Charles K. Kao: Difference between revisions

Charles K. Kao
Charles K. Kao
Traditional Chinese	高錕
Simplified Chinese	高锟
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Gāo Kūn
Wade–Giles	Kao1 K'un1

The Honourable
Sir Charles Kuen Kao
GBM KBE FRS FREng
The Honourable Sir Charles Kuen Kao GBM KBE FRS FREng
高錕
	Charles K. Kao receiving an honorary degree from Princeton University in 2004
Born	4 November 1933 (age 90); Shanghai, China
Nationality	United States; United Kingdom
Citizenship	United States; United Kingdom
Alma mater	University College London (PhD 1965, issued by University of London); University of Greenwich (BSc 1957, issued by University of London)
Known for	Fiber optics; Fiber-optic communication
Awards	Stuart Ballantine Medal (1977); IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award (1978); IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1985); Marconi Prize (1985); C&C Prize (1987); Faraday Medal (1989); James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials (1989); FREng (1989); SPIE Gold Medal (1992); CBE (1992); Prince Philip Medal (1996); Japan Prize (1996); 3463 Kaokuen (1996); FRS (1997); Charles Stark Draper Prize (1999); Asian of the Century (1999); Nobel Prize in Physics (2009); Grand Bauhinia Medal (2010); KBE (2010);
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	The Chinese University of Hong Kong; ITT Corporation; Yale University; Standard Telephones and Cables
Doctoral advisor	Harold Barlow

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Sir Charles Kuen Kao,^[5] GBM,^[6] KBE,^[7] FRS,^[8] FREng^[9] (born 4 November 1933) is a Chinese-born Hong Kong, American and British electrical engineer and physicist who pioneered in the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Kao, known as the "Godfather of Broadband",^[10] "Father of Fiber Optics"^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] or "Father of Fiber Optic Communications",^[16]^[17] was jointly awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".^[18] Kao holds multiple citizenship of Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and the United States.^[10]

Early life

Charles Kao was born in Shanghai in 1933, and his ancestral home is in nearby Jinshan. He studied Chinese classics at home with his brother, under a tutor.^[19] He also studied English and French at an international school in Shanghai which was founded by a number of progressive Chinese educators including Cai Yuanpei.^[20]

Kao's family moved to Hong Kong in 1948^[21] where he completed his secondary education (advanced level) at St. Joseph's College in 1952. He did his undergraduate studies in electrical engineering at Woolwich Polytechnic (now the University of Greenwich),^[22] obtaining his Bachelor of Science degree.

He then pursued research and received his PhD degree in electrical engineering in 1965 from University College London^[23] (under Professor Harold Barlow) as an external student while working at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) in Harlow, England, the research centre of Standard Telephones and Cables.^[24] It is there that Kao did his first groundbreaking work as an engineer and researcher working alongside George Hockham under the supervision of Alec Reeves.

Kao joined The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in 1970, to found the Department of Electronics, which later became the Department of Electronic Engineering. During this period, Kao was the Reader and then the Chair Professor of Electronics at CUHK; he built up both undergraduate and graduate study programs of electronics and saw the graduation of his first students. Under his leadership, the School of Education and other new research institutes were established. He then went back to ITT Corporation in 1974 (the parent corporation of STC at that time) in the United States and worked in Roanoke, Virginia, first as Chief Scientist and later as Director of Engineering. In 1982, he became the first ITT Executive Scientist and was stationed mainly at the Advanced Technology Center in Connecticut.^[14] While there, he served as an adjunct professor and Fellow of Trumbull College at Yale University. In 1985, Kao spent one year in West Germany, at the SEL Research Centre. In 1986, Kao was the Corporate Director of Research at ITT.

