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|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|percent_water = 1.9%
|percent_water = 1.9%
|population_estimate = 2,061,315
|population_estimate = 2,114,550
|population_estimate_year = July 2008
|population_estimate_year = 2009
|population_estimate_rank = 142nd
|population_estimate_rank = 142nd
|population_census = 2,022,547
|population_census = 2,022,547
|population_census_year = 2002
|population_census_year = 2002
|population_density_km2 = 81
|population_density_km2 = 82,2
|population_density_sq_mi = 205 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_sq_mi = 205 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 116th
|population_density_rank = 116th

Revision as of 18:02, 25 March 2009

For an explanation of other terms related to Macedonia, see Macedonia (terminology).
Republic of Macedonia
Република Македонија
[Republika Makedonija] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Anthem: Денес над Македонија
(English: ["Today over Macedonia"] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
Location of the North Macedonia (orange) in Europe (white)  –  [Legend]
Location of the North Macedonia (orange)

in Europe (white)  –  [Legend]

Capital
and largest city
Skopje
Official languagesMacedonian1[1]
Demonym(s)Macedonian
GovernmentParliamentary republic
• President
Branko Crvenkovski
Nikola Gruevski (VMRO–DPMNE)
Independence from 
Yugoslavia
Area
• Total
25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi) (148th)
• Water (%)
1.9%
Population
• 2009 estimate
2,114,550 (142nd)
• 2002 census
2,022,547
• Density
822/km2 (2,129.0/sq mi) (116th)
GDP (PPP)2007 estimate
• Total
$17.396 billion[2]
• Per capita
$8,490[2] (IMF)
GDP (nominal)2007 estimate
• Total
$7.685 billion[2]
• Per capita
$3,750[2] (IMF)
Gini (2004)29.3
low inequality
HDI (2005)Increase 0.801
Error: Invalid HDI value (69th)
CurrencyMacedonian denar (MKD)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Drives onright
Calling code389
ISO 3166 codeMK
Internet TLD.mk
  1. Albanian is widely spoken in Western Macedonia. In some areas Turkish, Serbian, Romany and Aromanian are also spoken.
Fortress of Tsar Samuel.

The Republic of Macedonia /ˌmæsəˈdəʊniə/ⓘ, (Macedonian: Република Македонија, transliterated: Republika Makedonija [rɛˈpublika makɛˈdɔnija]ⓘ), often referred to simply as Macedonia, is a landlocked country on the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south and Albania to the west.[3] However the foreign relations between Kosovo and Republic of Macedonia were officialised on 9 October 2008 when the latter recognized Kosovo after its declaration of independence from Serbia on 17 February of the same year.[4]

It was admitted to the United Nations in 1993 under the provisional reference the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,[5][6] commonly abbreviated to FYROM,[7][8] pending resolution of a naming dispute with Greece.[9] Many other international institutions and countries have recognised the country under the same reference, although an overall majority of countries recognise it under its constitutional name.[10]

The Republic of Macedonia lies in the northwestern third of the wider geographical region of Macedonia, with about 40% of the region's population. The capital is Skopje, with 506,926 inhabitants according to a 2004 census, and there are a number of smaller cities, notably Bitola, Kumanovo, Prilep, Tetovo, Ohrid, Veles, Štip, Kočani, Gostivar and Strumica. It has more than 50 lakes and sixteen mountains higher than 2,000 meters (6,550 ft).

The country is a member of the UN and the Council of Europe and a member of La Francophonie, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Since December 2005 it is also a candidate for joining the European Union and has applied for NATO membership.

History

Main article: History of the Republic of Macedonia

The lands governed by the Republic of Macedonia were previously the southernmost part of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. Its today international borders were fixed roughly as it was part of the SFR Yugoslavia shortly after the World War II. In 1944, the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia declared the "People's Republic of Macedonia" as a separate nation within federal Yugoslavia.

Ancient history of the region

Main article: Macedonia (region)

The first recorded states on the territory of today's Republic of Macedonia was the kingdom of Paionia, which covered the northern and eastern regions of the Axius River valley and the kingdom of Macedon[11][12] which occupied the Lyncestis and Pelagonia regions.[13] Philip II of Macedon took over the southernmost regions of Paeonia in 336 BC and founded the city of Heraclea Lyncestis, in what is now Bitola.[14] Philip's son Alexander the Great conquered the remainder of Paeonia and incorporated it in his empire. Subsequently the territory was conquered by Rome, and the region became part of two Roman provinces. The greater part was within Macedonia Salutaris, but the northern border regions, inhabited by the Dardani, became a part of Moesia Superior.[15] By 400 AD the Paeonians had lost their identity, and Paeonia was merely a geographic term within the Macedonian region.

Medieval period

Main article: South Slavs
File:Macodnian Sklavinia.png
Sklaviniae in Medieval Macedonia c. 700 AD.

During the 580s, Byzantine literature attests to the Slavs raiding Byzantine territories in the region of Macedonia. The Slavic peoples that settled in the region of Macedonia accepted Christianity as their own religion around the 9th century, during the reign of prince Boris I of Bulgaria, and these lands became part of the Bulgarian Empire.

