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== Background ==
== Background ==
{{Main|Northern Syria Buffer Zone}}
{{Main|Northern Syria Buffer Zone}}
Following months of Turkish threats to unilaterally invade Northern Syria, a deal was struck in August 2019 between Turkey and the United States, which viewed [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] as one of its key allies in the [[military intervention against ISIL]] in Syria. The agreement established the [[Northern Syria Buffer Zone]], which aimed to dissipate tensions by addressing Turkey's 'security concerns' via monitoring and joint patrols, while still allowing the NES to retain control over the areas it had under its control at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/08/safe-zone-existing-project-but-deferred-details/|title=Safe Zone: Existing Project But Deferred Details|date=2019-08-29|website=Enab Baladi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/1b44b8a4-ff0c-44e0-98fe-51c4682e5e6f|title=SDF command reveals details about buffer zone in northeast Syria|last=Kurdistan24|website=Kurdistan24|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> The agreement was received favourably by the US and SDF/NES, but Turkey was generally dissatisfied with the deal. Turkey's dissatisfaction led to numerous Turkish efforts to expand the area covered by the buffer zone, secure Turkish control over parts of it or relocate millions of refugees into the zone, with all of these efforts failing in the face of firm SDF resistance and American ambivalence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-security-turkey-idUKKCN1VV0WI|title=Turkey says U.S. stalling on Syria 'safe zone', will act alone if needed|date=2019-09-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-09|language=en}}</ref>According to a spokesman for Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], the operation is intended to "[[Ethnic cleansing|correct the demographics]]" of northern Syria by moving Syrian Arab refugees in Turkey to the areas captured from the SDF. Turkish Government has previously accused the SDF of committing ethnic cleansing in northern Syria by moving Kurds to Arab populated areas and that they intended to correct this.<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/isvec-asuri-federasyonu-baskani-hermez-ypg-etnik-temizlik-yapiyor/1606581 İsveç Asuri Federasyonu Başkanı Hermez: YPG etnik temizlik yapıyor]</ref><ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/turkey-accuses-kurdish-forces-ethnic-cleansing-syria-093148734.html Turkey accuses Kurdish forces of 'ethnic cleansing' in Syria</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1565401/middle-east|title=After US green light, Turkey prepares military operation in Syria|date=7 October 2019|website=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/news/turkey-launch-military-operation-syria-ahead-us-withdrawal-1313520|title=Turkey to Launch Military Operation in Syria Ahead of US Withdrawal|website=Al Bawaba}}</ref>
Following months of Turkish threats to unilaterally invade Northern Syria, a deal was struck in August 2019 between Turkey and the United States, which viewed [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] as one of its key allies in the [[military intervention against ISIL]] in Syria. The agreement established the [[Northern Syria Buffer Zone]], which aimed to dissipate tensions by addressing Turkey's 'security concerns' via monitoring and joint patrols, while still allowing the NES to retain control over the areas it had under its control at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/08/safe-zone-existing-project-but-deferred-details/|title=Safe Zone: Existing Project But Deferred Details|date=2019-08-29|website=Enab Baladi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/1b44b8a4-ff0c-44e0-98fe-51c4682e5e6f|title=SDF command reveals details about buffer zone in northeast Syria|last=Kurdistan24|website=Kurdistan24|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> The agreement was received favourably by the US and SDF/NES, but Turkey was generally dissatisfied with the deal. Turkey's dissatisfaction led to numerous Turkish efforts to expand the area covered by the buffer zone, secure Turkish control over parts of it or relocate millions of refugees into the zone, with all of these efforts failing in the face of firm SDF resistance and American ambivalence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-security-turkey-idUKKCN1VV0WI|title=Turkey says U.S. stalling on Syria 'safe zone', will act alone if needed|date=2019-09-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-09|language=en}}</ref>According to a spokesman for Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], the operation is intended to "[[Ethnic cleansing|correct the demographics]]" of northern Syria.


