Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Republican Governor of California, on August 7, 2006.
- On February 20, 2007, Spielberg, Katzenberg, and David Geffen invited Democrats to a fundraiser for Barack Obama,[45]. But on June 14, 2007, Spielberg endorsed Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-NY) for President. While Geffen and Katzenberg supported Obama, Spielberg was always a supporter of Hillary Clinton.
- In February 2008, Spielberg pulled out of his role as advisor to the 2008 Beijing Olympics in response to the Chinese government's inaction over the War in Darfur.[46] Spielberg said in a statement that "I find that my conscience will not allow me to continue business as usual".[47] It also said that "Sudan's government bears the bulk of the responsibility for these on-going crimes, but the international community, and particularly China, should be doing more.".[48] The IOC respected Spielberg's decision, but IOC president Jacques Rogge admitted in an interview that "[Spielberg] certainly would have brought a lot to the opening ceremony in terms of creativity."[49] Spielberg's statement drew criticism from Chinese officials and state-run media calling his criticism "unfair."[50] Academy Award-nominated Chinese director Zhang Yimou ultimately directed the ceremonies, to wide international acclaim.
- In September 2008, Spielberg and his wife offered their support to same-sex marriage, by issuing a statement following their donation of $100,000 to the "No on Proposition 8" campaign fund, a figure equal to the amount of money Brad Pitt donated to the same campaign less than a week prior.[51]
Achievements
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Steven_Spielberg_receiving_award_from_William_S._Cohen.jpg/250px-Steven_Spielberg_receiving_award_from_William_S._Cohen.jpg)
Spielberg is a winner of three Academy Awards. He has been nominated for six Academy Awards for the category of Best Director, winning two of them (Schindler's List and Saving Private Ryan), and seven of the films he directed were up for the Best Picture Oscar (Schindler's List won). In 1987 he was awarded The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for his work as a creative producer.
Drawing from his own experiences in Scouting, Spielberg helped the Boy Scouts of America develop a merit badge in cinematography. The badge was launched at the 1989 National Scout Jamboree which Spielberg attended, personally counseling many boys in their work on requirements.
That same year, 1989, was the release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. The opening scene shows a teenage Indiana Jones in scout uniform bearing the rank of a Life Scout. Spielberg stated he made Indiana Jones a Boy Scout in honor of his experience in Scouting. For his career accomplishments and service to others, Spielberg was awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.[52]
In 1999, Spielberg received an honorary degree from Brown University. Spielberg was also awarded the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service by Secretary of Defense William Cohen at the Pentagon on August 11, 1999. Cohen presented Spielberg the award in recognition of his movie Saving Private Ryan.
In 2001, he was created a honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II.[53][54][55]
In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the Légion d'honneur from president Jacques Chirac.[56] On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival,[57] and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3.[58] The tribute to Spielberg featured a short filmed biography narrated by Tom Hanks and included thank-yous from World War II veterans for Saving Private Ryan, as well as a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein's Candide, conducted by John Williams (Spielberg's frequent composer).
In November 2007, he was chosen for Lifetime Achievement Award to be presented at the sixth annual Visual Effects Society Awards in February 2009. He was set to be honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award at the January 2008 Golden Globes; however, the new, watered-down format of the ceremony result from conflicts from the 2007-08 writers strike, the HFPA postponed his honor to the 2009 ceremony.[59][60] In 2008, Spielberg was awarded the Légion d'honneur.[61]
In June 2008, Spielberg was the recipient of Arizona State University’s Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence.[62]
Criticism
Spielberg, as a then co-owner of DreamWorks, was involved in a heated debate in which the studio proposed building on the remaining wetlands in Southern California, though development was later dropped.[63]
Spielberg's films are often accused of leaning towards sentimentalism at the expense of other aspects of the film.[64][65][66]
French New Wave giant Jean-Luc Godard famously and publicly criticised Spielberg at the premiere of his film In Praise of Love. Godard, who has continuously complained about the commercial nature of modern cinema, holds Spielberg partly responsible for the lack of artistic merit in mainstream cinema. Godard accused Spielberg of using his film to make a profit of tragedy while Schindler's wife lived in poverty in Argentina.[67]. American artist and actor Crispin Glover (who starred in the Spielberg-produced Back to the Future) also criticised Spielberg in his 2005 essay What Is It?[68]. Among Glover's accusations are that Spielberg purchased a sled used in Orson Welles's 1941 film Citizen Kane for $50,000 but refused to fund Welles's would-be final film; that he received money from the United States government to promote his personal religious and cultural beliefs; and that he exploited tragedy for personal gain in the film Schindler's List.