In 1014, Emperor Basil II finally defeated the armies of Tsar Samuil and by 1018 the Byzantines restored control over Macedonia (and all of the Balkans) for the first time since the 600s. However, by the late 12th century, inevitable Byzantine decline saw the region become contested by various political entities, including a brief Norman occupation in the 1080s. In the early 13th century, a revived Bulgarian Empire gained control of the region. Plagued by political difficulties the empire did not last and the wider geographical Macedonia region fell once again under Byzantine control. In the 14th century, it became part of the Serbian Empire, who saw themselves as liberators of their Slavic kin from Byzantine despotism. Skopje became the capital of Tsar Stefan Dusan's empire.

With Dusan's death, a weak successor and power struggles between nobles divided the Balkans once again. This coincided with the entry of the Ottoman Turks into Europe. With no major Balkan power left to defend Christianity, the entire Balkans fell to Turkish rule — which would remain so for five centuries.

The National Awakening

Main article: Macedonian nationalism

Ottoman rule over the region was considered harsh. Several movements whose goals were the establishment of autonomous Macedonia, encompassing the entire region of Macedonia, began to arise in the late 1800s; the earliest of these was the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees, later transformed to SMORO. In 1905 it was renamed as Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) and after World War I the organization separated into the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and the Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation (ITRO). The early organization did not proclaim any ethnic identities; it was officially open to "...uniting all the disgruntled elements in Macedonia and the Adrianople region, regardless of their nationality..."[16] The majority of its members were however Slavic/Bulgarian-speakers.[16] In 1903, IMRO organised the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans, which after some initial successes, including the forming of the Krushevo Republic, was crushed with much loss of life. The uprising and the forming of the Krushevo Republic are considered the cornerstone and precursors to the eventual establishment of the Republic of Macedonia.

Kingdoms of Serbia and Yugoslavia

Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and Second Balkan War.

Following the two Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913 and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, most of its European held territories were divided between Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia. The territory of the present-day Republic of Macedonia (Vardar Macedonia) was then named Južna Srbija, "Southern Serbia". After the First World War, Serbia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1929, the Kingdom was officially renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and divided into provinces called banovinas. Southern Serbia, including all of what is now the Republic of Macedonia, became known as the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Yugoslav Macedonia in World War II

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In 1941, Yugoslavia was occupied by the Axis Powers and the Vardar Banovina was divided between Bulgaria and Italian-occupied Albania. The Bulgarian 5th Army, based in Skopje, was responsible for the round-up and deportation of over 7,000 Jews in Skopje and Bitola. Harsh rule by the occupying forces encouraged many Macedonians to support the Communist Partisan resistance movement of Josip Broz Tito, and the National Liberation War ensued. In 1944 Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) proclaimed the Macedonian state - People's Republic of Macedonia as part of the Federal People's Yugoslavia. ASNOM remained an acting government until the end of the war.

Macedonia in Socialist Yugoslavia

Main article: Socialist Republic of Macedonia

After the end of the Second World War the People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established. The People's Republic of Macedonia became one of the six republics of the Yugoslav federation. Following the federation's renaming as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963, the People's Republic of Macedonia was likewise renamed, becoming the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. It dropped the "Socialist" from its name in 1991 when it peacefully seceded from Yugoslavia.

Declaration of independence

The country officially celebrates September 8, 1991 as Independence day (Macedonian: Ден на независноста, Den na nezavisnosta), with regard to the referendum endorsing independence from Yugoslavia, albeit legalising participation in future union of the former states of Yugoslavia. The anniversary of the start of the Ilinden Uprising (St. Elijah's Day) on August 2 is also widely celebrated on an official level.

Robert Badinter as a head of Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on the former Yugoslavia recommended EC recognition in January 1992.[17]

The Republic of Macedonia remained at peace through the Yugoslav wars of the early 1990s. A few very minor changes to its border with Yugoslavia were agreed upon to resolve problems with the demarcation line between the two countries. However, it was seriously destabilised by the Kosovo War in 1999, when an estimated 360,000 ethnic Albanian refugees from Kosovo took refuge in the country. Although they departed shortly after the war, soon after, Albanian radicals on both sides of the border took up arms in pursuit of autonomy or independence for the Albanian-populated areas of the Republic.

Albanian Insurgency

Main article: 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia

The civil war was fought between government and ethnic Albanian insurgents, mostly in the north and west of the country, between March and June 2001. This war ended with the intervention of a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ceasefire monitoring force. In the Ohrid Agreement, the government agreed to devolve greater political power and cultural recognition to the Albanian minority. The Albanian side agreed to surrender separatist demands and to fully recognise all Macedonian institutions. In addition, according to this accord, the NLA were to disarm and hand over their weapons to a NATO force.

Geography

Republic of Macedonia.
Main article: Geography of the Republic of Macedonia

With a total area of 25,333 km², the Republic of Macedonia is a country in Southeastern Europe. The Republic has some 748 km of boundaries, shared with Serbia (62 km) to the North, Bulgaria (148 km) to the east, Greece (228 km) to the south, and Albania (151 km) to the west. The country represents a major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe.

