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A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth. ^[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in many absolute monarchies)^[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads who exercise only reserve power, with actual authority vested in a parliament or other governing bodies (as in many constitutional monarchies).^[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.^[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.^[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.^[6]

Monarchs are distinguished by their titles and styles, which in most cases are defined by tradition, and guaranteed under the state's constitution. A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,^[7] have been applied where typical.

In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family.^[6]^[8] Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.^[9] These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics.^[10] Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of a royal bloodline.^[11]^[12]

Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For current claimants to abolished thrones, see pretenders.

Monarchs by country

Legend
Key	Description
Monarch	Name of monarch, preceded by title, with link to list of predecessors.
Since	Date of assumption of throne; coronation date listed in footnotes.
House	Name of royal family, with information on bloodline.
Type	Form of monarchy, with information on role of the monarch within government.
Succession	Method or pattern of succession, with link to current line of succession.
Coat of Arms	Heraldry attributed to the relevant monarch or monarchy.
N/A	Denotes where specific field is not applicable.
—	Denotes where data is not available.

State	Monarch	Since	House	Type	Succession	Coat of Arms	Ref(s)
Andorra	HE Joan Enric Vives Sicília^{[fn 1]}	12 May 2003	N/A	Constitutional	Ex officio		^[13]^[14]
Andorra	HE François Hollande^{[fn 1]}	15 May 2012	N/A	Constitutional	Ex officio		^[13]^[14]
Antigua and Barbuda	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	1 November 1981^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[16]
Australia	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	6 February 1952	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[17]
Bahamas	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	10 July 1973^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[18]
Bahrain	HM King Hamad ibn Isa	6 March 1999^{[fn 5]}	Al Khalifah^{[fn 6]}	Mixed	Hereditary		^[19]
Barbados	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	30 November 1966^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[21]
Belgium	HM King Albert II	Error in Template:Date table sorting: '9th August 1993' is an invalid date	House of Belgium	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[22]
Belize	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	21 September 1981^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[23]
Bhutan	HM King Jigme Khesar Namgyel	14 December 2006^{[fn 7]}	Wangchuck	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[25]
Brunei	HM Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah	4 October 1967^{[fn 8]}	Bolkiah	Absolute	Hereditary		^[26]
Cambodia	HM King Norodom Sihamoni	14 October 2004^{[fn 9]}	Norodom^{[fn 10]}	Constitutional	Hereditary and elective^{[fn 11]}		^[28]
Canada	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	6 February 1952	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[31]
Denmark	HM Queen Margrethe II	14 January 1972	Glücksburg^{[fn 12]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[33]
Grenada	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	7 February 1974^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[34]
