List of active separatist movements in Asia: Difference between revisions

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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

They are active movements with current, active members.
They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
They are the citizen/peoples of the conflict area and not comes from other country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

De facto state: for regions with a de facto polity
Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding or anticipated sovereign state
Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations or insurgencies
- Advocacy group(s): for nonviolent, non-electoral, participatory entities

Afghanistan

Badakhshan Province near the Wakhan Corridor

Proposed autonomous area: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic^[1]

Burma/Myanmar

Arakan

Proposed state: Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance

Chin people

Proposed state: Republic of Zo Asia
- Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Kachin

Proposed state: Kachinland
- Political party: Kachin National Organization

Karen people

Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union

Karenni

Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government

Kuki people

Proposed state: Kukiland
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Mon

Proposed state: Mon State
- Political party: New Mon State Party

Nagaland

Proposed state: Nagalim or Peoples' Republic of Nagaland
- Militant organisation: National Socialist Council of Nagaland (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland

Rohingya people

Proposed state: Northern Arakan State of Arakan Federation File:Rohingya nationality flag.png
- Advocacy group: Arakan Rohingya National Organization

Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Proposed state: Federated Shan States
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States^[2]

Wa people

Proposed state: Wa State
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army

Zomi

Proposed state: Republic of Zogam or Federated State of Zomi
- Political parties: Zomi National Congress, Zomi Reunification Organization
- Militant organisations: Zomi National Front/Army, Zomi Revolutionary Army,
- Advocacy group: Global Zomi Alliance
- Government in exile: Republic of Zogam

China

The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China insist sole legitimacy of China against each other. Practically, the former is administering Mainland China and the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau and the latter is administering the Taiwan area.

Mainland China

Inner Mongolia
- Proposed state: Republic of South Mongol
  - Political parties: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance,^[3] Mongolian Liberal Union Party^[4]
Tibet Autonomous Region
- Proposed state: Tibet
  - Government-in-exile: Lobsang Sangay, head of the Tibetan Government in Exile^[5] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  - Political parties: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet^[6]
  - Advocacy group: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet
Xinjiang
- Proposed state: East Turkestan
  - Political parties: Uyghurstan Independence Movement
  - Militant organisations: East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Uyghurstan National Front
  - Advocacy groups: World Uyghur Congress (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Special administrative regions

Hong Kong
- Proposed state: Republic of Hong Kong
  - Advocacy group: Hong Konger Front

Taiwan area

Proposed state: Republic of Taiwan
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party)

In perspective of the laws of the Republic of China, the Taiwan independence movement is considered as secessionism, but practically, the movement seeks to replace the ROC with the Republic of Taiwan because Taiwan area is the only practical region administered by the ROC.

In perspective of the laws of the People's Republic of China, the Taiwan indepndence movement is considered as secessionism, too because the PRC considers the Taiwan area as its integral part.

India

Arunachal Pradesh

Proposed autonomous area: Teola Country^[7]
- Militant organisation: Arunachal Dragon Force
Proposed autonomous area: Hajong Chakma Homeland
- Political organisation: All Hajong Chakma Homeland Movement

Assam

Proposed state: Bodoland
- Militant organisation: United Liberation Front of Assam, Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam,^[8] National Democratic Front

Jammu and Kashmir (occupied/disputed area of the Kashmir valley only)

Proposed state: Independent United State of Kashmir, or United Jammu and Kashmir
- Political organisations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Militant organisations: Lashkar-e-Toiba, Harkat-ul-mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammad

Manipur

Proposed state: Republic of Manipur
- Militant organisations: Hmar People's Convention–Democrat, Manipur People’s Liberation Front, United National Liberation Front, Revolutionary People's Front of Manipur, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak^[9]

Meghalaya

Proposed state: Meghalaya

Mizoram

Proposed state: Zozam
- Militant organisations: Zomi Revolutionary Organization, Mizoram Farmers Liberation Force

Nagaland

Proposed state: Nagalim or People's Republic of Nagaland
- Government-in-exile: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland
- Militant organisation: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Punjab

Proposed state: Khalistan
- Political organisations: Dal Khalsa, Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
- Militant organisations: Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force

Tripura

Proposed state: Tripura

Tamil Nadu

Proposed autonomous area: Republic of Tamil Nation
- Political organisation: Tamil Thesa Pothuvudaimai Katchi^[10]