Topography

Main article: Mountains of the Republic of Macedonia
Korab mountain, the highest mountain in the country.
Solunska glava peak on Jakupica mountain in spring.

Macedonia is a landlocked country that is geographically clearly defined by a central valley formed by the Vardar river and framed along its borders by mountain ranges. The terrain is mostly rugged, located between the Šar Mountains and Osogovo, which frame the valley of the Vardar river. Three large lakes — Lake Ohrid, Lake Prespa and Dojran Lake — lie on the southern borders of the Republic, bisected by the frontiers with Albania and Greece. Ohrid is considered to be one of the oldest lakes and biotopes in the world.[18] The region is seismically active and has been the site of destructive earthquakes in the past, most recently in 1963 when Skopje was heavily damaged by a major earthquake, killing over 1,000.

Macedonia also has scenic mountains. They belong to two different ranges: the Dinaric Alps and Belasica. The Dinaric range is the oldest with subsequent erosion while the Belasica range is younger offering rugged, alpine scenery. The ten highest mountains in Macedonia are:

Name Height (m) Height (ft)
Mount Korab 2,764 9,396
Šar Mountains 2,747 9,012
Baba Mountain 2,601 8,533
Jakupica 2,540 8,333
Nidže 2,521 8,271
Dešat 2,373 7,785
Galičica 2,288 7,507
Stogovo 2,273 7,457
Jablanica 2,257 7,405
Osogovo 2,251 7,383
Mount Bistra 2,163 7,096
Plačkovica 1,754 5,754

Climate

Macedonian mountains covered with snow

Macedonia has transitional climate from Mediterranean to continental. The summers are hot and dry and the winters are moderately cold. Average annual precipitation varies from 1,700 mm (67 inches) in the western mountainous area to 500 mm (20 inches) in the eastern area. There are three main climatic zones in the country: temperate Mediterranean, mountainous and mildly Continental. Along the valleys of the Vardar and Strumica rivers, in the regions of Gevgelija, Valandovo, Dojran, Strumica and Radovish the climate is temperate Mediterranean. The warmest regions are Demir Kapija and Gevgelija, where the temperature in July and August frequently exceeds 40 C. The mountainous climate is present in the mountainous regions of the country and it is characterised by long and snowy winters and short and cold summers. The spring is colder than the fall. The majority of Macedonia has a moderate continental climate with warm and dry summers and relatively cold and wet winters. There are 30 main and regular weather stations in the country.

Wildlife

Phytogeographically, Macedonia belongs to the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF and Digital Map of European Ecological Regions by the European Environment Agency, the territory of the Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodopes mixed forests and Aegean sclerophyllous and mixed forests.

Administrative regions

Regions

Macedonian statistical regions
Main article: Statistical Regions of the Republic of Macedonia

Macedonia's statistical regions exist solely for legal and statistical purposes. The regions are:

Municipalities and cities

Main articles: Municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia and List of cities in the Republic of Macedonia

In August 2004, the Republic of Macedonia was reorganised into 85 municipalities (opštini; sing. opština), 10 of which comprise Greater Skopje. This is reduced from the previous 123 municipalities established in September, 1996. Prior to this, local government was organised into 34 administrative districts.

Politics

Main article: Politics of the Republic of Macedonia

The Republic of Macedonia is a parliamentary democracy with an executive government composed of a coalition of parties from the unicameral legislature ([Собрание, Sobranie] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and an independent judicial branch with a constitutional court. The Assembly is made up of 120 seats and the members are elected every four years. The role of the President of the Republic is mostly ceremonial, with the real power resting in the hands of the President of the Government. The President is the commander-in-chief of the state armed forces and a president of the state Security Council. The President of the Republic is elected every five years and he or she can be elected twice at most. The current President is Branko Crvenkovski.

File:GovernmentbulidingsinMacedonia.png
Macedonian Government buildings in Skopje

With the passage of a new law and elections held in 2005, local government functions are divided between 78 municipalities ([општини, opštini] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); singular: [општина, opština] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). The capital, Skopje, is governed as a group of ten municipalities collectively referred to as the "City of Skopje". Municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia are units of local self-government. Neighbouring municipalities may establish co-operative arrangements. The country's main political divergence is between the largely ethnically-based political parties representing the country's ethnic Macedonian majority and Albanian minority. The issue of the power balance between the two communities led to a brief war in 2001, following which a power-sharing agreement was reached. In August 2004, the Republic's parliament passed legislation redrawing local boundaries and giving greater local autonomy to ethnic Albanians in areas where they predominate.

