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{{Main|History of Toulouse}} |
{{Main|History of Toulouse}} |
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[[File:Amphitheatre-Toulouse 2.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[Vomitorium]] at the Roman Amphitheatre in Toulouse.]] |
[[File:Amphitheatre-Toulouse 2.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[Vomitorium]] at the Roman Amphitheatre in Toulouse.]] |
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Known as the ''Ville Rose'' (Pink City), Toulouse has a history that dates back some 2,000 years, when a small band of [[Celts]] settled in the Garonne Valley. In the 2nd century AD, the Romans established a colony there. The settlement must have prospered, because a hundred years later, Toulouse had acquired its own defensive walls. |
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Once a major metropolis of Western Europe, Toulouse sank into a sleepy regional-level status in the 18th and 19th centuries, completely missing the Industrial Revolution. In the 20th century, relocation of key military and aerospace industries in Toulouse by the French central government have awakened the city again. In an ironic twist of history, what was once a big liability for Toulouse has now become its best asset: no Industrial Revolution meant a falling economic status for the city, but it has spared Toulouse the environmental damages and painful socio-economic restructuring that are plaguing so many Northern European industrial cities. |
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From the 5th century AD, Toulouse fell victim to a succession of Barbarian attacks. The most successful were led by the [[Visigoths]], although later the [[Franks]] also managed to take control of the settlement. By the 9th century AD, the settlement was probably about the size of a county town. |
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Benefiting from its status as Europe's capital of aerospace industry, as well as from the flow of population from the industrial belt to the sunbelt of Europe, Toulouse greater metropolitan area doubled its population between 1960 and 2000 (in the meantime the population of France increased only by 30%). With good prospects for aerospace and biotech industries, growth is likely to continue in the near future. Toulouse is thus recovering step by step its former rank as a major European metropolis, but it faces increasing challenges: how to accommodate such a rapid growth, how to upgrade transport and develop housing and infrastructures, in short how to reinvent the city in the 21st century. |
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The days of "La belle endormie" (Sleeping Beauty), as the city was often nicknamed by its inhabitants, are now gone. The way the local decision makers will manage and adjust to this rapidly changing environment will largely shape the destiny of Toulouse in the new century. |
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During the early Middle Ages, the town rose in status, becoming the capital of the [[County of Toulouse]]. Governed by [[Raimond II Trencavel|Raimond II]] and a group of city nobles, its urban boundaries stretched beyond its walls to the north and as far south as Saint Michel. |
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===Antiquity=== |
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In the 12th century, consuls took over the running of the town and these proved to be difficult years. In particular, it was a time of religious turmoil. In Toulouse, the Cathars tried to set up a community here, but were routed by Simon de Montfort's troops. The subsequent arrival of the Inquisition led to a period of religious fervour during which time the Dominican Couvent des Jacobins was founded. In 1229, a theological university was also set up. Then, in 1271, Toulouse was made a royal city. With this accolade, it started to transform itself into an intellectual and artistic centre. |
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The history of Toulouse can be traced as far back as the 8th century BC, according to the oldest archeological evidence of human settlement. The location was very advantageous: an easy crossing of the Garonne river, just as the northward river reaches strong hills and thus bends westward toward the Atlantic Ocean. It was a focal point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Immediately north of these hills was a large plain suitable for agriculture. People gathered on the hills overlooking the river, south of the plain, 9 kilometers south of today downtown Toulouse. The name chosen for the city was Tolosa. Researchers today agree that the name is probably Aquitanian, related to the old Basque language, but the meaning is unknown. It is noteworthy that the name of the city have remained almost unchanged over centuries despite Celtic, Roman and Germanic invasions, which is quite unusual for French cities (Paris was once Lutetia, etc.). |
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The first inhabitants seem to have been Aquitanian, of whom little is known. Later came Iberians from the south, who, like the Aquitanians, were non-Indo-European people. Then in the 3rd century BC came from Belgium or southern Germany a Celtic Gallic tribe called the Volcae Tectosages, the first Indo-Europeans to appear in the region. They settled in Tolosa and melted with the local people, keeping the old Aquitanian name of the place. Their Celtic Gallic language became the language of the inhabitants. By 200 BC Tolosa is attested to be the capital of the Volcae Tectosages, which C. Julius Caesar later called Tolosates in his famous account of Gallic wars (De Bello Gallico). Tolosa is said to have been one of the most important city in Gaul, and certainly it was famed for being the wealthiest one. There were many gold and silver mines nearby, and the offerings to the holy shrines and temples in Tolosa had accumulated a tremendous wealth in the city. |
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The Romans started their conquest of southern Gaul in 125 BC. Moving westward, they founded the colony of Narbo Martius (today Narbonne) in 118 BC (the nearest Mediterranean city from inland Toulouse), and so they came into contact with the Tolosates, famous for their wealth and the key position of their capital for trade with the Atlantic. Tolosa chose to ally with the daunting Romans, who established a military fort in the plain north of the city, a key position near the border of independent Aquitania, but left otherwise the inhabitants of Tolosa free to rule themselves in semi-independence. |
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In 109 BC a Germanic tribe, the Cimbri, invaded the Provincia along the Rhone Valley, and defeated the Romans, whose power was shaken all along the recently conquered Mediterranean coast. The Tolosates rebelled against Rome and murdered the Roman garrison. Soon, however, Rome was recovering and defeated the invaders. In 106 BC general Q. Servilius Caepio was sent to reconquer and punish Tolosa. With the help of some Tolosates remained faithful to Rome he captured the city and plundered the immense wealth of the temples and shrines. Thus ended the independence of the city. |