Indonesia

Indonesia is a transcontinental country. See also List of active separatist movements in Oceania#Indonesia

Aceh

Proposed state: Republic of Aceh

Kalimantan

Proposed state: Kalimantan Borneo
- Pressure groups: Kalimantan Borneo Liberation Front

Minahasa^[11]^[12]

Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa

Riau^[13]

Proposed state: Riau

South Moluccas

Proposed state: South Moluccas
- Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front

West Papua

Proposed state: West Papua
- Militant organisation: Free Papua Movement
- Government-in-exile: West Papuan Government in exile^[14]^[15]

Iran

Azerbaijan (Iran)

Proposed state: South Azerbaijan or Azerbaijan
- Political party: CAMAH (South Azerbaijan National Liberation Movement), a Baku-based separatist organisation that advocates for the separation of Iranian Azerbaijan from Iran and unification with the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to them, the predominantly ethnic Persian provinces of Hamadan, Qazvin and Karaj and the whole of the ethnically mixed province of West Azerbaijan are parts of Azerbaijan.^[16]

Turkmen Sahra

Proposed state: South Turkmenistan or Turkmenistan
- Political party: Turkmen-Sahra Liberation Organization
Pan-Turkism party

Arabs of Khūzestān

Proposed state: al-Ahwaz^[17]

- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Kurdish people

Proposed state: Kurdistan^[18]
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah

Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Proposed state: Balochistan File:Flag of the Balochistan Liberation Army.svg
- Political party: Balochistan People's Party
- Militant organisations: Jundallah (Iran)

Iraq

Assyrian people

Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Zowaa, Qaraqosh Protection Committee
- Advocacy group: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe

Kurdistan

Proposed state: Kurdistan
Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement (K.I.M.), Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Turkmeneli (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Proposed state: Turkmeneli
Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front

Israel

Israeli settlers

Proposed state: State of Judea

Palestinian people

De facto autonomous government: Palestinian National Authority
De facto/De jure state: State of Palestine
Political parties: Hamas, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Palestine Liberation Front, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Palestine Liberation Organisation^[19]^[20]
Militant organisations: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Tanzim, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades

Japan

Ainu people in Hokkaido^[21]^[22]
- Proposed state: File:Ainu Flag.jpg Republic of Ainu
- Political group : Ainu independence movement
Ryukyuan people in Okinawa
Proposed state: Republic of Ryūkyū
- Political parties: Kariyushi Club (Formerly, Ryukyu Independence Party)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu. See also Invasion of Ryukyu.

Laos

Hmong people

Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State
Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

Nepal

Madheshi people in the southern strip have occasionally voiced for independence from Nepal. The claims are a result of a long standing history of discrimination against them.

Proposed state: Republic of Madheshstan
- Political group: AIM Madeshstan, Alliance of Madheshi people^[23]

Pakistan

Balochistan^[24]

Proposed state: Balochistan File:Flag of the Balochistan Liberation Army.svg
- Political party: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Republican Army

Gilgit-Baltistan

Proposed state: Republic of Gilgit Baltistan
- Political party: Gilgit Baltistan United Movement

Pashtun people

Proposed state: Pashtunistan
- Political Party: Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz
- Advocacy group: World Sindhi Institute (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant Organisations: Sindhudesh Liberation Army

Waziristan

Proposed state: Islamic Emirate of Waziristan
- Military movement: Taliban

Sindhudesh

Proposed state: Sindhudesh File:JSMM Flag.jpg
- East Pakistan by Sindhi PeopleSice 1972.
- Leader Jeay Sindh Mahaz, G. M. Syed)
- Political Party: Sindh United Party
- Militant Organisations: Sindhudesh Liberation Army

Jammu & Kashmir

Proposed state: Jammu & Kashmir
- Military movement: JKLF

Philippines

Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

Proposed autonomous area: Bangsamoro^[25] File:Flag of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.png
Including the cities of Cotabato City, Isabela, Basilan and the municipalities of Baloi, Munai, Nunungan, Pantar, Tagoloan and Tangcal in Lanao del Norte and certain barangays from Kabacan, Carmen, Aleosan, Pigkawayan, Pikit and Midsayap municipalities in Cotabato).^[26]
Militant organisation: Moro Islamic Liberation Front^[27](member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Bangsamoro Region