Kao was the Vice-Chancellor (President) of the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1996.^[25] After his retirement from CUHK in 1996, Kao spent his 6-month sabbatical leave at the Imperial College London Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; from 1997 to 2002, he also served as Visiting professor in the same department.^[26] From 1993 to 1994, he was the President of ASAIHL (The Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning).^[27]

Kao then worked as the Chairman and CEO of Transtech Services Ltd., a telecommunication consultancy company in Hong Kong. He was the founder, Chairman and CEO of ITX Services Limited. From 2003 to January 30, 2009, Kao was an Independent Non-executive Director and Member of the Audit Committee of Next Media.^[28]^[29] Since 1991, Kao has been an Independent Non-Executive Director and a member of the Audit Committee of the Varitronix International Limited in Hong Kong.^[30]^[31]

In 2000, Kao founded the Independent Schools Foundation Academy (ISF), which is located in Cyberport, Hong Kong.^[32] He was its founding Chairman in 2000, and stepped down from the Board of the ISF in December 2008.^[32]

Kao was the keynote speaker at IEEE GLOBECOM 2002 in Taipei, Taiwan.^[33] In 2003 Kao was named a Chair Professor by special appointment at the Electronics Institute of the College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University.^[33]

In 1996, Kao donated to Yale University, and the Charles Kao Fund Research Grants was established to support Yale's studies, research and creative projects in Asia.^[34] The fund currently is managed by Yale University Councils on East Asian and Southeast Asian Studies.^[35]

Kao has been suffering from Alzheimer's disease since early 2004 and has speech difficulty, but has no problem recognizing people or addresses.^[36] Kao's father also suffered from the same disease. Since 2008, he has resided in Mountain View, California, United States, where he moved from Hong Kong in order to live near his children and grandchild.^[10]

Pottery making, a traditional Chinese handiwork, is a hobby of Kao's. Kao also enjoys reading Wuxia novels.^[37]

On October 6, 2009, Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the study of the transmission of light in optical fibers and for fiber communication,^[38] said: "I am absolutely speechless and never expected such an honour".^[17]^[39] Kao's wife told the press that the prize after paying tax to the US government, will primarily be used for Charles's medical expenses.^[40]

Ancestry and family

Kao's father Kao Chun-Hsiang (高君湘) was a lawyer who obtained his J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School in 1925.^[41] He was a professor at Soochow University (then in Shanghai) Comparative Law School of China.^[42]^[43]

His grandfather was Gao Xie (aka Gao Chuiwan), a famous scholar, poet, literator, artist, and a leading figure of the Southern Society (南社) during the late Qing Dynasty.^[44] Some influential writers including Gao Xu, aka Gao Tianmei), Yao Guang (姚光), and Gao Zeng (高增) were also Gao's close relatives.

His father's cousin was astronomer Ping-Tse Kao;^[45] Kao Crater is named after him^[46]) Kao has a younger brother named Timothy Wu Kao (高鋙), who is a civil engineer and Professor Emeritus at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.. His research is in hydrodynamics.^[47]

Kao met his future wife May-Wan Kao (Née: Wong; 黄美芸) in London after graduation. His wife was a Fortran programmer who worked in the same factory as Kao.^[48] She is British Chinese. They were married in 1959 in London,^[49]^[50] and have two children, a son and a daughter,^[49] both of whom reside and work in Silicon Valley, California.^[48]

Work and related history

Fiber optics and communications

A bundle of silica glass fibers for optical communication, which are used everywhere nowadays. Kao also first publicly suggested that silica glass of high purity is an ideal material for long range optical communication.^[51]

In the 1960s at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) based in Harlow, Essex, Kao and his co-workers did their pioneering work in the realisation of fiber optics as a telecommunications medium, by demonstrating that the high-loss of existing fibre optics arose from impurities in the glass, rather than from an underlying problem with the technology itself.^[52]

In 1963 when Charles first joined the optical communications research team he made notes summarising the background^[53] situation and available technology at the time, and identifying the key individuals^[53] involved. Initially Kao worked in the team of Antoni E. Karbowiak (Toni Karbowiak), who was working under Alec Reeves to study optical waveguides for communications. Kao's task was to investigate fiber attenuation, for which he collected samples from different fiber manufacturers and also investigated the properties of bulk glasses carefully. Kao's study primarily convinced himself that the impurities in material caused the high light losses of those fibers.^[54]