Despite the official start of US-Turkish ground patrols, the dismantlement of SDF fortrifications and the withdrawal of [[YPG]] units from parts of the buffer zone, tensions continued to rise as Turkey levied yet more demands at the SDF, all of which were denied by the latter, which considered itself to have already accepted a harsh compromise by permitting Turkish troops to take part in joint patrols with their American counterparts in Northern Syria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/safe-zone/erdogan-cites-us-turkey-disagreement-over-safe-zone-joint-patrols-begin-syria|title=Erdoğan cites U.S.-Turkey disagreement over safe zone as joint patrols begin in Syria|website=Ahval|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> Turkey's dissatisfaction with the [[status quo]] of the agreement grew into open hostility, with the Turkish president openly posing an [[ultimatum]] against the SDF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-to-initiate-own-plans-if-safe-zone-deal-fails-29902|title=Turkey to initiate own plans if safe zone deal fails|last=|first=|date=18 September 2019|website=TRT World|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The ultimatum was ignored and Turkey declared its "deadline" to have expired at the start of October that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/turkeys-syria-safe-zone-deadline-expires-1.66821497|title=Turkey’s Syria ‘safe zone’ deadline expires|website=gulfnews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>
Despite the official start of US-Turkish ground patrols, the dismantlement of SDF fortrifications and the withdrawal of [[YPG]] units from parts of the buffer zone, tensions continued to rise as Turkey levied yet more demands at the SDF, all of which were denied by the latter, which considered itself to have already accepted a harsh compromise by permitting Turkish troops to take part in joint patrols with their American counterparts in Northern Syria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/safe-zone/erdogan-cites-us-turkey-disagreement-over-safe-zone-joint-patrols-begin-syria|title=Erdoğan cites U.S.-Turkey disagreement over safe zone as joint patrols begin in Syria|website=Ahval|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> Turkey's dissatisfaction with the [[status quo]] of the agreement grew into open hostility, with the Turkish president openly posing an [[ultimatum]] against the SDF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-to-initiate-own-plans-if-safe-zone-deal-fails-29902|title=Turkey to initiate own plans if safe zone deal fails|last=|first=|date=18 September 2019|website=TRT World|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The ultimatum was ignored and Turkey declared its "deadline" to have expired at the start of October that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/turkeys-syria-safe-zone-deadline-expires-1.66821497|title=Turkey’s Syria ‘safe zone’ deadline expires|website=gulfnews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:56, 10 October 2019

For other Turkish military operations in Syria, see Turkish military intervention in Syria.
2019 Rojava offensive
Part of the Rojava conflict, Turkey's involvement in the Syrian Civil War, and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)
Date9 October 2019 – present
(5 years, 1 month and 5 days)
Location
Northern parts of Aleppo, Hasakah and Raqqa Governorates, Syria
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
 Turkey
Syrian Interim Government		 Rojava
Commanders and leaders
Hulusi Akar
(Minister of Defence)
Gen. Yaşar Güler
(Chief of the General Staff)[1]
Lt. Gen. Sinan Yayla
(2nd Army Commander)
Salim Idris
(Minister of Defence)
Sayf Abu Bakr
(Hamza Division Commander)[2]		 Mazlum Kobane
(Commander-in-Chief)
Riad Khamis al-Khalaf
(Tal Abyad Military Council Commander)
Units involved

Turkey Turkish Armed Forces

Syrian National Army

Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)

Casualties and losses
6 killed (unknown if TAF or FSA members)[8] 18 killed, 61 wounded (per SOHR)[9][8]
5 civilians killed by Turkish airstrikes, dozens injured (per SDF)[10][11]
8 civilians killed, 20 wounded per Syrian (SANA) news media[12]
8 civilians killed, 13 wounded by Turkish airstrikes (per SOHR)[13]
1 civilian killed, 7 wounded by SDF shelling (per SOHR)[14]

The 2019 Rojava offensive, called Operation Peace Spring (Template:Lang-tr) by the Turkish government, is an ongoing military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army (SNA) against areas under the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (NES), commonly called Rojava, and its armed wing, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

On 6 October 2019, the Trump administration in the United States (U.S.) ordered American troops to withdraw from northeast Syria, where the U.S. had been supporting their Kurdish allies.[15] The military operation began on 9 October 2019 when the Turkish Air Force launched airstrikes on border towns, including Ras al-Ayn.[16]

The Turkish action was internationally condemned.[17]

Background

Main article: Northern Syria Buffer Zone

Following months of Turkish threats to unilaterally invade Northern Syria, a deal was struck in August 2019 between Turkey and the United States, which viewed Syrian Democratic Forces as one of its key allies in the military intervention against ISIL in Syria. The agreement established the Northern Syria Buffer Zone, which aimed to dissipate tensions by addressing Turkey's 'security concerns' via monitoring and joint patrols, while still allowing the NES to retain control over the areas it had under its control at that time.[18][19] The agreement was received favourably by the US and SDF/NES, but Turkey was generally dissatisfied with the deal. Turkey's dissatisfaction led to numerous Turkish efforts to expand the area covered by the buffer zone, secure Turkish control over parts of it or relocate millions of refugees into the zone, with all of these efforts failing in the face of firm SDF resistance and American ambivalence.[20]According to a spokesman for Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the operation is intended to "correct the demographics" of northern Syria.