Proposed state: Bangsamoro Republik / Federal Republic of Mindanao
- Political party: Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement^[27]
- Militant organisation: Moro National Liberation Front, Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters^[27]
- Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement

Cordillera Administrative Region

Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region^[28]

Russia

Sakha Republic

Proposed state: Sakha Republic
- Political party: Sakha-Amuk

Siberia (North Asia)

Proposed state: Siberian Republic
- Political party: Party of Siberian Liberation

Tuva

Proposed state: Tuva
- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva"

Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Tamil people

Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
- Political party: Tamil National Alliance (autonomy within Sri Lanka)
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (No longer active in Sri Lanka)
- Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam^[29]

Syria

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

Proposed state: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
Political parties: Majlish Shura al Mujahedeen

Kurdish people

Proposed state: Kurdistan
Political party: Democratic Union Party
Militant organisation: People's Defence Units
Political Movement: Democratic Confederlism, Democratic Socialism, Socialist Feminism, Ecosocialism
De facto state: Rojava, West Kurdistan

Alawite State

Proposed state: Alawite State

Druze people in Syria.

Proposed state: Druze state

Tajikistan

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region

Proposed state: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic^[1]
- Political party: Lali Badakhshon^[1]

Thailand

Patani

Proposed state: Greater Patani State (Negara Patani Raya)^[30] or Malaysia
- Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organization

Turkey

Kurdistan^[31]
- Ethnic group: Kurdish people
- Political parties: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Falcons (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)

Turkmenistan

Khorazm

The province of Xorazm located in Uzbekistan, also including the province of Dashoguz in Turkmenistan.

Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan

Proposed state: Karakalpakstan
- Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party^[32]

Khorazm

The province of Xorazm located in Uzbekistan, also including the province of Dashoguz in Turkmenistan.

Vietnam

Cham people

Proposed autonomous area: Champa
- Advocacy group: International Office of Champa (IOC)^[33]
- Militant organisation: Front de Libération du Champa (FLC), part of United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO), now defunct

Degar people

Proposed autonomous area: Tây Nguyên
- Advocacy group: Montagnard Foundation, Inc.^[34] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisation: Front de Libération des Hauts Plateaux (FLHP), part of United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO), now defunct

Khmer Krom

Proposed autonomous area: Cochinchina
- Advocacy group: Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF)^[35]
- Militant organisation: Front de Libération du Kampuchea Krom (FLKK), part of United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FURLO), now defunct

Yemen

South Yemen

Proposed state: South Yemen^[36]
- Political party: South Yemen Movement

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Roots of the Conflict". El Gringo. Archived from the original on 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ [1]
^ ""Inner Mongolian People's Party" and the basic facts about its key members". Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
^ "モンゴル自由連盟党". Retrieved 2010-11-22.(JP)
^ "Speech of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the European Parliament, Strasbourg". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 2001-10-14. Retrieved 2009-04-11. ^{[dead link]}
^ "INTERNATIONAL TIBET INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT". International Tibet Independence Movement. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
^ "Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ "Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ "India - Terrorist, insurgent and extremist groups". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ "Freedom Movements". WikiPedia.
^ http://www.indonesiamatters.com/758/minahasa-nationalism/
^ http://www.nasty-bali.org/sulawesi-separatists.html
^ The Jakarta Post (2000). People’s Congress votes for Riau independence. February 2. [2], accessed July 2, 2009.
^ Saha, Santosh C. (2006). Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Lexington Books. p. 63. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
^ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2055. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3. Retrieved 20 May 2011. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ http://southazerbaijan.info/en/nizam.php
^ http://www.al-ahwaz.com/english/2009/index.php?page=news&a_p_no=1&w_p_no=1&ar_p_no=23-1-2008-1 National Libration [sic] Movement of Ahwaz
^ "Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan". Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
^ Madiha Rashid al Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974-1991, Cambridge Middle East Library, Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN 0-521-41523-3. p. 21:"On 28 October 1974, the seventh Arab summit conference held in Rabat designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency."
^ Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). Isolated states: a comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-521-40268-2. ISBN 0-521-40268-9.
^ http://www.fourwinds10.net/siterun_data/peace_freedom/patriots_and_protesters/news.php?q=1239483589
^ http://asiangazette.blogspot.com/2010/02/ainu-claim-independence-to-prime.html
^ [3]
^ http://www.balochvoice.com/
^ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/285332/new-ph-milf-peace-pact-to-serve-as-road-map-for-future-peace-talks-binay
^ http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/277218/news/nation/govt-milf-agree-to-create-bangsamoro-to-replace-armm
^ ^a ^b ^c http://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm
^ http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordillera-solons-expressed-views-on-regional-autonomy/
^ Peacehalle.com
^ "Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
^ "Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan'". Radio Free Europe. 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
^ "IOC-Champa". International Office of Champa. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
^ "Montagnard Foundation home page". Montagnard Foundation. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ "Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation". Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
^ "Five killed at secessionist protest in south Yemen". London: BBC. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2009-11-25.