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Tolosa was then fully incorporated into the Roman Provincia (Provincia Romana - - the usual name for what was officially called the province of Cisalpine Gaul, with its capital at Narbo Martius). Tolosa was an important military garrison at the western border of the Roman realm. However the city remained a backwater in the Provincia, people were still living in the old Celtic city in the hills. No Roman colony was established here, few Roman soldiers settled there. |
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Things changed after the conquest of the rest of Gaul by C. Julius Caesar. A sign that Romanization of the people was already well under its way, Tolosa did not take part in the various uprisings against Rome during the Gallic wars. In fact southern France would prove to be the most romanized part of France after the fall of the Roman Empire. Caesar established his camp in the plain of Tolosa in 52 BC, and from there he conquered the western regions of Aquitania. With the conquest of Aquitania and the whole of Gaul, Tolosa was no more a military outpost. It capitalized on its key position for trade between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, now both under Roman control, and the city developed rapidly. |
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Consequently, the most important event in the history of Toulouse was the decision to relocate the city north of the hills. A typical Roman city of straight streets was founded in the plain on the eastern bank of the river sometime at the end of the reign of Augustus and the start of the reign of Tiberius (around AD 10 –AD 30). The population of Tolosa was forced to relocate to the new city, still named Tolosa, while the old Tolosa in the hills was left abandoned. Walls were built around the new city, probably at the initiative of emperor Augustus, who wanted to create a major city at the junction of the newly built Via Aquitania and the Garonne river. Due to the Pax Romana, walls were not needed around cities, and they were only built as an imperial favor to show the special status of a city. Until the fall of the Roman Empire, the new Tolosa was to be a civitas of the province of Gallia Narbonensis (capital Narbo Martius – Narbonne), the new name of the old Provincia. |
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With imperial favor and a thriving trade, Tolosa rapidly transformed into one of the major cities of the Roman Empire. During the civil war following Nero's death, Tolosa native M. Antonius Primus led the armies of Vespasian into Italy and entered Rome in AD 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty. Emperor Domitian, son of Vespasian and personal friend of M. Antonius Primus, granted Tolosa the honorific status of Roman colony. Another sign of imperial favor was displayed when Domitian gave Tolosa the title of Palladia, in reference to Athena Pallas, goddess of arts and knowledge, of whom he was very fond. |
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Palladia Tolosa was by all means a major Roman city, with aqueducts, circus and theaters, thermae, a forum, an extensive sewerage system, etc. Protected by its walls (an uncommon feature as explained above) and by its far location from the Rhine border, Palladia Tolosa escaped unscathed from the terrible invasions of the 3rd century. With much of Gaul destroyed, Toulouse emerged as the fourth largest city of the western half of the Roman Empire, behind Rome, Treves and Arles. Around that time Christianity entered the city, and the Christian community greatly expanded under the first bishop of Toulouse Saint Saturninus (locally known as Saint Sernin) , who was martyred in Toulouse around AD 250. In 313 the Edict of Milan established religious freedom in the empire, ending persecution of Christianity. In 403 the Saint-Sernin basilica was opened to serve as a shrine for the relics of Saint Saturninus. |
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Around AD 400, the Germanic invasions resumed. The Roman Empire was drawing to its end. In 407 Toulouse was besieged by the Vandals, but under the impulse of its bishop Saint Exuperius the city resisted behind its strong walls, and the Vandals raised the siege and moved into Spain and North Africa where they settled. In 413, three years after they had sacked Rome, the Visigoths under king Ataulf captured Toulouse. Under pressure from Roman forces, they soon withdrew south of the Pyrenees. After the murder of Ataulf, his successor Wallia resolved to make peace with Rome. In exchange of peace, in 418 emperor Honorius granted the Visigoths the region of [ [Aquitania]] as well as the city of Toulouse (which was lying in Gallia Narbonensis at the border of Aquitania). The Visigoths chose the prestigious and wealthy Palladia Tolosa to be the capital of their kingdom, thus ending Roman rule in Toulouse. |
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The city thrived in the Early and High Middle Ages; perhaps the crowning achievement being the completion of the St. Saturnin Basilica (French: Basilique Saint-Sernin) in 1196. Built entirely of the city's signature rosy bricks, the Basilica is the largest example of pure Romanesque (i.e. pre-Gothic) architecture in Europe. |
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The 14th century was to mark a real downturn in the city's fortunes. First came outbreaks of plague, then the [[Hundred Years' War]]. Famine and floods also took their toll on the city. It was not until the 15th century that Toulouse started to enjoy a 'golden age'. A Parliament was set up here by Charles VII and the city's merchants grew ever wealthier. Their economic well-being was mostly based on a plant-based blue dye known as pastel, which they exported throughout Europe. These pastel merchants built grand town houses and, before long, both architecture and the fine arts flourished in the city as never before. |
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Other notable architectural achievements include the church of Les Jacobins (named for the Jacobeans, an order of monks), which is an excellent example of the technique of palm tree vaulting (French: voutes en palmiers). |
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The bubble finally burst in the mid-16th century. Another blue dye arrived from America, known as indigo. It wiped out the pastel trade in one fell swoop. Religious conflict broke out between the Catholics and the Calvinists. During the same time, buildings were destroyed by fire and there were yet more outbreaks of famine and plague. |
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The Roman city of Tolosa became the capital of the Visigoth empire, and later of the kingdom of Aquitaine. In 1271, the area, then a county, was incorporated into France. |
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===Enlightenment to 20th century=== |
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[[File:Capitole de Toulouse.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Capitole de Toulouse]] is an example of the 18th-century architectural projects in the city.]] |
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In 1761, a Toulouse merchant, [[Jean Calas]], was accused of murdering his own son to prevent his conversion to Catholicism. Calas was put to death a year later. Toulouse's persecution of Protestants such as Calas was widely condemned and religious intolerance did gradually disappear. |
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Throughout the Middle Ages, Toulouse--especially St. Saturnin's Basilica--was an important stop on the traditional pilgrimage route to |Santiago de Compostela, Spain. |