Jamaica	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	6 August 1962^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[35]
Japan	HIM Emperor Akihito^{[fn 13]}	7 January 1989^{[fn 14]}	[not named]^{[fn 15]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[37]
Jordan	HM King Abdullah II	7 February 1999^{[fn 16]}	Hāshim	Constitutional	Hereditary^{[fn 17]}		^[43]^[44]
Kuwait	HH Emir Sabah al-Ahmad	29 January 2006	Al Sabah^{[fn 6]}	Constitutional	Hereditary and elective^{[fn 18]}		^[48]
Lesotho	HM King Letsie III	7 February 1996^{[fn 19]}	Moshesh	Constitutional	Hereditary and elective	File:Coats of arms of Lesotho.svg	^[49]^[50]
Liechtenstein	HSH Prince Hans-Adam II	13 November 1989^{[fn 20]}	Liechtenstein	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[52]
Luxembourg	HRH Grand Duke Henri	7 October 2000^{[fn 21]}	House of Luxembourg-Nassau^{[fn 22]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[54]
Malaysia	HM King Abdul Halim^{[fn 23]}	13 December 2011^{[fn 24]}	Kedah	Constitutional	Hereditary and rotational^{[fn 25]}		^[60]
Monaco	HSH Prince Albert II	6 April 2005^{[fn 26]}	Grimaldi	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[64]
Morocco	HM King Mohammed VI	23 July 1999^{[fn 27]}	Alawi	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[66]
Netherlands	HM Queen Beatrix	30 April 1980	Orange-Nassau^{[fn 28]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[69]
New Zealand	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	6 February 1952	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[70]
Norway	HM King Harald V	17 January 1991^{[fn 29]}	Glücksburg^{[fn 12]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[71]
Oman	HM Sultan Qaboos bin Said	23 July 1970	Al Bu Sa‘īd	Absolute	Hereditary		^[72]^[73]
Papua New Guinea	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	16 September 1975^{[fn 30]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[74]
Qatar	HH Emir Hamad bin Khalifa	27 June 1995	Al Thani	Absolute^{[fn 31]}	Hereditary		^[76]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	19 September 1983^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[77]
Saint Lucia	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	22 February 1979^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[78]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	27 October 1979^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[79]
Saudi Arabia	CTHM King Abdullah bin Abdul‘aziz	1 August 2005^{[fn 32]}	Al Saud	Absolute	Hereditary and elective^{[fn 33]}		^[83]
Solomon Islands	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	7 July 1978^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[84]
Spain	HM King Juan Carlos I	22 November 1975^{[fn 34]}	Bourbon	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[85]
Swaziland	HM King Mswati III	25 April 1986	Dlamini	Absolute	Hereditary and elective^{[fn 35]}		^[88]
Sweden	HM King Carl XVI Gustaf	15 September 1973^{[fn 36]}	Bernadotte	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[90]
Thailand	HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej^{[fn 37]}	9 June 1946^{[fn 38]}	Chakri	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[96]
Tonga	HM King Tupou VI	18 March 2012	Tupou^{[fn 39]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[98]
Tuvalu	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	1 October 1978^{[fn 3]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]^[99]
United Arab Emirates	HH President Khalifa bin Zayed	3 November 2004	Al Nahyan^{[fn 40]}	Mixed^{[fn 41]}	Elective and hereditary^{[fn 42]}		^[103]
United Kingdom	HM Queen Elizabeth II^{[fn 2]}	6 February 1952^{[fn 43]}	Windsor^{[fn 4]}	Constitutional	Hereditary		^[15]
Vatican City	HH Pope Benedict XVI^{[fn 44]}	19 April 2005^{[fn 45]}	N/A	Absolute	Ex officio		^[107]^[108]

