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}}</ref> Relatively low-cost and non-polluting, rickshaws nevertheless cause traffic congestion and have been banned from many parts of the city. Public buses are operated by the state-run [[Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation]] as well as private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately-owned automobiles are becoming increasingly popular with the city's growing middle-class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with "Green taxis", which run on [[compressed natural gas]].
}}</ref> Relatively low-cost and non-polluting, rickshaws nevertheless cause traffic congestion and have been banned from many parts of the city. Public buses are operated by the state-run [[Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation]] (BRTC) as well as private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately-owned automobiles are becoming increasingly popular with the city's growing middle-class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with "Green taxis", which run on [[compressed natural gas]].


Dhaka has as many as 1,868 kilometres of roads.<ref name="Rickshaws">{{cite news
Dhaka has 1,868 kilometres of paved roads.<ref name="Rickshaws">{{cite news
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}}</ref> It is connected by highways and railway links to [[Chittagong]], [[Khulna]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Faridpur]] and [[Sylhet]]. Highway links and public bus services to Kolkata and [[Agartala]] have been established and run by the [[Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation]].<ref name="BTRC">{{cite news
}}</ref> It is connected by highways and railway links to [[Chittagong]], [[Khulna]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Faridpur]] and [[Sylhet]]. Highway links to Kolkata and [[Agartala]] have been established by the BRTC which also runs regular bus services to those cities from Dhaka.<ref name="BTRC">{{cite news
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}}</ref> The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s, but more recently the city's population has also grown as a result of the expansion of its administrative boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.<ref name="EDemo1">{{cite web
}}</ref> The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.<ref name="EDemo1">{{cite web
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==Sports==
==Sports==
[[Image:Dhaka stadium cricket Crowd.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Crowds enjoy a cricket match at the Bangabandhu Stadium.]]
[[Image:Dhaka stadium cricket Crowd.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Crowds enjoy a cricket match at the Bangabandhu Stadium.]]
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Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation. Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by a large number of schools, colleges and private entities. The [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Bangladesh)|Mohammedan Sports Club]] and [[Abahani]] are the largest football and cricket teams, maintaining a fierce rivalry. Many Bangladeshi cricketers and football players such as [[Sheikh Aslam]], [[Athar Ali Khan]], [[Kaiser Hamid]], [[Mohammad Ashraful]], [[Enamul Haque Jr.]] and [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] hail from Dhaka. The [[Bangladesh cricket team]]'s victories over Pakistan in 1999, India in 2004 and even the overseas win against [[Australian cricket team]] in 2005 were celebrated by thousands of people who congregated on the streets of the city.<ref name="Crowd celebrations">{{cite news
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Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official [[test cricket]] match of the [[Pakistan cricket team]] in 1954 against [[Indian cricket team|India]].<ref name="First test">{{cite news
Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official [[test cricket]] match of the [[Pakistan cricket team]] in 1954 against [[Indian cricket team|India]].<ref name="First test">{{cite news
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Many Bangladeshi cricketers and football players such as [[Sheikh Aslam]], [[Athar Ali Khan]], [[Kaiser Hamid]], [[Mohammad Ashraful]], [[Enamul Haque Jr.]] and [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] hail from Dhaka. Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation. Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by a large number of schools, colleges and private entities. The [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Bangladesh)|Mohammedan Sports Club]] and [[Abahani]] are the largest football and cricket teams, maintaining a fierce rivalry. The [[Bangladesh cricket team]]'s victories over Pakistan in 1999, India in 2004 and the [[Australian cricket team]] in 2005 were celebrated by tens of thousands of people who congregated on the streets of the city.<ref name="Crowd celebrations">{{cite news
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{{seealso|Sports in Bangladesh}}
{{seealso|Sports in Bangladesh}}

Revision as of 14:33, 7 October 2006

Dhaka
Map
CountryBangladesh
Administrative DistrictDhaka District
Government
 • MayorSadeque Hossain Khoka
Population
 (2006 est.)
 • City6 million
 • Metro
9.3 million
Time zoneUTC+6

Dhaka (previously Dacca; Bangla: ঢাকা Đhaka; IPA: [ɖʱaka]) is the capital of Bangladesh and the Dhaka District. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Dhaka and its metropolitan area have a population exceeding 15 million, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the most populous cities in the world.