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During the remainder of the 18th century, the city was slowly modernised. This included a period of urban rebuilding, which began in earnest from 1750. New projects included the building of the Jardin Royal. The Grand Rond also dates to this period, along with the Canal de Brienne and the Quai Dillon. |
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===Renaissance and Beyond=== |
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In 1856, the Matabiau Station was opened, launching a new age in transportation. Other transport improvements included the widening of streets to form more spacious boulevards. Gradually, Toulouse emerged as a modern French city. |
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In the sixteenth century, Toulouse built its economy on the fabric dye woad, called at the time pastel. While the prosperity would not last (woad would be eclipsed by indigo from the New World, which produced a darker and more colorfast blue), Toulouse used its newfound wealth to build the magnificent homes and public buildings that are today the core of the old city. |
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During the early decades of 20th-century history, Toulouse witnessed the mass arrival of immigrants from northern France, Italy and Spain. New industries arrived in the city, including aircraft manufacturing and chemical factories. The French airmail service was set up here too, while in the [[Second World War]], Toulouse played a vital role in the Resistance movement. |
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The Canal du Midi, completed in 1681, links Toulouse to the Mediterranean Sea. |
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In the 1960s, a new wave of immigrants arrived in the city, this time from Algeria. New homes were built and the city's boundaries were extended yet further. Toulouse's industry interests have more recently reached out to include space exploration and electronics, and today, this is France's fourth-largest city. |
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==Population== |
==Population== |
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Revision as of 00:00, 17 August 2013
Toulouse
Tolosa | |
|---|---|
 Montage of Toulouse, Top:Pont Saint Pierre and Garonne River, Middle of left:Place du Capitole, Middle of right:Pont-Neuf Bridge, Bottom of left:Capitole de Toulouse, Bottom of center:Ariane 5 at the Cité de l'espace, Bottom of right:Mediatheque Jose Cabanis | |
.svg) Coat of arms | |
| Motto(s): Per Tolosa totjorn mai. (Occitan for "For Toulouse, always more") | |
Location of Toulouse  | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Haute-Garonne |
| Arrondissement | Toulouse |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2008–2014) | Pierre Cohen (PS) |
| Area 1 | 118.3 km2 (45.7 sq mi) |
| • Urban (2008) | 811.6 km2 (313.4 sq mi) |
| • Metro (2008) | 5,381 km2 (2,078 sq mi) |
| Population (2012[1]) | 449,328 |
| • Rank | 4th in France |
| • Density | 3,800/km2 (9,800/sq mi) |
| • Urban (1 January 2008) | 864,936[2] |
| • Metro (1 January 2008) | 1,202,889[3] |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 31555 / |
| Website | http://www.toulouse.fr/ |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tu.luz] , locally: [tuˈluzə] ; Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], Latin: Tolosa, medieval Tholoza) is a city in the department of Haute-Garonne in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, 150 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea and 230 km from the Atlantic Ocean, and 580 km (360 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008,[3] the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).[4]
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, EADS, ATR and the Aerospace Valley, considered as a global cluster.
The city also hosts l'Oncopole de Toulouse, the largest cancer research centre in Europe, the European headquarters of Intel and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.[5] Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 119,000 students, is the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.[6]
Toulouse was the capital of the former province of Languedoc (provinces were abolished during the French Revolution), the former Visigothic Kingdom and was the capital of the historical region of Occitania (Southern France). It is now the capital of the Midi-Pyrénées region, the largest region in metropolitan France. It is also the capital of the Haute-Garonne department.
A city with a typical architecture of Southern France, Toulouse has two historic sites added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Canal Du Midi (shared with other cities), since 1996, and the Basilica of St. Sernin under the description: World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France, since 1998.
Stade toulousain, Toulouse's main rugby union club, is a symbol of the city, holding an impressive record of nineteen Top 14 and four Heineken Cup titles.
Culturally, Toulouse is home to the Galerie du Château d'eau, one of the oldest places dedicated to photography in the world, the Académie des Jeux floraux, the oldest literary society of the Western World and, according to many historians, was one of the places where capitalism was invented.[7]
Geography
Hydrography
The city is traversed by the Canal de Brienne, the Canal du Midi and the rivers Garonne, Touch and Hers-Mort.
Climate
Toulouse has a temperate climate that is usually classified as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) classification. Toulouse is located at the junction with the Mediterranean climate zone, but uniform precipitation prevents it from being classified this way.
| Toulouse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Climate data for Toulouse | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10 (50) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20 (68) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
14 (57) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) |
3.2 (37.8) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6 (43) |
3.4 (38.1) |
9.3 (48.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51 (2.0) |
42 (1.7) |
49 (1.9) |
70 (2.8) |
74 (2.9) |
60 (2.4) |
38 (1.5) |
47 (1.9) |
47 (1.9) |
57 (2.2) |
51 (2.0) |
52 (2.0) |
638 (25.1) |
| Average precipitation days | 9.6 | 9 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 7.6 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 8 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 99.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 104 | 119 | 182 | 184 | 217 | 228 | 253 | 238 | 204 | 149 | 96 | 84 | 2,058 |
| Source 1: Météo France[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: World Meteorological Organisation[9] | |||||||||||||
History
Once a major metropolis of Western Europe, Toulouse sank into a sleepy regional-level status in the 18th and 19th centuries, completely missing the Industrial Revolution. In the 20th century, relocation of key military and aerospace industries in Toulouse by the French central government have awakened the city again. In an ironic twist of history, what was once a big liability for Toulouse has now become its best asset: no Industrial Revolution meant a falling economic status for the city, but it has spared Toulouse the environmental damages and painful socio-economic restructuring that are plaguing so many Northern European industrial cities.