[Badakhshon-1] "Roots of the Conflict". El Gringo. Archived from the original on 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

[2] [1]

[3] ""Inner Mongolian People's Party" and the basic facts about its key members". Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center. Retrieved 2009-04-11.

[4] "モンゴル自由連盟党". Retrieved 2010-11-22.(JP)

[5] "Speech of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the European Parliament, Strasbourg". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 2001-10-14. Retrieved 2009-04-11. ^{[dead link]}

[6] "INTERNATIONAL TIBET INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT". International Tibet Independence Movement. Retrieved 2009-04-11.

[7] "Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

[8] "Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

[9] "India - Terrorist, insurgent and extremist groups". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

[10] "Freedom Movements". WikiPedia.

[11] ttp://www.indonesiamatters.com/758/minahasa-nationalism/

[12] ttp://www.nasty-bali.org/sulawesi-separatists.html

[13] The Jakarta Post (2000). People’s Congress votes for Riau independence. February 2. [2], accessed July 2, 2009.

[14] Saha, Santosh C. (2006). Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Lexington Books. p. 63. Retrieved 20 May 2011.

[15] Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2055. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3. Retrieved 20 May 2011. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[16] ttp://southazerbaijan.info/en/nizam.php

[17] ttp://www.al-ahwaz.com/english/2009/index.php?page=news&a_p_no=1&w_p_no=1&ar_p_no=23-1-2008-1 National Libration [sic] Movement of Ahwaz

[18] "Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan". Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan. Retrieved 2009-04-11.

[al_-Madfai-19] Madiha Rashid al Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974-1991, Cambridge Middle East Library, Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN 0-521-41523-3. p. 21:"On 28 October 1974, the seventh Arab summit conference held in Rabat designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency."

[Geldenhuysp155-20] Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). Isolated states: a comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-521-40268-2. ISBN 0-521-40268-9.

[21] ttp://www.fourwinds10.net/siterun_data/peace_freedom/patriots_and_protesters/news.php?q=1239483589

[22] ttp://asiangazette.blogspot.com/2010/02/ainu-claim-independence-to-prime.html

[23] [3]

[24] ttp://www.balochvoice.com/

[25] ttp://newsinfo.inquirer.net/285332/new-ph-milf-peace-pact-to-serve-as-road-map-for-future-peace-talks-binay

[26] ttp://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/277218/news/nation/govt-milf-agree-to-create-bangsamoro-to-replace-armm

[milf-27] ttp://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm

[28] ttp://car.neda.gov.ph/cordillera-solons-expressed-views-on-regional-autonomy/

[29] Peacehalle.com

[30] "Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

[31] Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.

[32] "Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan'". Radio Free Europe. 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2009-04-11.

[33] "IOC-Champa". International Office of Champa. Retrieved 2014-02-16.

[34] "Montagnard Foundation home page". Montagnard Foundation. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

[35] "Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation". Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation. Retrieved 2014-02-16.

[36] "Five killed at secessionist protest in south Yemen". London: BBC. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2009-11-25.

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@@ Line 177: / Line 177: @@
 * '''Proposed state''': [[Kalimantan Borneo]] [[File:Flag of Kalimantan Borneo.png|22x20px|border]]
 ** '''Pressure groups''': [[Kalimantan Borneo Liberation Front]]
+[[North Sulawesi|Minahasa]]<ref>http://www.indonesiamatters.com/758/minahasa-nationalism/</ref><ref>http://www.nasty-bali.org/sulawesi-separatists.html</ref>
+* '''Proposed state''': Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa
 [[Riau]]<ref>''The Jakarta Post'' (2000). People’s Congress votes for Riau independence. February 2. [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2000/02/02/people039s-congress-votes-riau-independence.html], accessed July 2, 2009.

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Historical separatist movements