Under Mughal rule, the city was also known as Jahangir Nagar. The modern city was largely developed by British authorities and soon became the second-largest city in Bengal after Kolkata. With the partition of India, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan before becoming the capital of an independent Bangladesh in 1972. During this period Dhaka witnessed extensive political turmoil, including many periods of martial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression and devastation from war and natural calamities.

Modern Dhaka is the centre of political, cultural and economic life in Bangladesh, enjoying the highest literacy rate amongst other Bangladeshi cities and a diverse economy. While the urban infrastructure is the most developed in the country, Dhaka suffers from severe challenges such as pollution, congestion, supply shortages, poverty and crime. In recent decades Dhaka has seen a modernisation of transport, communications and public works. The city is attracting modern industries, greater volumes of commerce and trade and an increasing number of works from across the nation.

History

Main article: History of Dhaka

The existence of urbanised settlements in the area that is now Dhaka dates from the 7th century CE. The city area was ruled by the Buddhist kingdom of Kamarupa before passing to the control of the Sena dynasty in the 9th century CE.[1] Many believe that the name of the city was derived after the establishment of the Goddess Dhakeshwari's temple by Ballal Sena in the 12th century CE. The Dhaka area of that time was identified as Bengalla. The town consisted of a few market centers like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by the Turkish and Afghan governors descending from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608. The Afghan Fort in Dhaka was located at the present Central Jail.[1]

File:Lal Bager Kellah.jpg
The Lal Bagh Fort was developed by Shaista Khan.
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban hosts the national parliament.

The development of townships and a significant growth in population came as the city was proclaimed the capital of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608 CE. Mughal subahdar Islam Khan was the first viceroy administrator of the city.[2] Khan christened the town "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honour of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. The main expansion of the city took place under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then stretched for 12 miles in length and 8 miles in breadth. It was believed to have had a population of nearly a million people.[2] The city passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Plassey. Owing to the war, the city's population shrank dramatically in a short period of time.[3] Under British rule, many modern educational institutions, public works and townships were developed. A modern water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply in 1878.[4] The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Indian soldiers.

Following the partition of Bengal in 1947 Dhaka became the capital of East Bengal, which became a part of the new Muslim state of Pakistan. The city witnessed communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's Hindu population departed for India, while the city received hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants. The city's population catapulted in a very short period of time, creating severe shortages and infrastructural problems.[5][6] As the centre of regional politics, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The adoption of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the Language movement of 1952, the protests soon degenerated into widespread violence after police firing killed students who were demonstrating peacefully.[7]

The 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killing an estimated 500,000 people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and waterlogged, with millions of people marooned.[8] The following year saw Bengali politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman hold a massive nationalist rally on March 7, 1971 at the Race Course Ground that attracted an estimated one million people.[9][10] Galvanising public anger against ethnic discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, the gathering preceded the March 26 declaration of Bangladesh's independence.[9] In response, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of hundreds of thousands of people, mainly Hindus and Bengali intellectuals.[11] The fall of the city to the Indian Army on December 16 marked the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh. The post-independence period has also seen a massive growth of the population, attracting migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh.[6] Dhaka's growth picked up tremendous pace since 1971 and private initiative played a dominant role in the development of these areas.[6] A real estate boom has followed the development of new settlements such as Gulshan, Banani and Motijheel.

Geography and climate

File:Dhaka-panorama.jpg
Panorama of the city.

Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E / 23.70000°N 90.37500°E / 23.70000; 90.37500. The city covers a total area of 815.85 km² (315 square miles).[12] It consists of seven principal thanas — Dhanmondi, Kotwali, Motijheel, Ramna, Mohammadpur, Sutrapur, Tejgaon — and 14 auxiliary thanas — Gulshan, Lalbagh, Mirpur, Pallabi, Sabujbagh, Cantonment, Demra, Hazaribagh, Shyampur, Badda, Kafrul, Kamrangir char, Khilgaon and Uttara. In total the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas.[13] Dhaka district has an area of 1463.60 km²; and is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Narayanganj, Manikganj.[13] The city is based on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River, which is the confluence of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. Located on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta, Dhaka's landscape is almost entirely flat.

Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterise the land, which is very close to sea-level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to rising floods and waterlogging during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall, tropical storms and cyclones. The people of Dhaka experience a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. The city is within the monsoon climate zone, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August.[12] Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 1,854 mm (73 inches) occurs between May and September.[12] Summers are very hot while winters are moderately cool and relatively dry.

The intensive development of the urban agglomeration is causing serious environmental damage. Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems affecting the quality of life in the city. The water bodies in and around Dhaka city are facing extinction as these are being filled up to construct multi-storied buildings for human habitation.[14] More than 9.7 million tonnes of solid wastes are produced in Dhaka city each year. Many private and government efforts have succeeded in collecting garbage city-wide and using it as manure.[14] However, solid wastes are often dumped untreated in nearby low-lying areas and water bodies. Increasing pollution is a mounting threat to public health hazard and local ecosystems.[14]

See also: Geography of Bangladesh

Civic administration

The Dhaka City Corporation building.

The Dhaka Municipality was founded on August 1, 1864 and upgraded to "corporation" status in 1978.[15] The Dhaka City Corporation is a self-governing corporation that is associated with the task of running the affairs of the city. The incorporated area is divided into several wards, which have elected commissioners. The mayor of the city is elected by popular vote every five years, and the post is presently held by Sadeque Hossain Khoka.[16] The Dhaka Education Board is responsible for administering all public schools with the exception of English-medium schools and madrassahs. All madrassahs in Bangladesh are governed by a central board while English-medium schools are managed privately or by the central government.

Aside from Chittagong, Dhaka is the only city with a water-borne sewerage system, but this serves only 15 percent of the population while another 30 percent are served with septic tanks.[14] Only 25% of the city's population is connected to the piped sewerage system, and only two-thirds of the households are connected to water. A majority of households use open latrines. Dhaka has one of the highest rates of death from infectious disease of any city in Asia.[17] Dhaka suffers from a chronically high crime rate and frequent incidences of political and religious violence.[18] An undermanned and ill-equipped police force has caused governments to sometimes deploy the Bangladeshi Army and paramilitary forces in major efforts to curb crime.[19][20]

The city is divided into 10 parliamentary constituencies. The two main political parties are the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Ramna contains the Secretariat, which houses most of the government ministries. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh as well as the Dhaka High Court are located in the city. The Bangabhaban palace has served as the official residence of the Viceroy of India, the governor of East Pakistan and presently the President of Bangladesh. The Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban was designed by reknowned architect Louis Kahn.[21] It houses the unicameral national parliament. The Baitul Mukarram, developed with a design resembling the Kaaba of Mecca, is designated the national mosque of the nation. The Bara Katra palace, the Lal Bagh Fort, the Hoseni Dalan and the Ahsan Manzil are amongst many historical monuments in the city.

Economy

Bashundhara City

Dhaka is the commercial heart of Bangladesh, accounting for more than half of its exports, revenues and net GDP growth. The city is home to a fast-growing middle class population.[22] The purchasing power of Dhaka's middle-class is significantly higher than the rest of the country, increasing the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.[22][23] Most of Bangladesh's skilled workers are employed in the businesses and industries located in the Dhaka metropolitan area. The Export Processing Zone in Dhaka was set up to encourage the export of garments, textiles and other goods. The EPZ is home to 80 factories, which employ mostly women.[24] The Dhaka Stock Exchange is based in the city as are most banks, national and multinational companies, including the Bangladesh Bank, Rupali Bank, HSBC, Sonali Bank, Citibank and the Grameen Bank. The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $2,801. The city has historically attracted a large number of migrant workers.[17] Hawkers, peddlars, small shops, rickshaws transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population.[17][25] There are as many as 400,000 rickshaw-pullers in the city.[22] Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while there are as many as 800,000 textile workers in the city. Unemployment remains chronically high at 23%.[26]

New urban developments have resulted in a real estate and construction boom in recent years. The main business districts of the city include Motijheel, Pantapath and Gulshan. Basundhara City is a recently developed economic area that houses many high-tech industries and corporations in telecommunications, information technology and energy. It is also home to the largest shopping mall believed to be the largest in South Asia and frequented daily by more than 25,000 people.[22] Housing and construction, the production of textiles and garments, chemicals, food and a wide variety of consumer products takes place across the city area. The construction of high-rise buildings and skyscrapers are changing the city landscape.[22] Tourism, hotels and restaurants are also an important element of the economy of Dhaka. The Sadarghat Port area is a major dock area on the Buriganga River serving the transportation of goods and passengers from neighbouring areas. In recent years, Dhaka has benefited from rapid growth in foreign investment and service industries, but several million people continue to suffer from poverty.[17][22]

See also: Economy of Bangladesh

Transport

Rush-hour traffic in Dhaka.

Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport for the people of the city, with more than 320,000 rickshaws running each day — the largest number for any city in the world.[25] However, only about 80,000 rickshaws have been licensed.[27][17] Relatively low-cost and non-polluting, rickshaws nevertheless cause traffic congestion and have been banned from many parts of the city. Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) as well as private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately-owned automobiles are becoming increasingly popular with the city's growing middle-class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with "Green taxis", which run on compressed natural gas.

Dhaka has 1,868 kilometres of paved roads.[27] It is connected by highways and railway links to Chittagong, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Faridpur and Sylhet. Highway links to Kolkata and Agartala have been established by the BRTC which also runs regular bus services to those cities from Dhaka.[28] The Kamalapur Railway Station and the Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station are the main railway stations providing trains on suburban and national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway. The Zia International Airport is the largest and busiest in the nation. The state-run Biman Bangladesh Airlines is the primary airline corporation based at the airport, although smaller, private carriers are gaining popularity. The Hajj Terminal of the airport conveys year-long flights to Saudi Arabia for Muslim pilgrims performing the hajj to Mecca.

See also: Transport in Bangladesh

Demographics

Baitul Mukarram (Dhaka) the National Mosque Bangladesh. The structure resembles the Kaaba in Mecca

The population of Dhaka city (areas under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka city corporation) stands at approximately 6 million. The city in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area is home to an estimated 9.3 million. The population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per annum, one of the highest rates amongst Asian cities.[17] The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.[17] The population literacy rate is estimated at 62.3%.[13] The city population is composed of peoples from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Kuttis and have a distinctive dialect and culture. Between 15,000 to 20,000 of the Rohingya, Santal, Khasi, Garo, Chakma and Mandi tribal peoples reside in the city.[29]

Almost all residents of Dhaka speak Bangla, the national language. Many distinctive Bangla dialects and regional languages such as Chittagonian and Sylheti are also spoken by small segments of the population. English is also spoken by a large segment of the population, especially for business purposes. Urdu is spoken by many non-Bengali peoples. Islam is the predominant religion of Dhaka's people, with a majority belonging to the Sunni sect. There are also significant Shia and Ahmadiya communities. Hinduism is the second-largest religion and smaller communities practice Buddhism and Christianity. In recent years there have been rising acts of religious violence, especially from radical Islamic groups.[18][30] Islamic groups have been blamed for targeting Hindus, Christians and Ahmadiyas as well as police and state authorities.[31][32]

See also: Demographics of Bangladesh

Culture

Durga Puja at the Dhakeshwari Temple.
Bangla New Year celebration in Ramna park

As the most populous city of the nation, life in Dhaka exemplifies Bangladeshi culture. Annual celebrations for Independence Day (March 26), Language Martyrs' Day (November 7) and Victory Day (December 16) are prominently held across the city. Dhaka's people congregate at the Central Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to celebrate the national heroes of the liberation war. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies in public grounds. Schools and colleges organise festivals and concerts.[33] Pohela Baishakh, known as the Bengali New Year falls annually on April 14 and is popularly celebrated across the city.[33] Large crowds of people gather on the streets of Shahbaug, Ramna Park and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations. The most popular dressing style for women are Sarees or Salwar Kameez, while men usually prefer western clothing to the traditional Lungi. The Durga Puja is the most important Hindu festival of the year. Large processions of Hindus perform devotional songs, dances, prayers and ceremonies for Goddess Durga, exemplifying the best of Hindu and Bengali culture.[34] The Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha witnesses widespread celebrations, with large numbers of Muslims attending prayers in mosques across the city.[35][34]

For much of recent history, Dhaka was characterised by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods. Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls, multiplexes, hotels and restaurants attracting Dhaka's growing middle-class and wealthy residents. Along with Bangladeshi cuisine and South Asian variants, a large variety in Western cuisine are served at numerous restaurants and eateries.[22] Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.[34] The ghazal songs of Runa Laila and the works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and Rabindranath Tagore are also celebrated across Dhaka.[34] The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para where drama shows are regularly held by a large number of theate groups.[34] Indian and Pakistani music and films are popular with large segments of Dhaka's population.