Benefiting from its status as Europe's capital of aerospace industry, as well as from the flow of population from the industrial belt to the sunbelt of Europe, Toulouse greater metropolitan area doubled its population between 1960 and 2000 (in the meantime the population of France increased only by 30%). With good prospects for aerospace and biotech industries, growth is likely to continue in the near future. Toulouse is thus recovering step by step its former rank as a major European metropolis, but it faces increasing challenges: how to accommodate such a rapid growth, how to upgrade transport and develop housing and infrastructures, in short how to reinvent the city in the 21st century.
The days of "La belle endormie" (Sleeping Beauty), as the city was often nicknamed by its inhabitants, are now gone. The way the local decision makers will manage and adjust to this rapidly changing environment will largely shape the destiny of Toulouse in the new century.
Antiquity
The history of Toulouse can be traced as far back as the 8th century BC, according to the oldest archeological evidence of human settlement. The location was very advantageous: an easy crossing of the Garonne river, just as the northward river reaches strong hills and thus bends westward toward the Atlantic Ocean. It was a focal point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Immediately north of these hills was a large plain suitable for agriculture. People gathered on the hills overlooking the river, south of the plain, 9 kilometers south of today downtown Toulouse. The name chosen for the city was Tolosa. Researchers today agree that the name is probably Aquitanian, related to the old Basque language, but the meaning is unknown. It is noteworthy that the name of the city have remained almost unchanged over centuries despite Celtic, Roman and Germanic invasions, which is quite unusual for French cities (Paris was once Lutetia, etc.).
The first inhabitants seem to have been Aquitanian, of whom little is known. Later came Iberians from the south, who, like the Aquitanians, were non-Indo-European people. Then in the 3rd century BC came from Belgium or southern Germany a Celtic Gallic tribe called the Volcae Tectosages, the first Indo-Europeans to appear in the region. They settled in Tolosa and melted with the local people, keeping the old Aquitanian name of the place. Their Celtic Gallic language became the language of the inhabitants. By 200 BC Tolosa is attested to be the capital of the Volcae Tectosages, which C. Julius Caesar later called Tolosates in his famous account of Gallic wars (De Bello Gallico). Tolosa is said to have been one of the most important city in Gaul, and certainly it was famed for being the wealthiest one. There were many gold and silver mines nearby, and the offerings to the holy shrines and temples in Tolosa had accumulated a tremendous wealth in the city.
The Romans started their conquest of southern Gaul in 125 BC. Moving westward, they founded the colony of Narbo Martius (today Narbonne) in 118 BC (the nearest Mediterranean city from inland Toulouse), and so they came into contact with the Tolosates, famous for their wealth and the key position of their capital for trade with the Atlantic. Tolosa chose to ally with the daunting Romans, who established a military fort in the plain north of the city, a key position near the border of independent Aquitania, but left otherwise the inhabitants of Tolosa free to rule themselves in semi-independence.
In 109 BC a Germanic tribe, the Cimbri, invaded the Provincia along the Rhone Valley, and defeated the Romans, whose power was shaken all along the recently conquered Mediterranean coast. The Tolosates rebelled against Rome and murdered the Roman garrison. Soon, however, Rome was recovering and defeated the invaders. In 106 BC general Q. Servilius Caepio was sent to reconquer and punish Tolosa. With the help of some Tolosates remained faithful to Rome he captured the city and plundered the immense wealth of the temples and shrines. Thus ended the independence of the city.
Tolosa was then fully incorporated into the Roman Provincia (Provincia Romana - - the usual name for what was officially called the province of Cisalpine Gaul, with its capital at Narbo Martius). Tolosa was an important military garrison at the western border of the Roman realm. However the city remained a backwater in the Provincia, people were still living in the old Celtic city in the hills. No Roman colony was established here, few Roman soldiers settled there.
Things changed after the conquest of the rest of Gaul by C. Julius Caesar. A sign that Romanization of the people was already well under its way, Tolosa did not take part in the various uprisings against Rome during the Gallic wars. In fact southern France would prove to be the most romanized part of France after the fall of the Roman Empire. Caesar established his camp in the plain of Tolosa in 52 BC, and from there he conquered the western regions of Aquitania. With the conquest of Aquitania and the whole of Gaul, Tolosa was no more a military outpost. It capitalized on its key position for trade between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, now both under Roman control, and the city developed rapidly.
Consequently, the most important event in the history of Toulouse was the decision to relocate the city north of the hills. A typical Roman city of straight streets was founded in the plain on the eastern bank of the river sometime at the end of the reign of Augustus and the start of the reign of Tiberius (around AD 10 –AD 30). The population of Tolosa was forced to relocate to the new city, still named Tolosa, while the old Tolosa in the hills was left abandoned. Walls were built around the new city, probably at the initiative of emperor Augustus, who wanted to create a major city at the junction of the newly built Via Aquitania and the Garonne river. Due to the Pax Romana, walls were not needed around cities, and they were only built as an imperial favor to show the special status of a city. Until the fall of the Roman Empire, the new Tolosa was to be a civitas of the province of Gallia Narbonensis (capital Narbo Martius – Narbonne), the new name of the old Provincia.
With imperial favor and a thriving trade, Tolosa rapidly transformed into one of the major cities of the Roman Empire. During the civil war following Nero's death, Tolosa native M. Antonius Primus led the armies of Vespasian into Italy and entered Rome in AD 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty. Emperor Domitian, son of Vespasian and personal friend of M. Antonius Primus, granted Tolosa the honorific status of Roman colony. Another sign of imperial favor was displayed when Domitian gave Tolosa the title of Palladia, in reference to Athena Pallas, goddess of arts and knowledge, of whom he was very fond.