Notes

^ ^a ^b The president of France and the bishop of Urgell each hold the position of co-prince of Andorra, but there is no personal title attached to the role.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Elizabeth II is currently queen regnant of sixteen separate Commonwealth realms (see separate entries), and has previously reigned as queen of sixteen other countries, which have since abolished the monarchy.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p The House of Windsor is a line of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which itself is a branch of the House of Wettin.^[105]
^ Hamad ibn Isa reigned as Amir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title of King of Bahrain under a new Constitution.^[19]
^ ^a ^b A clan of the Utub tribe.^[20]
^ Coronation took place 6 November 2008.^[24]
^ Coronation took place 1 August 1968.^[26]
^ Coronation took place 29 October 2004.^[27]
^ A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants of Norodom I.^[28]^[29]
^ The king is selected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kings Ang Duong, Norodom, and Sisowath.^[30]
^ ^a ^b Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg. ^[32]
^ "Akihito" is the current emperor's given name, but it is not his regnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. The era of Akihito's reign bears the name "Heisei", and according to custom he will be renamed "Emperor Heisei" following his death.^[36]
^ Coronation took place 12 November 1990.^[37]
^ The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.^[38]^[39] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancient Yamato Court.^[40] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.
^ Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.^[41]
^ Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.^[42]
^ The heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.^[45] The throne is also traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family: the Al Salem and Al Jaber.^[46]^[47] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.
^ Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.^[49]
^ Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.^[51] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.^[52] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Prince Alois as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.^[53]
^ Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.^[54]
^ The royal family of Luxembourg is descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon.
^ Official title: Yang di-Pertuan Agong. It roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is commonly rendered in English as "King".^[55]
^ Elected in October 2011. Coronation took place 13 December.^[56] Abdul Halim has previously reigned as king from 21 September 1970 to 20 September 1975;^[57] he is the first sultan to hold the throne twice.^[58]
^ The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states, who form the Council of Rulers. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically rotated between the nine; the order was originally based on seniority.^[59]
^ Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.^[61]^[62] He had previously been serving as regent since 31 March 2005.^[63]
^ Coronation took place 30 July 1999.^[65]
^ The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe.^[67]^[68]
^ Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.^[71]
^ Elizabeth II previously reigned over Papua New Guinea as Queen of Australia, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
^ Monarchy is constitutional by law, but remains absolute in practice.^[75]
^ Coronation took place 3 August 2005.^[80] Abdullah previously served as prince regent from 1 January 1996 until 21 February 1996.^[81]
^ Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions.^[82]
^ Formally enthroned on 27 November 1975. Juan Carlos was formally recognised by his father, the Count of Barcelona, as the sole head of the Spanish Royal Household on 14 May 1977.^[85]
^ Succession is subject to customary law, and does not follow primogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the next king. This woman will succeed as Ndlovukati upon her son's ascension to throne, and will rule alongside him for the duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered ineligible.^[86]^[87]
^ Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.^[89]
^ Name is also written as Phumiphon Adunyadet. He is also styled Rama IX,^[91] and is publicly acclaimed "the Great".^[92]^[93] Thais refer to him as "Nai Luang" or "Phra Chao Yu Hua".^[94]
^ Coronation took place 5 May 1950.^[95]
^ A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.^[97]^[98]
^ The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.^[100]
^ The Prime Minister is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.^[101]
^ According to the Constitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.^[101] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Emir of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Emir of Dubai.^[102]
^ Coronation took place 2 June 1953.^[104]
^ As Sovereign of the Vatican City, by virtue of being Bishop of Rome.
^ Inauguration took place 24 April 2005.^[106]

References

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^ Cummins, Peter (5 December 2004). "His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great: Monarch of Peace and Unity". Chiangmai Mail. Chiangmai Mail Publishing Co. Ltd. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
^ Jones, Constance (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ USA International Business Publications (2007). Thailand Country Study Guide. International Business Publications. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4330-4919-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "His Majesty the King Ascends the Throne". Father of the Land. National News Bureau of Thailand. 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
^ "The Illustrious Chakri Family". Mahidol University. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ Government of Tonga (28 July 2008). "Geneology of King Tupou VI". Office of the Lord Chamberlain. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
^ ^a ^b Government of Tonga. "Tu'i Kanokupolu". Palace Office. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
^ Constitution of Tuvalu, Art. 48.
^ Shoup, John A (2009). Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-313-34444-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help). "The Al Nahyan ... are a branch of the Al Bu Falah tribe of the Bani Yas confederation, and although they have been a small section of the tribe, the Al Nahyan have traditionally provided the paramount shaykh for the confederation."
^ ^a ^b Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, Art. 51 & 54.
^ Noack, Sascha (2007). Doing Business in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates. GRIN Verlag. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-638-79766-5.
^ Rosenthal, Laurie (12 June 2006). "Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan". The Nation. Katrina vanden Heuvel.
^ Government of the United Kingdom. "Accession and Coronation". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
^ Government of the United Kingdom. "The House of Windsor". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
^ Office of Liturgical Celebrations (24 April 2005). "Santa Messa Imposizione del Pallio..." Holy See. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ "The Holy Father: Benedict XVI" (in Italian). Holy See. Retrieved 12 April 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-religion relationships and human rights law: towards a right to religiously neutral governance. Brill Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.

External links

Buyers, Christopher. "The Royal Ark: Royal and Ruling Houses of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas".
Soszynski, Henry. "Genealogical Gleanings: Royal and Noble Lineages". University of Queensland.

Template:Link FA Template:Link FL

[Andorra-13] The president of France and the bishop of Urgell each hold the position of co-prince of Andorra, but there is no personal title attached to the role.