In 1963, Kao was appointed head of the electro-optics research group at STL.^[55] He took over the optical communication program of STL in December 1964, because his supervisor, Karbowiak, left to take the Chair in Communications in the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.^[56]

Although Kao succeeded Karbowiak as manager of optical communications research, he immediately decided to abandon Karbowiak's plan (thin-film waveguide) and overall change research direction with his colleague George Hockham.^[54]^[56] They not only considered optical physics but also the material properties. The results were first presented by Kao to the IEE in January 1966 in London, and further published in July with George Hockham (1964–1965 worked with Kao)^[57]^[a]. This study first theorized and proposed to use glass fibers to implement optical communication, the ideas (especially structural features and materials) described are largely the basis of today's optical fiber communications.

In 1965,^[55]^[58]^[b] Kao with Hockham concluded that the fundamental limitation for glass light attenuation is below 20 dB/km (decibels per kilometer, is a measure of the attenuation of a signal over a distance), which is a key threshold value for optical communications.^[59] However, at the time of this determination, optical fibers commonly exhibited light loss as high as 1,000 dB/km and even more. This conclusion opened the intense race to find low-loss materials and suitable fibers for reaching such criteria.

Kao, together with his new team (members including T.W. Davies, M.W. Jones, and C.R. Wright), pursued this goal by testing various materials. They precisely measured the attenuation of light with different wavelengths in glasses and other materials. During this period, Kao pointed out that the high purity of fused silica (SiO₂) made it an ideal candidate for optical communication. Kao also stated that the impurity of glass material is the main cause for the dramatic decay of light transmission inside glass fiber, rather than fundamental physical effects such as scattering as many physicists thought at that time, and such impurity could be removed. This led to a worldwide study and production of high-purity glass fibers.^[60] When Kao first proposed that such glass fiber could be used for long-distance information transfer and could replace copper wires which were used for telecommunication during that era,^[61] his ideas were widely disbelieved; later people realized that Kao's ideas revolutionized the whole communication technology and industry.

Kao played a leading role in the early stage of engineering and commercial realization of optical communication.^[62] In spring 1966, Kao traveled to the U.S. but failed to interest Bell Labs, which was a competitor of STL in communication technology at that time.^[63] He subsequently traveled to Japan and gained support.^[63] Kao visited many glass and polymer factories, discussed with various people including engineers, scientists, businessmen about the techniques and improvement of glass fiber manufacture.

In 1969, Kao with M.W. Jones measured the intrinsic loss of bulk-fused silica at 4 dB/km, which is the first evidence of ultra-transparent glass. Bell Labs started considering fiber optics seriously.^[63]

Kao developed important techniques and configurations for glass fiber waveguides, and contributed to the development of different fiber types and system devices which met both civil and military^[c] application requirements, and peripheral supporting systems for optical fiber communication.^[62] In mid-1970s, he did seminal work on glass fiber fatigue strength.^[62] When named the first ITT Executive Scientist, Kao launched the "Terabit Technology" program in addressing the high frequency limits of signal processing, so Kao is also known as the "Father of the Terabit Technology Concept".^[62]^[64] Kao has published more than 100 papers and was granted over 30 patents,^[62] including the water-resistant high-strength fibers (with M.S. Maklad).^[65]

At an early stage of developing optic fibers, Kao already strongly preferred single mode for long-distance optical communication, instead of using multi-mode systems. His vision later was followed and now is applied almost exclusively.^[60]^[66]

Kao is also a visionary of modern submarine communications cables and largely promoted this idea. He predicted in 1983 that world's seas would be littered with fiber optics, five years ahead of the time that such a trans-oceanic fiber-optic cable first became serviceable.^[67]

Ali Javan's introduction of a steady helium–neon laser and Kao's discovery of fiber light-loss properties now are recognized as the two essential milestones for the development of fiber-optic communications.^[56]