Palladia Tolosa was by all means a major Roman city, with aqueducts, circus and theaters, thermae, a forum, an extensive sewerage system, etc. Protected by its walls (an uncommon feature as explained above) and by its far location from the Rhine border, Palladia Tolosa escaped unscathed from the terrible invasions of the 3rd century. With much of Gaul destroyed, Toulouse emerged as the fourth largest city of the western half of the Roman Empire, behind Rome, Treves and Arles. Around that time Christianity entered the city, and the Christian community greatly expanded under the first bishop of Toulouse Saint Saturninus (locally known as Saint Sernin) , who was martyred in Toulouse around AD 250. In 313 the Edict of Milan established religious freedom in the empire, ending persecution of Christianity. In 403 the Saint-Sernin basilica was opened to serve as a shrine for the relics of Saint Saturninus.
Around AD 400, the Germanic invasions resumed. The Roman Empire was drawing to its end. In 407 Toulouse was besieged by the Vandals, but under the impulse of its bishop Saint Exuperius the city resisted behind its strong walls, and the Vandals raised the siege and moved into Spain and North Africa where they settled. In 413, three years after they had sacked Rome, the Visigoths under king Ataulf captured Toulouse. Under pressure from Roman forces, they soon withdrew south of the Pyrenees. After the murder of Ataulf, his successor Wallia resolved to make peace with Rome. In exchange of peace, in 418 emperor Honorius granted the Visigoths the region of [ [Aquitania]] as well as the city of Toulouse (which was lying in Gallia Narbonensis at the border of Aquitania). The Visigoths chose the prestigious and wealthy Palladia Tolosa to be the capital of their kingdom, thus ending Roman rule in Toulouse.
Middle Ages
The city thrived in the Early and High Middle Ages; perhaps the crowning achievement being the completion of the St. Saturnin Basilica (French: Basilique Saint-Sernin) in 1196. Built entirely of the city's signature rosy bricks, the Basilica is the largest example of pure Romanesque (i.e. pre-Gothic) architecture in Europe.
Other notable architectural achievements include the church of Les Jacobins (named for the Jacobeans, an order of monks), which is an excellent example of the technique of palm tree vaulting (French: voutes en palmiers).
The Roman city of Tolosa became the capital of the Visigoth empire, and later of the kingdom of Aquitaine. In 1271, the area, then a county, was incorporated into France.
Throughout the Middle Ages, Toulouse--especially St. Saturnin's Basilica--was an important stop on the traditional pilgrimage route to |Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Renaissance and Beyond
In the sixteenth century, Toulouse built its economy on the fabric dye woad, called at the time pastel. While the prosperity would not last (woad would be eclipsed by indigo from the New World, which produced a darker and more colorfast blue), Toulouse used its newfound wealth to build the magnificent homes and public buildings that are today the core of the old city.
The Canal du Midi, completed in 1681, links Toulouse to the Mediterranean Sea.
Population
| Historical Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban Area [clarification needed] | Metropolitan Area[clarification needed] | |||
| 1695 | ||||
| 1750 | ||||
| 1790 | ||||
| 1801 | ||||
| 1831 | ||||
| 1851 | ||||
| 1872 | ||||
| 1911 | ||||
| 1936 | ||||
| 1946 | ||||
| 1954 | ||||
| 1962 | ||||
| 1968 | ||||
| 1975 | ||||
| 1982 | ||||
| 1990 | ||||
| 1999 | ||||
| 2009 | ||||
The population of the city proper (French: commune) was 440,204 at the 1 Jan 2009 census,[1] with 1,218,166 inhabitants in the metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine) (within the 2009 borders of the metropolitan area),[3] up from 964,797 at the March 1999 census (within the 1999 borders of the metropolitan area).[10] Within its 2009 borders, the metropolitan area population has grown at the record rate of +1.87% per year between 1999 and 2009.[3]
Toulouse is the fourth largest city in France, after Paris, Marseille and Lyon, and the fourth-largest metropolitan area after Paris, Lyon, and Marseille.
Fueled by booming aerospace and high-tech industries, population growth of 1.49% a year in the metropolitan area in the 1990s (compared with 0.37% for metropolitan France), and a record 1.87% a year in the 2000s (0.68% for metropolitan France), which is the highest population growth of any French metropolitan area larger than 500,000 inhabitants, means the Toulouse metropolitan area has overtaken Lille as the fourth-largest metropolitan area of France in 2009.
A local Jewish group estimates there are about 2,500 Jewish families in Toulouse. A Muslim association has estimated there are some 35,000 Muslims in town.[11]
Government and politics
Community of the Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse
The Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse (Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Toulouse) was created in 2001 to better coordinate transport, infrastructure and economic policies between the city of Toulouse and its immediate independent suburbs. It succeeds a previous district which had been created in 1992 with less powers than the current council. It combines the city of Toulouse and 24 independent communes, covering an area of 380 km² (147 sq. miles), totaling a population of 583,229 inhabitants (as of 1999 census), 67% of whom live in the city of Toulouse proper. As of February 2004 estimate, the total population of the Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse was 651,209 inhabitants, 65.5% of whom live in the city of Toulouse. Due to local political feuds, the Community of Agglomeration only hosts 61% of the population of the metropolitan area, the other independent suburbs having refused to join in. Since 2009, the Community of agglomeration has become an urban community (in French: communauté urbaine).
Local politics
 |
One of the major political figures in Toulouse was Dominique Baudis, the mayor of Toulouse between 1983 and 2001, member of the centrist UDF. First known as a journalist famous for his coverage of the war in Lebanon, 36 year-old Dominique Baudis succeeded his father Pierre Baudis in 1983 as mayor of Toulouse. (Pierre Baudis was mayor from 1971 to 1983.) The Baudis dynasty succeeded in turning Toulouse into a center-right stronghold, whereas historically the city had been left-leaning since the 19th century. Dominique Baudis is also known as a writer who wrote historical novels about the ancient counts of Toulouse, their crusade in the Middle East, and the Albigensian Crusade.