[Eliza-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Elizabeth II is currently queen regnant of sixteen separate Commonwealth realms (see separate entries), and has previously reigned as queen of sixteen other countries, which have since abolished the monarchy.

[British-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.

[Windsor-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p The House of Windsor is a line of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which itself is a branch of the House of Wettin.^[105]

[Bahrain-24] Hamad ibn Isa reigned as Amir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title of King of Bahrain under a new Constitution.^[19]

[Utbah-26] A clan of the Utub tribe.^[20]

[31] Coronation took place 6 November 2008.^[24]

[34] Coronation took place 1 August 1968.^[26]

[36] Coronation took place 29 October 2004.^[27]

[Varman-39] A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants of Norodom I.^[28]^[29]

[41] The king is selected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kings Ang Duong, Norodom, and Sisowath.^[30]

[Glucks-44] Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg. ^[32]

[Akihito-49] "Akihito" is the current emperor's given name, but it is not his regnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. The era of Akihito's reign bears the name "Heisei", and according to custom he will be renamed "Emperor Heisei" following his death.^[36]

[51] Coronation took place 12 November 1990.^[37]

[55] The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.^[38]^[39] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancient Yamato Court.^[40] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.

[57] Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.^[41]

[59] Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.^[42]

[Kuwait-65] The heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.^[45] The throne is also traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family: the Al Salem and Al Jaber.^[46]^[47] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.

[Letsie-68] Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.^[49]

[Hans-73] Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.^[51] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.^[52] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Prince Alois as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.^[53]

[Henri-75] Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.^[54]

[Lux-76] The royal family of Luxembourg is descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon.

[Agong-78] Official title: Yang di-Pertuan Agong. It roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is commonly rendered in English as "King".^[55]

[Mizan-82] Elected in October 2011. Coronation took place 13 December.^[56] Abdul Halim has previously reigned as king from 21 September 1970 to 20 September 1975;^[57] he is the first sultan to hold the throne twice.^[58]

[Malaysia-84] The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states, who form the Council of Rulers. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically rotated between the nine; the order was originally based on seniority.^[59]

[89] Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.^[61]^[62] He had previously been serving as regent since 31 March 2005.^[63]

[92] Coronation took place 30 July 1999.^[65]

[Neth-96] The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe.^[67]^[68]

[Harald-100] Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.^[71]

[Papua-103] Elizabeth II previously reigned over Papua New Guinea as Queen of Australia, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.

[Absolute-106] Monarchy is constitutional by law, but remains absolute in practice.^[75]

[Abdsaud-113] Coronation took place 3 August 2005.^[80] Abdullah previously served as prince regent from 1 January 1996 until 21 February 1996.^[81]

[Saud-115] Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions.^[82]

[119] Formally enthroned on 27 November 1975. Juan Carlos was formally recognised by his father, the Count of Barcelona, as the sole head of the Spanish Royal Household on 14 May 1977.^[85]

[Swazi-122] Succession is subject to customary law, and does not follow primogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the next king. This woman will succeed as Ndlovukati upon her son's ascension to throne, and will rule alongside him for the duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered ineligible.^[86]^[87]

[125] Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.^[89]

[Rama-131] Name is also written as Phumiphon Adunyadet. He is also styled Rama IX,^[91] and is publicly acclaimed "the Great".^[92]^[93] Thais refer to him as "Nai Luang" or "Phra Chao Yu Hua".^[94]

[133] Coronation took place 5 May 1950.^[95]

[Tupou-137] A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.^[97]^[98]

[Nahyan-140] The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.^[100]

[Uaegov-142] The Prime Minister is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.^[101]

[Uaesuc-144] According to the Constitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.^[101] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Emir of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Emir of Dubai.^[102]

[147] Coronation took place 2 June 1953.^[104]

[Pope-149] As Sovereign of the Vatican City, by virtue of being Bishop of Rome.

[151] Inauguration took place 24 April 2005.^[106]

[1] "Monarch". CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 22 September 2012. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 80 (help)

[2] Herb, Michael (1999). All in the family: absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle East. New York: SUNY Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7914-4168-8.