Critics such as anti-mainstream film theorist Ray Carney also complain that Spielberg's films lack depth and do not take risks[69]. In Spielberg's defense, critic Roger Ebert argues that Spielberg is very talented and has also said, "Has Godard or any other director living or dead done more than Spielberg, with his Holocaust Project, to honor and preserve the memories of the survivors?"[70] Spielberg's most intellectually respected proponent has been New York Press film critic Armond White, credited for writing the most substantive and persuasive arguments for Spielberg as a populist and humanist filmmaker. White's essays on The Color Purple (hailed as "post-modernist" and "feminist"), Minority Report, A.I. and Munich have been praised and argued-over as Spielberg's most insightful and appreciative critiques. White's view has done much to counter Spielberg's dismissal by most mainstream critics. Some of Spielberg's most famous fans include film legends Ingmar Bergman[71] and Terry Gilliam (although he has criticised some of Spielberg's more recent work)[72]. The late French filmmaker François Truffaut admired his work and took a role in Spielberg's film Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
One of the most accomplished critical assessments of Spielberg's work as an artist and thinker was Gregory Solman's "Awakening to A.I.'s Dream" which was published in Senses of Cinema, Issue 27, July/August 2003.
An episode of South Park, "Free Hat", satirizes Spielberg and Lucas for their revisions of previous films, such as E.T. and the Star Wars series. In the DVD commentary for this episode, Parker and Stone, the makers of South Park, assert that the films are being revised to make them more politically correct and profitable, disregarding the original work of art (Spielberg was specifically targeted for changes in the 20th Anniversary Edition of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, such as a scene where police brandishing guns on a group of boys was digitally altered to replace the guns with walkie-talkies). However, Spielberg has commented in subsequent media interviews that the removal of the firearms from the policemen's hands was done as a personal favor to Drew Barrymore, who starred in the film. Barrymore has outwardly expressed her dislike for guns, thus leading to the digital alterations done for E.T.'s re-release.
Parker and Stone criticized Spielberg again in The China Probrem, in which he and Lucas are accused by the boys of raping Indiana Jones, a crime for which they are later on arrested.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2008) |
- 1977 - Close Encounters of the Third Kind
- 1981 - Raiders of the Lost Ark
- 1982 - E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
- 1993 - Schindler's List (win)
- 1998 - Saving Private Ryan (win)
- 2005 - Munich
- 1975 - Jaws
- 1981 - Raiders of the Lost Ark
- 1982 - E.T: The Extra-Terrestrial
- 1985 - The Color Purple
- 1993 - Schindler's List (win)
- 1998 - Saving Private Ryan
- 2005 - Munich
- 2006 - Letters from Iwo Jima (as producer)
References
- ^ McBride, Joseph (1997). Steven Spielberg. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19177-0., page 37
- ^ "Steven Spielberg ranks 287 on The World's Billionaires 2007". Forbes. 2007-05-01. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "The 50 most influential baby boomers: Top 10". Life.com. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
- ^ a b "Steven Spielberg Biography (1947?–)". filmreference.com. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ "Steven Spielberg Sighted in Arizona". Retrieved 2007-11-19.
- ^ "Nickelodeon Magazine Interviews Steven Spielberg". Nickelodeon Magazine. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
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(help) - ^ "Uneven Steven". Metro, May 29 - June 4, 1997.
- ^ Board of Trustees, University of Southern California, Accessed April 13, 2008.
- ^ a b CSU Newsline - Steven Spielberg To Graduate from California State University, Long Beach With Bachelor's Degree in Film and Electronic Arts
- ^ Steven Spielberg by Joseph McBride, page 223
- ^ Steven Spielberg by Joseph McBride, page 248
- ^ Steven Spielberg by Joseph McBride, page 250
- ^ Baxter, John (1997). Steven Spielberg: The Unauthorised Biography. London: Harper Collins. p. 145. ISBN 0006384447.
- ^ "Andrew Sarris' Top 10 lists 1958–2005". Retrieved 2006-10-21.
- ^ The screenplay, adapted from Thomas Keneally's novel, was originally in the hands of fellow director Martin Scorsese, but Spielberg negotiated with Scorsese to trade scripts. (At the time, Spielberg held the script for a remake of Cape Fear.)
- ^ Army Archered (1993-06-17). "Spielberg to take break after completing 'List'". Variety. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
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(help) - ^ (formed with former Disney animation exec Jeffrey Katzenberg and media mogul David Geffen, providing the other letters in the company name)
- ^ rottentomatoes.com. "Minority Report". Retrieved 2007-03-11.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (2002-06-21). "Minority Report". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
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(help) - ^ It was previously adapted into the 1986 made-for-TV movie Sword of Gideon
- ^ Yossi Melman and Steven Hartov (2006-01-17). "Munich: Fact and Fantasy". The Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
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- ^ "Spielberg, Ford and Lucas on Indy IV". Empire. 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
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(help) - ^ "Making games with Steven Spielberg".