During his time as mayor, Toulouse's economy and population boomed. He tried to strengthen the international role of Toulouse (such as its Airbus operations), as well as revive the cultural heritage of the city. The Occitan cross, flag of Languedoc and symbol of the counts of Toulouse, was chosen as the new flag of the city, instead of the traditional coat of arms of Toulouse (which included the fleur de lis of the French monarchy). Many cultural institutions were created, in order to attract foreign expatriates and emphasise the city's past. For example, monuments dating from the time of the counts of Toulouse were restored, the city's symphonic concert hall (Halle aux Grains) was refurbished, a city theater was built, a Museum of Modern Art was founded, the Bemberg Foundation (European paintings and bronzes from the Renaissance to the 20th century) was established, a huge pop music concert venue (Zénith, the largest in France outside Paris) was built, the space museum and educational park Cité de l'Espace was founded, etc.
To deal with growth, major housing and transportation projects were launched. Perhaps the one for which Baudis [weasel words] is most famous is the Toulouse Metro: line A of the underground was opened in 1993, and Baudis succeeded in having work started on line B (which opened in 2007), despite strong local opposition to the anticipated costs. The creation of a system of underground car parking structures in Toulouse city centre was sharply criticised by the Green Party.[12]
Despite all these massive undertakings, the city's economy proved so strong that Dominique Baudis was able to announce, in 1999, that the city had finished repaying its debt, making it the only large city in France ever to achieve solvency. In Europe, typical per capita city debt for a city the size of Toulouse is around 1,200 euros. Achieving solvency was a long-standing goal for Baudis, who had said that he would extinguish city debt before leaving office. Local opposition, however, has criticised this achievement, saying that the task of governments is not to run zero-deficit, but to ensure the well-being of citizens, through social benefits, housing programs for poor people, etc. [citation needed]
In 2000, Dominique Baudis was at the zenith of his popularity, with approval rates of 85%. [citation needed] He announced that he would not run for a fourth (6-year) term in 2001. He explained that with 3 terms he was already the longest-serving mayor of Toulouse since the French Revolution; he felt that change would be good for the city, and that the number of terms should be limited. He endorsed Philippe Douste-Blazy, then UDF mayor of Lourdes as his successor. Baudis has since been appointed president of the CSA (Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel) in Paris, the French equivalent of the American FCC.
Philippe Douste-Blazy narrowly won in the 2001 elections, which saw the left making its best showing in decades. Douste-Blazy had to deal with a reinvigorated political opposition, as well as with the dramatic explosion of the AZF plant in late 2001.
In March 2004, he entered the national government, and left Toulouse in the hands of his second-in-command Jean-Luc Moudenc, elected mayor by the municipal council. In March 2008, Moudenc was defeated by the Socialist Party's candidate Pierre Cohen.
Mayors
Sights
- Capitole de Toulouse (mainly 18th century), housing the Hôtel de Ville, the Théâtre du Capitole (opera house), and the Donjon du Capitole (16th century), located on the Place du Capitole.
- Banks of the Garonne (mainly 18th century)
- Bazacle
- Jardin des Plantes, Grand-Rond, Jardin Royal
- Pont Neuf (16th century)
- Hôpital de la Grave, featuring a copper dome of the 18th century
- Hôpital Saint-Raymond, 16th-century hospital
- Hôtel-Dieu Saint Jacques, former 16th and 17th-century hospital on the banks of the Garonne
- Galerie du Château d'eau (19th century)
- Canal du Midi
- Many Hôtels particuliers (palaces), notably of the 16th century like the Hôtel d'Assézat, the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin, the Hôtel de Bernuy and the Hôtel de Bagis.
- Saint-Pierre bridge, 19th-century iron bridge
- Wilson Square
- Halle aux Grains (19th century)
- Gare de Toulouse Matabiau, railroad station
- Médiathèque José Cabanis
Museums
- Musée des Augustins, the fine arts museum of the city housed in a former gothic convent.
- Les Abattoirs, museum of modern and contemporary art.
- Fondation Bemberg, art museum housed in the 16th-century Hôtel d'Assézat.
- Musée Saint-Raymond, a museum devoted to Antiquity housed in the former 16th-century Saint-Raymond hospital.
- Musée Paul-Dupuy, houses a collection of decorative and graphic arts
- Le Château d'Eau, a gallery dedicated to contemporary photography.
- Musée Georges Labit, displaying Asiatic and far-eastern art.
- Musée du Vieux Toulouse, a museum presenting the history of the city.
- Cité de l'espace (City of Space), a theme park of space exploration.
- Muséum de Toulouse (Museum of Toulouse), a natural history museum.
Religious buildings
- Saint-Sernin Basilica (the largest romanesque church in Europe) which contains what is widely considered the most beautiful pipe organ in France.
- Notre-Dame du Taur church, 14th century
- Church of the Jacobins and its cloister (burial place of Saint Thomas Aquinas)
- Saint-Étienne cathedral, 13th to 16th century
- Daurade basilica, 18th–19th century
- Ursulines tower
- Saint Nicolas church, gothic church
- Notre-Dame de la Dalbade church, 15th–16th century
- Saint-Pierre des Cuisines church, 11th and 12th century with a 4th-century crypt.
- Carmelite chapel, chapel with 17th and 18th-century frescoes.
- former Augustine Convent and its gothic cloister, which now houses the Musée des Augustins.
Economy
The main industries are aeronautics, space, electronics, information technology and biotechnology. Toulouse hosts the Airbus headquarters and assembly-lines of Airbus A320, A330, A340, and A380, the others (A318, A319, A321 and A380 interior furnishing) being in Hamburg, Germany. Airbus intends to relocate Toulouse A320 final assembly activity to Hamburg, with A350 and A380 production going in the opposite direction as part of its Power8 organization plan begun under ex-CEO Christian Streiff.[13] Airbus has its head office in Blagnac, near Toulouse.[14][15] Airbus's France division has its main office in Toulouse.[15]
Toulouse also hosts the headquarters of Airbus, ATR, or again Groupe Latécoère
According to Newsweek, Toulouse ranked as the fifth most dynamic city in the world in 2006.[16]
And according to this same magazine, Toulouse can be considered today like Munich, Fukuoka and Las Vegas, as one of the most dynamic cities in the world.