[3] Spellman, W. M. (2001). Monarchies 1000–2000. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-86189-087-0.

[4] Harris, Nathanial (2009). Systems of Government: Monarchy. London: Evans Brothers. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-237-53932-0.

[5] "Regent". CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 22 September 2012. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 80 (help)

[hindley-6] Hindley, Geoffrey (2000). The Royal Families of Europe. London: Constable & Robinson. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-0-7867-0828-4.

[7] Merriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors. Springfield, United States: Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1998. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-87779-622-0.

[8] Forty, Sandra (2009). World Royal Families. United States: Book Sales, Inc. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7858-2530-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[9] Constitution of Malaysia, Art. 32, Sec. 3.

[10] Bouvier, John (1914). Bouvier's Law Dictionary and Concise Encyclopedia. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Vernon Law Book Company. pp. 2237–2238. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[11] Shawcross, William (1994). Cambodia's new deal: a report. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-87003-051-2.

[12] Garner, James Wilford (1910). Introduction to Political Science: A Treatise on the Origin, Nature, Functions, and Organization of the State. American Book Company. pp. 169–178. ISBN 978-1-115-59599-5.

[andorra-14] Government of Andorra (23 December 2009). "Recepció de Nadal del copríncep episcopal Joan-Enric Vives". Portal web del Govern d’Andorra (in Catalan). Government of Andorra. Retrieved 7 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[andconst-15] Constitution of Andorra, Ch. 3.

[cwealth-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Government of the United Kingdom. "The Queen and the Commonwealth". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[20] Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, Art. 68.

[21] Constitution of Australia, Art. 61.

[22] Constitution of the Bahamas, Art. 71.

[bahr-23] "The Kingdom of Bahrain: The Constitutional Changes". The Estimate. The International Estimate, Inc. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

[25] Alghanim, Salwa (1998). The reign of Mubarak al-Sabah: Shaikh of Kuwait, 1896-1915. I.B.Tauris. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-86064-350-7.

[27] Constitution of Barbados, Art. 63.

[28] Government of Belgium. "King Albert II". The Belgian Monarchy. Federal Public Service; Chancery of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[29] Constitution of Belize, Art. 36.

[30] Denyer, Simon (7 November 2008). "Bhutan's Dragon King shows he is man of the people". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

[32] Staff writers (15 December 2006). "Bhutanese king steps down early". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

[brunei-33] Government of Brunei. "Prime Minister". The Royal Ark. Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

[35] Chandara, L., Samean, Y., Vachonn, M., Plaut, E., Botumroath, L. and Soenthrith, S. (2004). "King Norodom Sihamoni's coronation: a special supplement to the Cambodia Daily". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 15 November 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[cambo-37] Government of Cambodia. "The Monarchy". Royal Embassy of Cambodia in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 3 December 2011.

[38] Corfield, Justin J. (2009). The history of Cambodia. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-313-35722-0.

[40] Constitution of Cambodia, Art. 14.

[42] Constitution of Canada, Art. 9.

[43] Adams Woods, Frederick (2009). Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-115-33425-9.

[45] Government of Denmark. "Her Majesty The Queen of Denmark". The Danish Monarchy. Royal Court of Denmark. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[46] Constitution of Grenada, Art. 57.

[47] Constitution of Jamaica, Art. 68.

[48] Embassy of Japan in Pakistan (7 December 2007). "National Day of Japan to be celebrated" (Press release). Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[akihito-50] Government of Japan. "Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress". Imperial Household Agency. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[52] Skya, Walter (2009). Japan's holy war: the ideology of radical Shintō ultranationalism. Duke University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8223-4423-0.

[53] National Committee of Japanese Historians (1990). Historical studies in Japan. Vol. VII. Brill Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 978-4-634-65040-4.

[54] Seagrave, Sterling (2001). The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family. Broadway Books. pp. 4–10. ISBN 978-0-7679-0497-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[56] MEDEA Institute. "Abdullah II (Jordan)". Retrieved 12 November 2011.