Despite the official start of US-Turkish ground patrols, the dismantlement of SDF fortrifications and the withdrawal of YPG units from parts of the buffer zone, tensions continued to rise as Turkey levied yet more demands at the SDF, all of which were denied by the latter, which considered itself to have already accepted a harsh compromise by permitting Turkish troops to take part in joint patrols with their American counterparts in Northern Syria.[21] Turkey's dissatisfaction with the status quo of the agreement grew into open hostility, with the Turkish president openly posing an ultimatum against the SDF.[22] The ultimatum was ignored and Turkey declared its "deadline" to have expired at the start of October that same year.[23]

Prelude

Preparations for the offensive began in early October, starting with the withdrawal of American forces from positions near the Turkish border, after Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had a phone call with United States President Donald Trump about plans for a military operation against SDF-held areas east of the Euphrates river.[24][25] While the U.S. government has stated it does not support the Turkish-led offensive, the White House also announced on 6 October 2019 that it would not interfere, and would withdraw all U.S. personnel in the area to avoid a potential US-Turkish standoff, hence giving Turkey an unofficial "green light" to begin the offensive.[15][26] The US also reportedly cutoff aid to SDF in order not to arm them against a NATO ally.[27]

On 8 October 2019, the Turkish military reportedly bombed a convoy of weapons vehicles heading from Iraq into Syria destined for SDF. However SDF did not retaliate to the attack, and no casualties were reported as a result of the air strike.[28][29] On the same day Russian special forces opened a crossing on the Euphrates river between areas held by the Syrian Government and SDF in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.[30] While the SDF claimed that the Syrian military was preparing to enter the city of Manbij in northeastern Aleppo, the Syrian government responded by saying the build up of the Syrian military near Manbij was being done in order to prevent the Turkish military from entering the city.[31] On the same day Turkish forces shelled Ras al-Ayn and fired machine guns at the vicinity of the city, without any information about casualties.[32]

Operation

The operation began on 9 October 2019, with Turkish airstrikes and howitzers targeting the SDF held towns of Tell Abyad, Ras al-Ayn where thousands of people were reported to have fled the town,[33] Ain Issa and Qamishli. The date is the anniversary of the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan's expulsion from Syria in 1998, by the government of Hafez al-Assad.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40]

In response to the cross-border shelling, SDF's spokesman claimed that Turkey was targeting civilians.[41] Six rockets were later launched at the Turkish city of Nusaybin as a response by the PKK, and two reportedly hit the Turkish town Ceylanpınar.[42][43][44] SDF also announced in response to the start of the Turkish operation they would be halting anti-ISIL operations,[45] and that two civilians had been killed.[46]

By the end of the day, the Turkish military announced that the ground phase of the operation had begun from three points - including Tell Abyad.[47]

Before dawn on the morning of 10 October 2019, the Turkish military officially began the ground offensive against SDF; they also announced that they had hit 181 targets in northern Syria, and 14,000 rebels backed by Turkey are also reportedly taking part in the Turkish-led offensive.[48] Later during the day clashes reportedly broke out between SDF and Turkish-aligned forces near al-Bab.[49]

Reactions

Reactions in Turkey

A day prior to the operation, all Turkish opposition parties except the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) voted to extend the military's mandate on Syria. Opposition party leaders Meral Akşener (İyi Party) and Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (Republican People's Party) expressed their support for the military operation.[50] Akşener and Kılıçdaroğlu were directly informed of the operation by President Erdoğan after it launched.[51]

The HDP condemned the operation, calling it an "extremely dangerous and wrong step" and stating that "Turkey is being dragged into a dangerous and deep trap".[52]