- ^ "Spielberg's Boom Blox Revealed".
- ^ "The Dig: in the deep of space, a curse is alive..."
- ^ "Medal of Honor credits". Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ Browne, MRachel (2007-04-08). "Australia set to score $150m deal for war epic". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
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(help) - ^ Schneider, Michael (2006-12-11). "Spielberg takes development role in Fox TV projects". Variety. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
- ^ McBride, Joseph (1997). Steven Spielberg. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19177-0.
- ^ E.T. DVD Production Notes Booklet. Universal. 2002.
- ^ Directed by Steven Spielberg: Poetics of the Contemporary Hollywood Blockbuster
- ^ The Culture Show (TV). BBC. 2006-11-04.
{{cite AV media}}
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(help) - ^ "'Most costly' celebrity divorces". BBC NEWS. April 13, 2007.
- ^ Pogrebin, Abigail (2005). Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk about Being Jewish. Bantam Dell Pub Group. ISBN0767916123.
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ignored (help) - ^ [1]
- ^ "Biography for Sasha Spielberg". IMDb. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ California Birth Index
- ^ The Biography Channel - Steven Spielberg Biography
- ^ California Birth Index
- ^ Empire: Features
- ^ "The Clinton's Showbiz Celebration". BBC News. 2000-01-01. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
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(help) - ^ "Spielberg quits scouts 'over gay ban'". BBC. 2001-04-17. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
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(help) - ^ "Spielberg resigns from Boy Scouts board". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2006-03-10.
- ^ Obama excites entertainment community By JOCELYN NOVECK, AP National Writer
- ^ Rachel Abramowitz (2008). "Spielberg drops out as Beijing Olympics advisor". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
- ^ Statement from Steven Spielberg, Regarding Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ "Spielberg in Darfur snub to China". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "Rogge respect for Spielberg move". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "China hits back over Olympics row". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b30446_Spielberg_Makes_Like_Pitt__Supports_Same_Sex_Marriage.html
- ^ "Distinguished Eagle Scout Award". National Capital Area Council — Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
- ^ "Spielberg receives Royal honour". BBC NEWS. 2001-01-30.
- ^ American usage of title Sir
- ^ Article One of the United States Constitution clause 9
- ^ "Le Président de la République remet les insignes de chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur à M. Steven Spielberg" (in French). Palais de l'Élysée. 2004-09-05. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
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(help) - ^ "Spielberg receives Lifetime Achievement Award". Chicago Film Festival. 2006-07-17. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
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(help) - ^ "Kennedy Center Honors Spielberg, Parton and Robinson". IMDb — Movie and TV news. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
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(help) - ^ "Spielberg to Receive Cecil B. DeMillle Award". ComingSoon.net. 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
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(help) - ^ "Spielberg Globe honour 'deferred'". BBC NEWS. January 9, 2008.
- ^ "French honour for Steven Spielberg". The Press Association. 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
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(help) - ^ Spielberg Receives Arizona State University Communication Award Newswise, Retrieved on June 22, 2008.
- ^ "Entertainment Spielberg Studio Plan axed". BBC. 1999-07-22. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
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(help) - ^ Thorsen, Tor. "A.I.: Artificial Intelligence". Archived from the original on 2008-03-05.
- ^ "Saving Private Ryan (amazon.co.uk review)". Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ Rowley, Stephen. "Steven Spielberg on Senses of Cinema". Archived from the original on 2008-03-05. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ Bill Gibron (2007-04-21). "Short Cuts — Forgotten Gems: In Praise of Love". Pop Matters. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Glover, Crispin. "What Is It?". Retrieved 2007-09-01.
- ^ Carney, Ray. "There's no Business like Show Business". Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ Roger Ebert (2002-10-18). "In Praise Of Love". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
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(help) - ^ "När Bergman går på bio". Archived from the original on 2002-05-12. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
- ^ "Terry Gilliam bitter about Potter". Retrieved 2007-10-21.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Steven Spielberg at IMDb
- Steven Spielberg at the TCM Movie Database
- Template:Senses
- Steven Spielberg at AllMovie
- Steven Spielberg at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Steven Spielberg Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
- Official website of Dreamworks
- Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (founded by Spielberg)
- Time 100: Steven Spielberg
- They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?
- Spielberg at 60 - Empire
- Fansite and forum "Playmountain", the successor of "Spielbergfilms"
Template:Steven Spielberg productions
Template:Persondata
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[[Category:{{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:1946}}
|| UNKNOWN | MISSING = Year of birth missing {{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:LIVING}}||LIVING=(living people)}} | #default = 1946 births
}}]] {{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:LIVING}}
|| LIVING = | MISSING = | UNKNOWN = | #default =
}}
- Living people
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