Bangladesh Betar is the state-run, primary provider of radio services and broadcasts a variety of programming in Bangla and English. In recent years many private radio networks have been established in the city. Bangladesh Television is the state-run broadcasting network that provides a wide variety of programmes in Bangla and English. Cable and satellite networks such as ATN Bangla, RTV, NTV and STAR TV are amongst the most popular channels. The main offices and organisations of almost every publication in Bangladesh are based in Dhaka. The Prothom Alo and The Daily Ittefaq are the most popular amongst the large number of Bangla language dailies, periodicals and other publications in the city. The Daily Star and The Independent are the largest English language dailies published in the city. Although cellular phones are gaining popularity, less than 10% of households have telephone access.[17]

See also: Culture of Bangladesh

Education

Curzon Hall, University of Dhaka

Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities for any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into 4 levels: Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Secondary (from grades 6 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.[36] The five years of lower secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary School (HSC) examination.[36] Education is mainly offered in Bangla, but English is also commonly taught and used. A large number of Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education, which is imparted in Bangla and Arabic.[36]

The Dhaka College is the oldest institution in the city and amongst the earliest established in British India. Founded in 1835 as an English school, it was raised to college status in 1841. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of a large number of public and private colleges and universities. Colleges and universities offer undergraduate and graduate degrees, as well as a variety of doctoral programmes. The University of Dhaka is the largest public university in the nation with more than 30,000 students and 1,300 faculty staff. The university also boasts 18 research centres and 70 departments, faculties and institutes.[37] Eminent schools include the Jahangirnagar University and the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, which is the premier technical university in the nation. The Dhaka Medical College and the Sir Salimullah Medical College are amongst the largest and most respected medical schools in the nation. Dhaka's college campuses are often hotbeds of political conflicts. Student groups are often involved with political parties and violent clashes with rivals.[38] Student protests, strikes and violence regularly disrupt academic activities and affect civil order throughout the city.[39][40]

See also: Education in Bangladesh

Sports

Crowds enjoy a cricket match at the Bangabandhu Stadium.

Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation. Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by a large number of schools, colleges and private entities. The Mohammedan Sports Club and Abahani are the largest football and cricket teams, maintaining a fierce rivalry. Many Bangladeshi cricketers and football players such as Sheikh Aslam, Athar Ali Khan, Kaiser Hamid, Mohammad Ashraful, Enamul Haque Jr. and Mashrafe Mortaza hail from Dhaka. The Bangladesh cricket team's victories over Pakistan in 1999, India in 2004 and even the overseas win against Australian cricket team in 2005 were celebrated by thousands of people who congregated on the streets of the city.[41]

Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official test cricket match of the Pakistan cricket team in 1954 against India.[42] The Bangabandhu National Stadium was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches, but now exclusively hosts football matches.[42] The newly-built Fatullah Khan Saheb Osman Ali Stadium hosts most of the domestic and international fixtures of cricket with an audience capacity of 15,000. The Bangladesh Sports Control Board, responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has large stadiums largely used for domestic cricket and football matches, such as the Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium (in Mirpur), the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground. The Dhaka University Ground hosts many inter-collegiate tournaments.[43]

See also: Sports in Bangladesh

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Pryer, Jane. Poverty and Vulnerability in Dhaka Slums: The Urban Livelihood Study. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0754618641.
  • Template:Harvard reference
  • Ahmed, Sharifuddin. Dhaka: Past, Present and Future. Dhaka, 1991.
  • Sarkar, Sir Jadunath. History of Bengal (II). Dhaka, 1948.
  • Karim, Abdul. History of Bengal, Mughal Period (I). Rajshahi, 1992.
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