Reactions in Syria

  • Syrian Government – The government strongly condemned the Turkish attack, dubbing it a "disgraceful breach of international law and UN resolutions that respect Syria’s sovereignty and territorial integrity".[53]
  • Syrian Democratic Forces – An SDF spokesman told Al-Jazeera regarding the offensive, "Threats made by Turkey to attack the area is not something new, they have constantly done it for years. We as Syrian Democratic Forces take the matter into account and are fully prepared to fiercely respond to any imminent attack on Syrian soil."[54]
  • Jaysh al-Izza - Jaysh al-Izza's leader criticzed fighters leaving Idlib to take part in the Turkish-led operation against SDF, on twitter, saying they should instead remain in Idlib to retake areas lost to the government in an offensive in August.[55]

International reactions

UN-member states

  •  United States – President Donald Trump stated that "the United States does not endorse this attack and has made it clear to Turkey that this operation is a bad idea." [56] Trump has threatened to devastate the economy of Turkey if they do "anything that I, in my great and unmatched wisdom, consider to be off limits".[57] However, Trump defended his decision to withdraw American troops, arguing that the Kurds "didn't help us in the second world war, they didn't help us with Normandy as an example".[58] Trump also stated: "Alliances are very easy. But our alliances have taken advantage of us".[58] Secretary of State Mike Pompeo denied that the U.S. had given a 'green light' for Turkey to attack the Kurds. However, Pompeo defended the Turkish military action, stating that Turkey has a "legitimate security concern" with "a terrorist threat to their south".[59] Senator Lindsey Graham warned that he would "introduce bipartisan sanctions against Turkey if they invade Syria". He said he would also "call for their suspension from NATO if they attack Kurdish forces who assisted the U.S. in the destruction of the ISIS Caliphate".[60]
  •  Egypt – Egypt condemned Turkey's offensive. It also called for the UN Security Council to halt "any attempts to occupy Syrian territories" or "change the demographics in northern Syria". In addition, it called for an emergency meeting of the Arab League.[61]
  •  Iran – Foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif has voiced opposition to the offensive viewing it as a violation of Syria's sovereignty.[62] However regarding the US withdrawal from Syria Zarif commented saying the US was an "irrelevant occupier in Syria", and said that Iran would be willing to mediate tensions between Syria and Turkey.[63] In addition, Iran's parliamentary speaker Ali Larijani cancelled his scheduled trip to Turkey.[61]
  •  Russia – President Vladimir Putin called a meeting of the Security Council of Russia on 8 October to discuss the issue.[64] He spoke to Erdoğan by phone the next day; Putin urged his Turkish partners to carefully consider the situation so as not to damage the overall efforts to resolve the Syrian crisis.[65] The Russian government also stated that Turkey has a right to defend itself however called upon foreign militaries with what it described as an illegal presence in Syria to leave.[66]
  •  Iraq – President Barham Salih condemned the operation, stating that "Turkey’s military incursion into Syria is a grave escalation; will cause untold humanitarian suffering, empower terrorist groups. The world must unite to avert a catastrophe, promote political resolution to the rights of all Syrians, including Kurds, to peace, dignity & security".[67]
  •  Finland – In response to the offensive, Finland announced they would cease arms exports to Turkey.[68] Turkish Minister of Interior Süleyman Soylu reportedly reacted laughing and said: "They did good. It's not important for us."[69]
  •  Saudi Arabia – The government of Saudi Arabia condemned Turkey's actions in a statement, saying that the operation "has negative repercussions on the security and stability of the region".[70] The Saudi foreign ministry also claimed that the offensive is a violation of Syria's unity, independence and sovereignty.[71]
  •  United Kingdom – In a telephone call with US President Donald Trump, Prime Minister Boris Johnson described the offensive as an "invasion" and expressed "serious concern".[72]
  •  France – Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian condemned the unilateral Turkish operation in northeast Syria on 9 October 2019, and declared "(It is ) is [sic] jeopardising the anti-Islamic State coalition’s security and humanitarian efforts and is a risk for the security of Europeans. It has to end".[73]
  •  Canada - On 9 October 2019, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland stated on Twitter that Canada "firmly condemns Turkey’s military incursion into Syria today."[74]
  •  United Arab Emirates - The UAE stated that they condemn the offensive in the strongest terms and condemn Turkish interference in the Arab Gulf.[71]
  •  Bahrain - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Bahrain strongly condemned the military attack by Turkey on areas in northeast of Syria.[71]
  •  Greece - Foreign Affairs Minister Nikos Dendias condemned the unilateral military attack by Turkey on Kurds, stating that "Turkey is making a big mistake". Furthermore, about Turkey's plans for the creation of a safe zone in Northern Syria for the immigrants to be resettled, at the expense of the local Kurdish population he stated that it "is illegal since the resettlement of immigrants must comply with some basic principles: to be voluntary and dignified. [...] Therefore, what Turkey does, goes against the human rights".[75]