After a troublesome pre-election campaign, the country saw a relatively calm and democratic change of government in the elections held on 5 July 2006. The elections were marked by a decisive victory of the centre-right party VMRO-DPMNE led by Nikola Gruevski. Gruevski's decision to include the Democratic Party of Albanians in the new government, instead of the Democratic Union for Integration - Party for Democratic Prosperity coalition which won the majority of the Albanian votes, triggered protests throughout the parts of the country with a respective number of Albanian population. However, recently a dialogue was established between the Democratic Union for Integration and the ruling VMRO-DMPNE party as an effort to talk about the disputes between the two parties and to support European and NATO aspirations of the country.[19]

Parliament

Main article: Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia
File:Parliament interior.jpg
Parliament Building in Skopje

The parliament of the of the Republic of Macedonia is the legislative body in the country. It makes, proposes and adopts laws. The parliament is called Собрание (Sobranie) and it has 120 members or пратеници (pratenici). The members are elected for a mandate of four years through a general elections. Each Macedonian citizen that is above 18 years can vote for one of the Macedonian political parties. The president of the Macedonian Parliament is Mr. Trajko Veljanovski.

Government

The Government of the Republic of Macedonia is a parliamentary democracy. The Government, known as Влада (Vlada) implements the laws and the president of the Government is the most politicly powerful person in the country. The members of Government are chosen by the Prime Minister and there are ministers for each branch of the society. There are ministers for economy, finance, IT Society, Internal affairs, foreign affairs and many others. The members of the Government are elected for a mandate of four years. The current president of the Government is Nikola Gruevski.

Law and courts

Judiciary power is exercised by courts, with the court system being headed by the Judicial Supreme Court, Constitutional Court and the Republican Judicial Council. The assembly appoints the judges.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of the Republic of Macedonia

The Republic of Macedonia became a member state of the United Nations on April 8, 1993, eighteen months after its independence from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It is referred to within the UN as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", pending a resolution to the long-running dispute with Greece about the country's name (for more info, see Macedonia naming dispute section).

The major interest of the country is a full integration in the European and the Trans-Atlantic integration processes in order to achieve a long-term stability, security, and well-being of the Republic of Macedonia. Five foreign policy priorities are [20]:

  • NATO membership
  • Getting date and commencing the negotiations for full-fledged membership of the European Union
  • Lifting the visa regime for the Macedonian nationals
  • Overcoming of the issue of the name difference imposed by the southern neighboring country
  • Strengthening the economic and public diplomacy

Republic of Macedonia is member of the following international and regional organizations[21]: IMF (since 1992), WHO (since 1993), EBRD (since 1993), Central European Initiative (since 1993), Council of Europe (since 1995), OSCE (since 1995), SECI (since 1996), WTO (since 2003), CEFTA (since 2006) etc.

In 2005, the country was officially recognized as a European Union candidate state.

On the NATO summit held in Bucharest in April 2008, NATO decided not to grant a membership invitation to the Republic of Macedonia because Greece vetoed the move after the dispute over the name issue .[22] Before the beginning of the summit, the US president George W. Bush said NATO will make a historical decision on the admission of three Balkan countries (Croatia, Albania and Macedonia) and that United States strongly support inviting these nations to join NATO [23]. During the summit a decision has been made to extend a membership invitation for Macedonia as soon as the name issue with Greece is resolved, but until now no progress has been made in the negotiations between two countries over the name dispute.

In March 2009 the European Parliament expressed support for the Republic of Macedonia's EU candidacy and asked the EU to grant the country a date for the start of accession talks by the end of 2009, regretting that the country is waiting three years after the country was granted a candidate status, which makes a demoralizing effect on Macedonia and brings risks of destabilizing the whole region. The parliament also recommended a speedy lifting of the visa regime for the country citizens.[24]

Macedonia naming dispute

Main article: Macedonia naming dispute

After the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Macedonia's name and history became the object of a dispute between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia. [25] From 1992 to 1995, the two countries also engaged in a dispute over the Republic's first flag, which incorporated the Vergina Sun symbol, a symbol associated with the ancient Kingdom of Macedon. Its adoption by the Republic, on 3 July 1992, was seen as a reaction by Skopje to Athens' pressure to change the name. This aspect of the dispute was resolved when the flag was changed under the terms of an interim accord agreed between the two states in October 1995.

The flag of the Republic of Macedonia between 1992 and 1995.

Despite the European Community-nominated Arbitration Commission's opinion that "that the use of the name Macedonia cannot therefore imply any territorial claim against another State",[26] Greece continued to object to the establishment of relations between the Community and the Republic under its constitutional name.[27]

The United Nations adopted the provisional reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (Macedonian: Поранешна Југословенска Република Македонија) when the country was admitted to the organization in 1993.[9] Most international organizations adopted the same convention, such as the European Union,[28] European Broadcasting Union,[29] and the International Olympic Committee[30]. NATO also uses the reference in official documents but adds an explanation on which member countries recognize the constitutional name.[31]. The EU recognizes the country as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the negotiations with the EU are held using this reference.[32][33] The same reference is also used in any discussion to which Greece is a party[34] but is inconsistently used by other countries. Bulgaria uses the name ‘Republic of Macedonia’ even if it is seen as interfering with the traditional use of the name ‘Pirin Macedonia’,[35] insisting however that any solution to the naming dispute with Greece should "take account of the historical, cultural, and other realities related to the geographic region of Macedonia".[36]