[58] Constitution of Jordan, Art. 28.

[60] Government of Jordan. "His Majesty King Abdullah II". Abdullah II Official Website. The Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

[61] Government of Jordan. "The Hashemites: Introduction". Office of King Hussein I. The Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[62] Constitution of Kuwait, Art. 4.

[63] Cordesman, Anthony H (2007). Gulf military forces in an era of asymmetric wars. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-275-99250-7.: "The royal family, Al Sabah, has two branches—Al Jaber and Al Salem—and has traditionally alternated in ruling Kuwait. This tradition, however, has changed following the death of Jaber Al Sabah [1977–2006]."

[64] Political Risk Yearbook, 1998. Political Risk Services. 1998. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-85271-371-3.: "The two branches of the Al-Sabah family, the Jabers and the Salems, have traditionally alternated their rule, one providing the emir and the other the crown prince (also serving as prime minister)."

[66] Government of Kuwait. "H.H. Amir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah". Diwan of the Almiri Court. Retrieved 15 November 2011.

[lesotho-67] Government of Lesotho. "His Majesty King Letsie III". The Lesotho Monarchy. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.

[69] Olivier, J. "Basotho in Lesotho". Sesotho Online. Sesotho Online. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[70] Leistra, Netty. "Furstentum Liechtenstein". Netty's Royalty Page. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[liecht-71] Government of Liechtenstein. "Prince Hans-Adam II". Portal of the Principality of Liechtenstein. Government Spokesperson’s Office. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[72] Image Liechtenstein. "The Principality of Liechtenstein" (PDF). Portal of the Principality of Liechtenstein. Retrieved 9 July 2011.

[lux-74] Government of Luxembourg. "Grand Duke Henri". Press and Information Service. Retrieved 11 November 2010.

[77] Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit. "The Yang di-Pertuan Agong". myGovernment. Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 December 2011.

[79] Staff writers (13 December 2011). "Malaysia crowns 84-year-old sultan". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 5 January 2011.

[80] National Library of Malaysia. "Yang di-Pertuan Agong V". Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 January 2011.

[81] "Sultan of Kedah to be next Yang di-Pertuan Agong, for second time". The Malaysian Insider. Bernama. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2011.

[83] National Library of Malaysia. "Election of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong". Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 December 2011.

[85] National Library of Malaysia. "Yang di-Pertuan Agong XIV". Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 5 January 2011.

[86] Agence France-Presse (20 November 2005). "Prince Albert's Monaco enthronement complete". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[87] "Biography". Prince's Palace of Monaco. 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.

[88] Sector, Charlotte (6 April 2005). "Playboy Prince Fulfills His Destiny". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[90] "The House of Grimaldi". Infinite Public Relations. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[91] Staff writers (24 July 1999). "Mohammed VI takes Moroccan throne". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2011.

[93] Laurenson, John (11 March 2006). "The most powerful man in Morocco". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2011.

[94] Government of the Netherlands. "Orange and Nassau". The Dutch Royal House. Government Information Service. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.

[95] Steinberg, Glenn A. "The Former Ruling House of Lippe, 1939-1945". European Royalty during World War II. The College of New Jersey. Retrieved 9 December 2010.

[97] Government of the Netherlands. "The Queen of the Netherlands". The Dutch Royal House. Government Information Service. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[98] Constitution Act 1986: Part 1.

[norway-99] Government of Norway. "His Majesty King Harald". Official website of the Royal House of Norway. Royal Court of Norway. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[101] Sultan Qaboos Centre for Islamic Culture. "About H.M the Sultan". Government of Oman, Diwan of the Royal Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

[102] Nyrop, Richard F (2008). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. Wildside Press LLC. p. 341. ISBN 978-1-4344-6210-7.

[104] Constitution of Papua New Guinea, Art. 82.

[105] World and Its Peoples: Arabian Peninsula. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.

[qatar-107] Government of Qatar. "H.H. The Amir's Biography". Diwan of the Amiri Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

[108] Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Art. 51.

[109] Constitution of Saint Lucia, Art. 59.