Colleges and universities
Toulouse has the third-largest student population in France after Lyon and Paris with 119,000 students.
The University of Toulouse (Université de Toulouse), established in 1229, is located here (now split into three separate universities). Like the universities in Oxford and Paris, the University of Toulouse was established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Arabs of Andalus and Greek philosophers. These writings challenged European ideology—inspiring scientific discoveries and advances in the arts—as society began seeing itself in a new way. These colleges were supported by the Church, in hopes of reconciling Greek philosophy and Christian theology.
- Université Toulouse I, Toulouse School of Economics and Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse
- University of Toulouse II – Le Mirail
- Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III)
Toulouse is also the home of Toulouse Business School (ESC Toulouse), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), the Institut supérieur européen de gestion group (ISEG Group), the Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action (ISEFAC) and several engineering schools:
- ICAM Toulouse (Institut catholique d'arts et métiers)
- INSA Toulouse
- ISAE SUPAERO (École Nationale Supérieure de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace)
- ISAE ENSICA (École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques)
- ENAC (École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile)
- INP ENSEEIHT (École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, d'Électrotechnique, d'Informatique, d'Hydraulique et des Télécommunications)
- INP ENSIACET (École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs en art chimique et technologique)
- INP ENSAT ('École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse)
- EPITECH (École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies or European Institute of Information Technology)
- IPSA (Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées)
- EIPurpan (École d'ingénieurs de Purpan)
According to the French newspaper "L'Etudiant", Toulouse is the best city in France to study, and according to the British company QS (Quacquarelli Symonds), Toulouse is the 46th best student city in the world.
The most well known high schools in Toulouse are fr, Lycée Saint-Joseph and Lycée Saint-Sernin. In 2012 a Jewish school was struck by an attack in which a rabbi, his two sons and the daughter of the school's director were murdered by Mohammed Merah.
Transport
In addition to an extensive bus system, the Toulouse Metro is a VAL (Véhicule Automatique Léger) metro system made up of driverless (automatic) rubber-tired trains. Line A runs for 12.5 km from Balma-Gramont in the north-east to Basso Cambo in the south-west. Line B, which opened in June 2007, serves 20 stations north to south and intersects line A at Jean Jaurès. Line C has existed since line A was completed. It is not VAL but an urban railway line operated by SNCF. It connects to line A at Arènes. Similarly, Line D runs south from Toulouse Matabiau to Muret. The tramway line T1 (operating since December 2010), runs from Beauzelle to Toulouse passing through Blagnac. All urban bus, metro and tram services are operated by Tisséo.
In 2007, a city-wide bicycle rental scheme called VélôToulouse was introduced, with bicycles available from automated stations for a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly subscription.
Airports include:
- Toulouse Blagnac, the principal local airport
- Toulouse Lasbordes
The main railway station, with regional and national services, is Toulouse-Matabiau.
Communications
Toulouse is the home of Bonhoure Radio Tower, a 61-metre high lattice tower used for FM and TV transmission.[17] In 2001 a large (100 km) optical fiber (symmetric 360Gbit/s) network named Infrastructure Métropolitaine de Télécommunications was deployed around the city and suburbs.[18]
Culture
The Théâtre du Capitole is the home of opera and ballet; there has been a theatre on the site since 1736.[19] The Orchestre National du Capitole, long associated with Michel Plasson, plays at the Halle aux Grains.[20]
Le Château d'Eau gallery,[21] an old nineteenth century water-tower was converted as a gallery in 1974 by Jean Dieuzaide, a French photographer from Toulouse and is now one of the oldest public places dedicated to photography in the world.
Toulouse is the seat of the Académie des Jeux Floraux, the equivalent of the French Academy for the Occitan-speaking regions of southern France, making Toulouse the unofficial capital of Occitan culture. The traditional Occitan cross was adopted as the symbol of both the City of Toulouse and the newly founded Midi-Pyrénées région.
The city's gastronomic specialties include Saucisses de Toulouse, a type of sausage, cassoulet Toulousain, a bean and pork stew, and garbure, a cabbage soup with poultry. Also, foie gras, the liver of an overfed duck or goose, is a delicacy mainly made in the Midi-Pyrénées. [citation needed]
Sport
Toulouse is represented by Stade Toulousain, a rugby union club competing in the Top 14 competition. Stade Toulousain is considered[22][23] one of the finest rugby union club in all of Europe, having been crowned the Heineken Cup champions four times since 1996, year of creation of the European cup.
Toulouse Olympique represents the city in Rugby League, they play in the Co-operative Championship. There are plans for the club to join the European Super League in 2015.
The city also has a professional football team : Toulouse FC, who play in Ligue 1, the highest level of Football in France, established in 1970 by the fusion of Stade olympique des étudiants toulousains et Stade olympien vélo-sport de Toulouse, these two last were created before World War I.
Fenix Toulouse Handball who play in Division 1, the highest level of Handball in France, was created in 1996. Fenix T.B was the training center and first club of France national handball team captain Jérôme Fernandez and France national handball team head coach Claude Onesta.
Spacers Toulouse volleyball who play in Division 1, the highest level of Volleyball in France, was created in 1994, is currently represented in CEV Cup (European volleyball clubs championship) and made its better result being in 1/4 final.