On the other hand, even though the government of the Republic of Macedonia has accepted on many occasions to appear under the 'FYROM' tag during some international events, it never signs any documents with a name different than the constitutional name.[37]

However, a majority number of United Nations member countries have abandoned the provisional reference and have recognised the country as the Republic of Macedonia instead. These include four of the five permanent UN Security Council members, the United States[38] , Russia, United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China, several members of the European Union such as Bulgaria, Poland and Slovenia and over 100 other UN members;[39]. UN has set up a negotiating process with a mediator, Mr. Matthew Nimetz, and the two disputed parties, Macedonia and Greece, to try to mediate the dispute. Negotiations continue between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia but have yet to reach any settlement of the dispute.

In November 2008, Republic of Macedonia instituted proceedings before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against Greece due to violation of the 1995 Interim Accord, thus preventing the invitation for NATO accession at the Bucharest Summit. [40]. The ICJ is requested to order Greece to observe its obligations within the Accord, which is legally binding for both countries. The Macedonian side claims that Article 11 of the 1995 accord obliges Greece not to object to Macedonia's application to join NATO and other international organizations, except if the country is going to be referred to in such organization with a name different than the provisional reference. [41]

Military

Main article: Military of Republic of Macedonia
Macedonian Air Force Mi-24 helicopter

Macedonian military — the Macedonian Armed Forces — is the name of the unified armed forces of the Republic of Macedonia, composed by Macedonian Army, Macedonian Air Force and Macedonian Special Forces. The national defence policy aims to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land area and airspace and its constitutional order. Its main goals remain the development and maintenance of a credible capability to defend the nation's vital interests and development of the Armed Forces in a way that ensures their interoperability with the armed forces of NATO and European Union member states and their capability to participate in the full range of Alliance missions.

The Ministry of Defence develops the defence strategy and works out the assessment of the possible threats and risks. The MOD is also responsible for the defence system, training, readiness of the Armed Forces, the equipment and the development and it proposes the defence budget.[42]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Republic of Macedonia

Recently ranked as the fourth 'best reformatory state' out of 178 countries ranked by the World Bank, Macedonia has undergone considerable economic reform since independence.[43] The country has developed an open economy with trade accounting for more than 90% of GDP in recent years. Since 1996, Macedonia has witnessed steady, though slow, economic growth with GDP growing by 3.1% in 2005. This figure is projected to rise to an average of 5.2% in the 2006-2010 period.[44] The government has proven successful in its efforts to combat inflation, with an inflation rate of only 3% in 2006 and 2% in 2007[43] and has implemented policies focused on attracting foreign investment and promoting the development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The current government introduced a flat tax system with the intention of making the country more attractive to foreign investment. The flat tax rate was 12% in 2007 and will be further lowered to 10% in 2008.[45][46]

Despite these reforms, as of 2005 Macedonia's unemployment rate was 37.2%[47] and as of 2006 its poverty rate was 22%.[44] Corruption and a relatively ineffective legal system also act as significant restraints on successful economic development. The Republic still has one of the lowest per capita GDPs in Europe. Furthermore, the country's grey market is estimated at close to 20% of GDP.[48]

In terms of structure, as of 2005 the service sector constituted by far the largest part of GDP at 57.1%, up from 54.2% in 2000. The industrial sector represents 29.3% of GDP, down from 33.7% in 2000 while agriculture represents only 12.9%, up from 12%.[49] Textiles represent the most significant sector for trade, accounting for more than half of total exports.[50] Other important exports include iron, steel, wine and vegetables.[51]

Resources

Infrastructure and e-Infrastructure

Macedonia, together with Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, belonged to the less developed region of the former Yugoslavia. It suffered severe economic difficulties after independence, when the Yugoslav internal market collapsed and subsidies from Belgrade ended. In addition, it faced many of the same problems faced by other former socialist East European countries during the transition to a market economy. Its main land and rail exports route, through Serbia, remains unreliable with high transit costs, thereby affecting the export of its formerly highly profitable, early vegetables market to Germany. R. Macedonia's IT market increased 63.8% year on year in 2007, which is the Fastest Growing in the Adriatic Region[52].

Trade and investment

The outbreak of the Yugoslav wars and the imposition of sanctions on Serbia and Montenegro caused great damage to the Republic's economy, with Serbia constituting 60% of its markets prior to the disintegration of Yugoslavia. When Greece imposed a trade embargo on the Republic in 1994–95, the economy was also affected. Some relief was afforded by the end of the Bosnian war in November 1995 and the lifting of the Greek embargo, but the Kosovo War of 1999 and the 2001 Albanian crisis caused further destabilisation. Since the end of the Greek embargo, Greece has become the most important business partner of the Republic of Macedonia. See also: Greek investments in the Republic of Macedonia. Many Greek companies have bought former state companies in the country, such as the oil refinery Okta, the baking company Zhito Luks, a marble mine in Prilep, textile facilities in Bitola etc. Other key partners are the United States, Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Turkey, etc.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in the Republic of Macedonia

The tourism in the Republic of Macedonia is a large part of the economy of the Republic of Macedonia. The country's large abundance of natural and cultural attractions make the Republic of Macedonia suitable for tourism.

