Filipinos

Filipino people

Jacobo Zobel y Zangroniz Ignacia del Espíritu Santo Notable Filipinos: Fernando María Guerrero · Gloria Arroyo · José Rizal Corazón Aquino · Jacobo Zobel y Zangroniz · Vina Morales Manny Pacquiao · Ignacia del Espíritu Santo · Manuel L. Quezon
Total population
about 98 million people
Regions with significant populations
Philippines
Languages
Filipino, English, Philippine languages, and other languages.
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism), Islam, Philippine mythology, Paganism, Atheism, Animism, and other religions.
Related ethnic groups
Austronesian people, Asian people

Filipino people refers to an ethnic group in the Philippines, a country in Southeast Asia. The name Filipino was derived from Las Islas Filipinas (The Philippine Islands), the Spanish name given to the Philippines in the 16th century, by Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos. There are about 98 million Filipinos, and about 11 million of whom live outside of the Philippines.

Colloquially, Filipinos refer to themselves as "Pinoy" (feminine: "Pinay"), which is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of "Pilipino", and adding the diminutive suffix "-y". Many Philippine languages lack /f/ as a phoneme, and is substituted by /p/ turning "Filipino" into "Pilipino".

History

Main article: History of the Philippines

Prehistory

The earliest human remains found in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skull, and jawbone, discovered in the 1960s by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American anthropologist of the National Museum.

Anthropologists who have examined these human remains agreed that it belonged to modern human beings. These include the homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene homo erectus species. This indicates that the human remains were Pre-Mongoloid. Mongoloid being the term anthropologists applied to the ethnic group which migrated to Southeast Asia during the Holocene period, and evolved into the Austronesian people, a group of Malay or Malayo-Polynesian speaking people, a dialect part of the Austronesian language, and Formosan language found in Southeast Asia, the Polynesian Islands, and Madagascar. About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat, and other tribes of the Philippines forms about .003% of the total Philippine population.

Approximately 6000 years ago, Austronesian ethnic groups originated from a population of Taiwanese aborigines, and settled in what is now the Philippines by sailing, using boats or by traveling in land bridges.

The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines were also in contact with other Asian people such as Malaysian, Indonesian, and Chinese. Various ethnic groups established several communities formed by the assimilation of various Indigenous Philippine kingdoms. By the 13th century, Islam was brought to the Philippines by Muslim traders from Malaysia, and Indonesia. Most Indigenous tribes of the Philippines practised a mixture of Animism, and Islam. There were native villages called Barangays ruled by Rajahs, and Datus.

Spanish period

The Spanish conquest between 1521 to 1565 initiated a period of Spanish colonization of the Philippine Islands that lasted for 333 years. The Philippines were governed by Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government official, and religious missionares who were born in Spain, and Mexico. The Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) settled in the islands to governed the territory. A majority of the Peninsulares were Castillan Spanish but along with them are Andalusians, Catalonians, and Basques. Intermarriage between Spaniards, and the Indigenous people was sometimes encouraged, but did not happen as it had in the Americas. A minority of intermarriage, and inter-breeding took place between the two ethnic groups in the Philippines. Some settlers married the daughters of Rajahs, and Datus (Chieftains) to reinforce the colonization of the islands while some married only Spaniards of pure Spanish descent. The succeeding generation, called Insulares (Spaniards from the islands) became town mayors, and hacienderos (land owners) who were granted large plantations by the Spanish government. In some provinces in the Philippines the Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants to trade with the Indigenous tribes. However, they were not given such privileges as the right to own land. From the close contact between the Spanish people, a new society class were formed, known as the Principalía (Nobility).

Mexicans of European, and Mestizo heritage also arrived in the Philippines. Between 1565, and 1815, Hispanos (Hispanics) from Mexico, and Spain sailed to, and from the Philippines, assisting Spain in its trade between Latin America, and the Philippines.

By the opening of the Suez Canal in 1867, the Philippines were opened for International trade, and there were some Europeans such as the British, German, and French, who settled in the islands. By the end of the Spanish period, the native ethnic groups of the Philippines began calling themselves Filipinos.

American period

After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish-American War in 1898, the Philippines, and other remaining Spanish colonies were ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Paris, for $20 million dollars.

United States government were established in 1901 during the Philippine-American War. William Howard Taft became the first American Governor-General of the Philippines.

World War II was a period of American migration to the Philippines. The Philippines gained independence from the United States in 1946. A minority of Americans settled in the Philippines. Some of these individuals married Filipinos.