Toulouse Métropole Basket who play in Ligue Féminine de Basketball, the highest level of Basketball in France, was created in 2008 and reached an ephemeral popularity in Europe by the recruitement in July 2013 of the international croat Antonija Mišura, named by the influent American sports website Bleacher Report, the most beautiful female competitor at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[24]
The city also shared with other French cities the hosting of games during the 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2007 rugby world cup and the EuroBasket 1999.
Personalities
The most famous Toulousains were, for many of them, scientists, just like Jean Dausset, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980, 17th century mathematician Pierre de Fermat, who spent his life in Toulouse where he wrote the Fermat's Last Theorem and was a lawyer of the Parliament, Paul Sabatier, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912, student of the Pierre de Fermat High School and the present called Paul Sabatier University, he died also in the city.
Musically, Toulouse is the birthplace of one of the most prominent figure of the History of Tango, Carlos Gardel and Toulouse most renowned singer is Claude Nougaro. Toulouse is also home of an important electro music scene with musicians such as Dilemn, Laurent Wolf, Mondkopf and Electrosexual or again Synapson, official DJ's of the Cannes Film Festival.[25] All helped by Les Siestes Électroniques, one of the major electronic music festival in Europe.[26]
The most renowned artist from Toulouse nowadays is the New York-based street-artist JR, which is the precursor of the Toulouse graffiti scene with world-renowned street-artists [27][28] just like Miss Van,Fafi, Dran, Mademoiselle Kat or again Tilt.
Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, one of the leader of the First Crusade was born in Toulouse. Aviation's precursor Clément Ader and French Psychology School father Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol were also Toulouse-born. Rugbymen Jean-Pierre Rives (nicknamed Golden helmet), Frédéric Michalak, Maxime Médard or footballers Gaël Clichy, Blaise Matuidi began with local teams.
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Toulouse is twinned with:
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Toulouse also has accords of cooperation with the following towns:
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In addition, Toulouse has an adopted city:
Câmpia Turzii, Romania
See also
- Stade Toulousain (rugby)
- Cassoulet
- Toulouse School of Economics (Ecole d'économie de Toulouse)
- 138 Tolosa, an asteroid
- Communes of the Haute-Garonne department
- Diabologum
- Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse
- List of bishops of Toulouse
- Toulouse Geese
- Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—famous artist born of nobility in Midi-Pyrénées région, but not born in the city of Toulouse
References
- ^ a b Template:Fr icon INSEE. "Commune : Toulouse (31555)". Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ Template:Fr icon INSEE. "Unité urbaine 2010 : Toulouse (31701)". Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d Template:Fr icon INSEE. "Aire urbaine 2010 : Toulouse (004)". Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Template:Fr icon INSEE. "Tableau complémentaire 2 : Évolution de la population des grandes aires urbaines". Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Template:Fr icon CNES. "Ademe.fr" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2007.
- ^ Atlas 2005–2006 de l'éducation nationale, [pdf] Consulté le 11/09/2007
- ^ Le capitalisme est né à Toulouse ! - Webzine Café Du Web
- ^ "Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France". Météo France. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Toulouse". Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ Template:Fr icon INSEE. "Toulouse (005-Aire urbaine 99) - E_DEMO - Évolutions démographiques 1982-1999". Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Killings sour good life for high-flying Toulouse
- ^ http://www.bonjourlafrance.com/france-city/toulouse-france/toulouse-politics.htm - Toulouse polotics information
- ^ "Airbus to base A320 production in Hamburg, 350s and 380s in Toulouse – report[dead link]." Forbes. 15 January 2007.
- ^ "Airbus A380 lands after making aviation history." USA Today. 27 April 2005. Updated 28 April 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Contacts." Airbus. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ^ The Ten Most Dynamic Cities – Newsweek[dead link]
- ^ Bonhoure Transmission Tower at Structurae
- ^ "Garonne-networks.com". Garonne-networks.com. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
- ^ "L'univers du Théâtre". Theatre-du-capitole.fr. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
- ^ "Orchestre National du Capitole de Toulouse". Onct.mairie-toulouse.fr. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
- ^ Le Château d'Eau Official website
- ^ Europe’s Top Rugby Clubs - For Dummies
- ^ ERC : Classement Européen
- ^ Zaldivar, Gabe (20 July 2012). "Croatian Basketball Player Antonija Mišura Is Most Beautiful Woman at Olympics". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ^ Template:Cite web = http://www.voixdumidi.fr/festival-de-cannes-les-djs-officiels-sont-toulousains-74485.html
- ^ http://www.gqmagazine.fr/pop-culture/musique/diaporama/les-10-meilleurs-festivals-de-l-ete-1/13568#les-siestes-electroniques-a-toulouse-et-a-paris.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ http://www.fatcap.org/artiste/dran.html.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ http://www.magda-gallery.com/fr/miss-van.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)
Bibliography
- Le Stang, Anne (2006). Histoire de Toulouse illustrée. leperegrinateurediteur.com. ISBN 2-910352-44-7. Template:Fr
- Kerrison, Helen & Jeremy (2008). The Practical Guide to Toulouse. leperegrinateurediteur.com. ISBN 2-910352-46-3.
External links
- Template:Fr icon ToulouseCity.com
- Template:En icon Toulouse : pink, violets, red and black - Official French website
- Template:Fr icon Official site
- Template:Fr icon Greater Toulouse Council
- Virtual Tour in Toulouse, with 360° full-screen panoramas
- Toulouse Tourist Office
- Les Abattoirs Modern Arts
- Website of the Bemberg Foundation
- Website of the Saint Raymond Museum
- Toulouse-Blagnac International Airport
Toulouse travel guide from Wikivoyage- Template:Fr icon Wikitoulouse.fr Haisoft.fr, comprehensive wiki devoted to Toulouse.
- Template:Fr icon Culture in Toulouse
- Rainbow Toulouse
- English In Toulouse—Meeting for native speakers
- Americans-In-Toulouse International Club
- Chinese In Toulouse—Meeting for native speakers
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