The Republic of Macedonia receives about 700,000 tourists annually.[53]

Demographics

Main articles: Macedonians (ethnic group) and Demographics of the Republic of Macedonia

Macedonia has an estimated population of 2,061,315[54] citizens. The largest ethnic group in the country are the Macedonians. Following is a list of the largest Macedonian cities according to the 1994 census data (as the 2002 census data[55] does not list both city populations and municipality populations):

Largest cities in the Republic of Macedonia
Largest Macedonian cities and municipalities
City City
Population		 Coat
of arms		 Administrative
division		 Division
Population
Skopje 444,000 Greater Skopje 506,926
Bitola 80,000 Bitola municipality 95,385
Kumanovo 71,000 File:MMCA(Kumanovo).png Kumanovo municipality 105,484
Prilep 68,000 Prilep municipality 76,768
Tetovo 60,000 File:MMCA(Tetovo).png Tetovo municipality 86,580
Ohrid 51,000 File:Coat of Arms of Ohrid.png Ohrid municipality 55,749
Veles 48,000 Veles municipality 55,108
Gostivar 46,000 File:Gostivarski grb.png Gostivar municipality 81,042
Štip 42,000 align="center" Štip municipality 47,796
Strumica 40,000 Strumica municipality 54,676
Kočani 27,000 Kočani municipality 38,092
Radoviš 16,223 File:Radovishi grb.jpg Radoviš municipality 28,244
Number %
TOTAL 2,022,547 100
Macedonians 1,297,981 64.18
Albanians 509,083 25.17
Turks 77,959 3.85
Romani people 53,879 2.66
Serbs 35,939 1.78
Vlachs 9,695 0.48
others 38,011 1.88

The above table shows ethnic affiliation of the population according to the 2002 census:[55]

Religion

The majority (64.7%) of the population belongs to the Macedonian Orthodox Church (which declared autocephaly in 1968, that is still not recognised by the Serbian and other Eastern Orthodox Churches, although the Archbishop's Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church, with Decision No. 06/1959, has recognised the autonomy of the Macedonian Orthodox Church[56] Muslims comprise 33.3% of the population and other Christian denominations comprise 0.37%. The remainder (1.63%) is recorded as "unspecified" in the 2002 national census.[57] Most of the native Albanians, Turks and Bosniaks are Muslims, as are a minority of the country's ethnic Macedonian population, known as Macedonian Muslims. Altogether, there are more than 1200 churches and 400 mosques in the country. The Orthodox and Islamic religious communities have secondary religion schools in Skopje. There is an Orthodox theological college in the capital. Macedonia has the largest proportion of Muslims of any country in Europe after Turkey, Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Orthodox

Main article: Macedonian Orthodox Church
Holy Trinity Orthodox church in Radoviš.

The Macedonian Orthodox Church is the dominant church in the country. It has 10 provinces (seven in the country and three abroad), 10 bishops, and about 350 priests. Macedonians, who are the majority of the population, are generally Orthodox Christians. A total of 30,000 people are baptised in all the provinces every year. The church has issues with the Serbian Orthodox Church after the separation and self-declaration of autocephaly (not recognised by any other Orthodox church) in 1967. However, the Archbishop's Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church, with Decision No. 06/1959, has recognised the autonomy (self-dependence) of the Macedonian Orthodox Church). After the negotiations between the two churches were suspended, the Serbian Orthodox Church recognised a group led by Zoran Vraniškovski (also known as Archbishop Jovan of Ohrid, a former Macedonian church bishop, as the Archbishop of Ohrid. The reaction of the Macedonian Orthodox Church was to cut off all relations with the clergy of the Ohrid Archbishopric and to prevent bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church from entering the Republic of Macedonia. Bishop Jovan was jailed for 18 months for "defaming the Macedonian Orthodox church and harming the religious feelings of local citizens" by distributing Serbian Orthodox church calendars and pamphlets.[58]

Islam

Main article: Islam in the Republic of Macedonia

Approximately 33% of the Republic of Macedonia's total population are adherents of Islam. It has the fourth largest Muslim population in Europe by percentage after Kosovo (90%), Albania (70%), and Bosnia-Herzegovina (48%).[59] Some northwestern and western regions have Muslim majorities. Most Muslims are Albanian, Turkish, or Roma, although some are Macedonian Muslims. According to the 2002 census, there are about 600,000 Muslims in Macedonia. The Albanian Muslims live mostly in the Polog and western regions of the country. The Turkish population is scattered throughout the country, but mostly in the west.

Catholicism

The Macedonian Byzantine Catholic Church has approximately 11,000 adherents in the Republic. The Church was established in 1918, and is made up mostly of converts to Catholicism and their descendants. The Church is of the Byzantine Rite and is in communion with the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches. Its liturgical worship is performed in Macedonian.