Genetic studies

A Stanford University study conducted during 2001 revealed that Haplogroup O3-M122 (labeled as "Haplogroup L" in this study) is the most common Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found among Filipinos. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among Chinese, Koreans, and Vietnamese. Another haplogroup, Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study), is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among the Taiwanese aborigines, and Chamic-speaking people. Overall, the genetic frequencies found among Filipinos point to the Ami tribe of Taiwan as their nearest genetic ancestors. These findings are consistent with the theory that ancestors of the Filipino people have originated on continental East or Southeast Asia before migrating to the Philippines via Taiwan.

A 2002 China Medical University study indicated that Filipinos shared genetic chromosome that is found among Asian people, such as Taiwanese aborigines, Indonesians, Thais, and Chinese.

According to a research study by the University of the Philippines, genetic chromosome were found in Filipinos which are shared by people from different parts of East Asia, and Southeast Asia. The predominant genotype detected was SC, the Southeast Asian genotype.

Other ethnic groups include Mestizos. The official population of mixed-blood individuals in the Philippines remain unknown. However, according to a recent study conducted by Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center, stated that 3.6% of the Philippine population has varying degrees of European ancestry from Spanish, and United States colonization.

Languages

Main article: Languages of the Philippines

According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines. Filipino (based on Tagalog), and English are the official languages. Other major languages of the Philippines include Cebuano, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, Bikol, Pangasinan, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Kinaray-a, Chavacano, and Spanish.

Diaspora

Main article: Overseas Filipino

Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the United States, Mexico, North America, Europe, Oceania, and the Middle East.

Filipinos in North America

The arrival of Filipinos in the Americas began during the Spanish period. Some of these individuals settled in Mexico, and the United States.

Filipinos in Oceania

There is also a minority of Filipinos in Northern Marianas Islands, Palau, Guam, and Australia.

See also

• Demographics of the Philippines
• Ethnic groups in the Philippines

Publications

• Peter Bellwood (1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages". Scientific American. 265: 88–93. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; & Tryon, Darrell (1995). The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. ISBN 0-7315-2132-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Peter Bellwood (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples". Review of Archaeology. 18: 39–48.
• Peter Bellwood & Alicia Sánchez-Mazas (2005). "Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence". Current Anthropology. 46 (3): 480–485. doi:10.1086/430018. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• David Blundell. "Austronesian Disperal". Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology. 35: 1–26.
• Robert Blust (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives. 20: 46–67.
• Peter Fuller (2002). "Asia Pacific Research". Reading the Full Picture. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Retrieved July 28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• "Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid". Retrieved July 28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• Malcolm Ross & Andrew Pawley (1993). "Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history". Annual Review of Anthropology. 22: 425–459. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233.
• Scott, William Henry (1984). "Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History". New Day Publishers. Retrieved 2008-08-05.. ISBN 9789711002268.
• John Edward Terrell (Dec. 2004). "Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration". World Archaeology. 36 (4): 586–591. doi:10.1080/0043824042000303764. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
• Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-date= suggested) (help)
• ^a ARE - Jose N. Franco Jr (28 April 2007). "Jan-Feb 2007 remittances by Filipinos in Dubai grow 96pc". Khaleej Tomes. Retrieved 2007-05-09..
• ^a AUS - "Year Book Australia, 2007 Contents >> Population >> Country of birth". Australia Bureau of Statistics. 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-08..
• ^a CAN - "Population by Ethnic Origin". Asia pacific foundation of Canada. Retrieved 2007-05-08..
• ^a GWM - "Country Profile: Guam - People". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 2007-05-12..
• ^a HKG - "Hong Kong Yearbook 2005 - population". Central Statistics Office. 2005. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
• ^a IRL - "Principal Statistics of Ireland by nationality". Retrieved 2007-04-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• ^a ITA - Lawrence Casiraya. "Microsoft training centers cater to 200,000 OFWs in Italy". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 2007-08-14..
• ^a JPN - "Undocumented Filipinos cross the great divide in Japan". Philippines Today. Retrieved 2007-05-09..
• ^a LBN - Maila Ager (August 3, 2006). "'Standby fund' for OFWS in Lebanon gets House committee nod". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2007-05-09..
• ^a NZL - "QuickStats About Culture and Identity". Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aoteroa. August 3, 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-12..
• ^a ROK - "Secretary Albert Assures Filipinos in Korea of Continued Government Protection for Their Interests". Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. August 3, 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-12..
• ^a SAU - "International Religious Freedom Report 2005 - Saudi Arabia". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-09..
• ^a TWN - Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan.
• USA
  • ^a1 "Selected Population Profile in the United States - Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination". U.S. Census Bureau. 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-09. Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination: 2,807,731.
  • ^b1 "Background Note: Philippines". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-02. There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)