[110] Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Art. 50.

[111] JPostPedia. "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia". The Jerusalem Post. Inter Media Ltd. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[112] "Obituary for King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud". The Times Online. Times Newspapers Ltd. 1 August 2005. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 29 June 2011 suggested (help)

[114] Cordesman, Anthony H (2009). Saudi Arabia: national security in a troubled region. ABC-CLIO. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-313-38076-1.: "In October 2006, King Abdullah issued a new succession law that amended the 1992 Basic Law and formalized the process by creating the Allegiance Commission. The new law both defines how a king will choose among possible candidates and provides a formal way for developing a consensus to choose the king's successor. The Allegiance Commission will select a king and crown prince upon the death or incapacitation of either. This commission expands the role of the ruling family in the selection process. ... It is composed of some 35 sons and grandsons of the late founder of the Kingdom, Abd al-Aziz al-Saud, who will vote in secret ballots on who could and could not be eligible to be future kings and crown princes."

[116] Frontline (1 August 2005). "The House of Saud". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[117] Constitution of Solomon Islands, Art. 1.

[esp-118] Government of Spain. "His Majesty the King Juan Carlos". The Royal Household of His Majesty the King. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[120] Marwick, Brian Allan (1940). The Swazi: an ethnographic account of the natives of the Swaziland Protectorate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–75.

[121] Rubin, N.N. (28 July 2009). "The Swazi Law of Succession: A Restatement". Journal of African Law. 9 (2). Cambridge University Press: 90–113. doi:10.1017/S0021855300001108.

[123] Simelane, H.S. (2005), "Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of", in Shillington, Kevin (ed.), Encyclopedia of African history, vol. 3, Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 1528–30, 9781579584559

[124] Government of Sweden (19 September 1973). "Kungl Maj:ts kungörelse (1973:702)". Department of Justice. Retrieved 12 June 2010.

[126] Government of Sweden. "H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf". Sveriges Kungahus (in Swedish). Information and Press Department. Retrieved 7 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[127] "The Bond between His Majesty the King and the People". Father of the Land. National News Bureau of Thailand. 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[128] Cummins, Peter (5 December 2004). "His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great: Monarch of Peace and Unity". Chiangmai Mail. Chiangmai Mail Publishing Co. Ltd. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[129] Jones, Constance (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[130] USA International Business Publications (2007). Thailand Country Study Guide. International Business Publications. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4330-4919-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[132] "His Majesty the King Ascends the Throne". Father of the Land. National News Bureau of Thailand. 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.

[134] "The Illustrious Chakri Family". Mahidol University. Retrieved 28 April 2010.

[135] Government of Tonga (28 July 2008). "Geneology of King Tupou VI". Office of the Lord Chamberlain. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.

[tonga-136] Government of Tonga. "Tu'i Kanokupolu". Palace Office. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

[138] Constitution of Tuvalu, Art. 48.

[139] Shoup, John A (2009). Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-313-34444-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help). "The Al Nahyan ... are a branch of the Al Bu Falah tribe of the Bani Yas confederation, and although they have been a small section of the tribe, the Al Nahyan have traditionally provided the paramount shaykh for the confederation."

[uaeconst-141] Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, Art. 51 & 54.

[143] Noack, Sascha (2007). Doing Business in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates. GRIN Verlag. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-638-79766-5.

[145] Rosenthal, Laurie (12 June 2006). "Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan". The Nation. Katrina vanden Heuvel.

[146] Government of the United Kingdom. "Accession and Coronation". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

[148] Government of the United Kingdom. "The House of Windsor". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 9 December 2010.

[150] Office of Liturgical Celebrations (24 April 2005). "Santa Messa Imposizione del Pallio..." Holy See. Retrieved 5 December 2010.

[152] "The Holy Father: Benedict XVI" (in Italian). Holy See. Retrieved 12 April 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[153] Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-religion relationships and human rights law: towards a right to religiously neutral governance. Brill Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.

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Revision as of 17:02, 27 December 2012

Monarchs by country

See also

Notes

References

External links