Catholic church in the main street in Bitola

Protestant Christianity

There is a small Protestant community. The most famous Protestant in the country is the former president Boris Trajkovski. He was from the Methodist Community, which is the largest and oldest Protestant Church in the Republic, dating back to the late nineteenth century. Since the 1980s the small Protestant community has grown, partly through new confidence and partly with outside missionary help.

Judaism

Main article: History of the Jews in the Republic of Macedonia

The Jewish community of the Republic of Macedonia, which numbered some 7,200 people on the eve of World War II, was almost entirely destroyed during the War, with only 2% of Macedonian Jews surviving the Holocaust.[60] After their liberation and the end of the War, most opted to emigrate to Israel. Today, the country's Jewish community numbers approximately 200 persons, almost all of whom live in Skopje. Most Macedonian Jews are Sephardic - the descendants of 15th century refugees who had fled the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions.

Languages

The official and most widely spoken language is Macedonian, which belongs to the Eastern branch of the South Slavic language group. Macedonian is closely related to and mutually intelligible with Standard Bulgarian. It also has some similarities with standard Serbian and the intermediate Torlakian and Shop dialects spoken mostly in southern Serbia and western Bulgaria (and by speakers in the north and east of Macedonia). The standard language was codified in the period following World War II and has accumulated a thriving literary tradition. Although it is the only language explicitly designated as an official national language in the constitution, in municipalities where at least 20% of the population is part of another ethnic minority, those individual languages are used for official purposes in local government, alongside Macedonian.

A wide variety of languages are spoken in Macedonia, reflecting its ethnic diversity. Besides the official national language Macedonian, minority languages with substantial numbers of speakers are:[61][62][63][64][65][66] Albanian, Romani, Turkish (including Balkan Gagauz[67]), Serbian/Bosnian and Aromanian (including Megleno-Romanian). There are also smaller minorities of Adyghe and Greek speakers.[68][69]

Science

Education

The Macedonian education system consists of:

The higher levels of education can be obtained at one of the four state universities: Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, St. Clement of Ohrid University of Bitola, State University of Tetovo and Goce Delchev University of Shtip. There are a number of private university institutions, such as the European University,[70] Slavic University in Sveti Nikole, the South East European University and others.

The United States Agency for International Development has underwritten a project called "Macedonia Connects" which has made the Republic of Macedonia the first all-broadband wireless country in the world.[71] The Ministry of Education and Sciences reports that 461 schools (primary and secondary) are now connected to the internet. In addition, an Internet Service Provider (On.net), has created a MESH Network to provide WIFI services in the 11 largest cities/towns in the country.

Society

Cinema and media

Culture

Main articles: Macedonian culture (Slavic), Music of the Republic of Macedonia, Public holidays in the Republic of Macedonia, and List of Macedonians (ethnic group)
File:Makeodnki 2.JPG
Traditional Macedonian female oro (folk dance)

The Republic of Macedonia has a rich cultural heritage in art, architecture, poetry, and music. It has many ancient, protected religious sites. Poetry, cinema, and music festivals are held annually. Macedonian music styles developed under the strong influence of Byzantine church music. Macedonia is amongst one of the countries with the most beautiful preserved Byzantine fresco paintings, mainly from the period between the 11th and 16th centuries. There are several thousands square metres of fresco painting preserved, the major part of which is in very good condition and represent masterworks of the Macedonian School of ecclesiastical painting.

In Macedonia the past meets the present. Its age-old architecture and monasteries and churches of exquisite beauty make an interesting contrast to the super modern new architecture. Most of the Macedonian monasteries, built in various periods, and particularly those built between the 11th and 15th–16th centuries, have been completely preserved until today. The Macedonian collection of icons, and in particular the Ohrid ones, are among the most valuable collections in the world today. After the Sinai and the Moscow collection of icons, it is third in importance in Orthodoxy. From a Byzantological aspect, it is unique.