Supranational

  •  United Nations – The UN cautioned regarding the offensive calling for the protection of civilians. Panos Moumtzis, the UN's Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for Syria, commented saying "Any (military) operation that takes place at the moment has to take into account to ensure that we don’t see any further displacement."[76]
  •  European Union – High Representative Federica Mogherini issued a declaration on behalf of the EU on 9 October 2019 stating that "In light of the Turkish military operation in north-east Syria, the EU reaffirms that a sustainable solution to the Syrian conflict cannot be achieved militarily. The EU calls upon Turkey to cease the unilateral military action."[77]
  •  NATO – Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that Turkey is "at the forefront of the crisis and has legitimate security concerns", having suffered terrorist attacks and hosting millions of refugees. He added that NATO was informed by Turkish authorities about the ongoing operations in Northern Syria. He further stated that it was "important to avoid actions that may further destabilise the region, escalate tensions, and cause more human suffering." He called on Turkey to "act with restraint" and said that the gains made against ISIS should not be jeopardized.[78]

Other regional actors

See also

References

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  59. ^ Rogin, Ali (9 October 2019). "Turkey had 'legitimate security concern' in attacking Syrian Kurds, Pompeo says". PBS Newshour. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  60. ^ "Lindsey Graham turns on Trump over 'disaster' Syria move". The Independent. 7 October 2019.
  61. ^ a b "Turkey-Syria border: All the latest updates". aljazeera.com.
  62. ^ "Iran opposes military action in Syria, Zarif tells Turkey". www.timesofisrael.com.
  63. ^ "US is "Irrelevant Occupier in Syria" - Iran's Foreign Minister Zarif". sputniknews.com.
  64. ^ "Meeting with Security Council permanent members". President of Russia. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |website= at position 13 (help)
  65. ^ "Telephone conversation with President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan". President of Russia. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |website= at position 13 (help)
  66. ^ "Explainer: Turkish operation may redraw map of Syrian war once again". 9 October 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
  67. ^ Salih, Barham (9 October 2019). "Turkey's military incursion into Syria is a grave escalation; will cause untold humanitarian suffering, empower terrorist groups. The world must unite to avert a catastrophe, promote political resolution to the rights of all Syrians, including Kurds, to peace, dignity & security". @BarhamSalih. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  68. ^ عاجل (9 October 2019). "Suomi tuomitsee Turkin hyökkäyksen Syyriaan – asevientiluvat Turkkiin jäädytetään". Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 October 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  69. ^ ""Finlandiya, Türkiye'ye silah satışını durdurdu"". Halk TV. 9 October 2019.
  70. ^ Ministry  🇸🇦, Foreign (9 October 2019). "#KSA pointed out that the seriousness of this aggression on northeastern Syria has negative repercussions on the security and stability of the region, especially undermining the int'l efforts in combating ISIS organization". @KSAmofaEN. Retrieved 9 October 2019. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |last= at position 10 (help)
  71. ^ a b c "Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt condemn Turkey's aggression on Syria". english.alarabiya.net.
  72. ^ Prime Minister's Office, PM call with President Trump: 9 October 2019, accessed 10 October 2019
  73. ^ "France says Turkey operation jeopardises security and humanitarian efforts". 9 October 2019.
  74. ^ "Canada condemns Turkey's military action against Kurdish forces". Reuters. 9 October 2019.
  75. ^ "Dendias: Turkey in Syria is making a big mistake (original: Δένδιας: Η Τουρκία στη Συρία κάνει μεγάλο λάθος)". Eleutheros Typos. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  76. ^ "U.N. calls for protecting civilians in northeast Syria". 7 October 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
  77. ^ "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on recent developments in north-east Syria". 9 October 2019.
  78. ^ [1] by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the joint press point with the President of the Council of Ministers of Italy, Giuseppe Conte
  79. ^ "KRG Statement on developments in Northeastern Syria". Kurdistan Regional Government. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
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