The most important cultural events in the country are the Ohrid Summer festival of classical music and drama, the Struga Poetry Evenings which gather poets from more than 50 countries in the world, Skopje May Opera Evenings, International Camera Festival in Bitola, Open Youth Theatre and Skopje Jazz Festival in Skopje etc.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Languages Law passed in Parliament". macedoniaonline.eu. 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-07-27. Using the Badenter principles, the Parliament had passed the use of languages law that will touch all ethnicities in Macedonia. The law doesn't allow for use of Albanian or any other minority language as a second official language on Macedonia's territory.
  2. ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  3. ^ The Republic of Macedonia - BASIC FACTS, Republic of Macedonia, Ministry of foreign affairs
  4. ^ "Macedonia recognizes Kosovo". MIA.com.mk. Skopje: Macedonian Information Agency. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  5. ^ UN Resolutions #817 of April 7 and #845 of June 18 of 1993, see UN resolutions made on 1993
  6. ^ "Note on Yugoslavia". Retrieved 2008-05-10. "By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name."
  7. ^ Bonk, M. R., Carlton R. A. (editors) (1997), International Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 4th Edition, Detroit, New York, Toronto, London: Gale Research, LCCCN 85-642206, ISBN 0-8103-7437-4, ISSN 0743-0523, Volume 1, pg. 516 and Bonk, M. R (Project Editor) (2003), International Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 32nd Edition, USA: Gale-Thompson Group, Volume 1, pg. 1789, ISBN 0-7876-4109-X (Part 2 D-I only)
  8. ^ Alongside the official long-form reference, the "FYROM" acronym is frequently used by international organizations such as the UN, the EU, the OSCE, the EBU, the IMF, the World Bank, WTO and NATO (All NATO documents referring to FYROM have to be accompanied by a footnote text 'Turkey recognises the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name')
  9. ^ a b United Nations Resolution 225 (1993)
  10. ^ See lists at Macedonia naming dispute
  11. ^ The Art of War in the Western World By Archer Jones
  12. ^ Iran and Eurasia By Ali Mohammadi, Anoushiravan Ehteshami
  13. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica — Paeonia. [1]
  14. ^ Macedonian Center for Archaeological Research. The Ancient Kingdom of Macedonia in the Republic of Macedonia. [2]
  15. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica — Scopje. [3]
  16. ^ a b M. Glenny, "The Balkans"
  17. ^ Recognition of States: Annex 3
  18. ^ Macedonian Ministry of Environment
  19. ^ Limun.hr - Ahmeti accepts the invitation for dialog with Gruevski
  20. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=308
  21. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=314
  22. ^ http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=91875
  23. ^ http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/4/2/worldupdates/2008-04-02T203446Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-328122-1&sec=Worldupdates
  24. ^ http://balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/17331/
  25. ^ Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; ""A Name for a Conflict or a Conflict for a Name? An Analysis of Greece's Dispute with FYROM"". 24 (1996) Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 285. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
  26. ^ European Journal of International Law
  27. ^ Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; ""Pardon? A Name for a Conflict? FYROM's Dispute with Greece Revisited"" (PDF). in: Kourvetaris et al (eds.), The New Balkans, East European Monographs: Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 85. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ European Commission. "Background information — The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  29. ^ European Broadcasting Union. "Members' Logos". Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  30. ^ International Olympic Committee. "LIST OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES PARTICIPATING IN THE XIX OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES IN SALT LAKE CITY" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  31. ^ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. ""The situation in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is critical"". Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  32. ^ EC report
  33. ^ EUROPA - The EU at a glance - Maps - FYROM
  34. ^ Bid to settle Macedonia name row, BBC
  35. ^ Bulgarian Policies on the Republic of Macedonia. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2008. 80 pp. ISBN 978-954-92032-2-6
  36. ^ Macedonia Press Blames Bulgaria for Anti-Macedonian Campaign, Sofia News Agency, 03.04.2008
  37. ^ Copy of declaration by Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski
  38. ^ "US snubs Greece over Macedonia" (HTML). BBC News Online. 4 November 2004. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  39. ^ "Naming the solution", Kathimerini English edition, 16 September 2005
  40. ^ http://www.france24.com/en/20081117-macedonia-sues-greece-blocking-nato-entry-membership-name
  41. ^ "Interim Accord" (PDF). United Nations. 1995. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  42. ^ National Command Management
  43. ^ a b The World Bank
  44. ^ a b World Bank development data
  45. ^ Government of the Republic of Macedonia
  46. ^ Macedonia's Flat Tax
  47. ^ Macedonian unemployment rate
  48. ^ The 2006 CIA Factbook CIA Factbook Macedonia
  49. ^ Welcome to World Bank Group
  50. ^ Macedonian Embassy London
  51. ^ Macedonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  52. ^ Investment in Government, Finance, and Telecom Sectors Makes Macedonia's IT Market the Fastest Growing in the Adriatic Region, Says IDC - IDC -global provider of market intelligence
  53. ^ 101 facts about Macedonia
  54. ^ CIA World Factbook
  55. ^ a b [http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/kniga_13.pdf , Macedonian "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002 - Book XIII, Skopje, 2005"]. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); line feed character in |url= at position 40 (help)
  56. ^ History of the Macedonian Orthodox Church
  57. ^ CIA World Factbook
  58. ^ Church Rivalry Threatens to Brim Over
  59. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html
  60. ^ Balkanalysis.com » Blog Archives » Macedonia's Jewish Community Commemorates the Holocaust, and Embraces the Future
  61. ^ "Core document forming part of the reports of States Parties : The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  62. ^ "Macedonia ethnic and linguistic minorities". Eurominority. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  63. ^ "Map of the European languages". Eurominority. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  64. ^ "Indo-European languages in contemporary Eurasia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
  65. ^ "BBC: Languages across Europe - Macedonia". BBC. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  66. ^ "Europe languages map". Eupedia. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  67. ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition". SIL International. Retrieved 2008-11-03. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition". SIL International. Retrieved 2008-11-04. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Patrick Heenan and Monique Lamontagne, The Central and Eastern Europe Handbook, Taylor and Francis, 1999, ISBN 1579580890, 9781579580896, p.69.
  70. ^ OIC
  71. ^ U.S. Agency for International Development
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