Environmental studies and energy leadership

Kao is one of the few earliest who started studying the environmental effects of the land reclamation in Hong Kong, and presented one of his first related studies at the conference of ACU (Association of Commonwealth Universities) in Edinburgh in 1972.^[68]

Kao was the Chairman and Member of the Energy Advisory Committee (EAC) of Hong Kong for two years, and retired from the position on July 15, 2000.^[69]^[70] Kao is a Member of the Council of Advisors on Innovation and Technology of Hong Kong, appointed on April 20, 2000.^[71]

Honors and awards

Kao has received numerous honors and awards in his life, the most notable being the Nobel Prize in Physics. His awards including the following:

List of recognitions of Prof. Dr. Charles K. Kao

Academic offices

Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, USA (1979 election)^[72]
Fellow, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1997^[2]
Fellow,^[1] The Royal Academy of Engineering,^[1] UK (1989 election)
Fellow, The Marconi Society, USA (1985 election)
Honorary Fellow (1994 election) and former President, The Hong Kong Academy of Engineering Sciences (HKAES), Hong Kong^[73]^[74]
Distinguished Fellow, The Hong Kong Computer Society, Hong Kong (1989 election)^[75]^[76]
Honorary Fellow, The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers (1994 election)^[77]
Academician, Academia Sinica, Taipei^[78] (1992 election)
Member, Optical Society of America, USA^[79]
Member, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Austria
Member, United States National Academy of Engineering (1990 election)^[80]^[d]
Foreign Member, Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, Sweden (1988 election)
Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (1996 election)
Fellow, Trumbull College of Yale University
Honorary Fellow, The Queen Mary, University of London^[81]
Honorary Professor, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (appointed in 1996)^[82]
Honorary Professor, Peking University, Beijing (appointed in 1995)
Honorary Professor, Tsinghua University, Beijing (appointed in 1995)
Honorary Professor, Beijing University of International Business and Economics, Beijing (appointed in 1995)
Honorary Professor, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (appointed in 1995)
Chair Professor by special appointment, National Taiwan University, Taipei (appointed in 2003)^[33]
Honorary Professor (1997–2002), Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong^[83]
Lifetime Honorary Professorship, City University of Hong Kong (appointed on January 1, 2002)^[83]
Hong Kong Affairs Adviser (港事顧問) (May 1994 – June 30, 1997)^[84]^[85]
Advisor of Macao Science and Technology Council^[86]

Honorary degrees

Honorary Doctor of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (1985)
Doctor of Science, The University of Sussex, UK (1990)
Doctor of Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, R.O.China (1990)^[87]^[88]
Degree of Honorary Doctor, Soka University, Japan (1991)
Doctor of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, UK (1992)
Honorary DCL, Durham University, UK (1994)^[89]
Doctor of the University, Griffith University, Australia (1995)
Honorary degree in "Telecommunications engineering", University of Padua, Italy (Oct 18, 1996)^[90]
Doctor of Science, The University of Hull, UK (1998)^[91]
Doctor of Science, Yale University, USA (1999)^[92]
Doctor of Science Honoris Causa, The University of Greenwich, UK (2002)^[22]
Doctor of Science, Princeton University, USA (2004)^[93]
Honorary doctor of laws degree, University of Toronto, Canada (June 16, 2005)^[94]
Honorary Doctor, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.R.China (2007)
Honorary Doctorate of Science, University College London, UK (2010)^[95]
Honorary Degree, University of Strathclyde, UK (Sep 24, 2010)^[96]
Honorary Doctorate of Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R.China (Mar 2011)

Awards

Kao donated most of his prize medals to the Chinese University of Hong Kong.^[97]

1976: The Morey Award, American Ceramic Society, USA.
1977: The Stuart Ballantine Medal, Franklin Institute, USA.^[97]
1978: The Rank Prize, Rank Trust Fund, UK.
1978: The IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award. Citation: "for making communication at optical frequencies practical by discovering, inventing, and developing the material, techniques and configurations for glass fiber waveguides and, in particular, for recognizing and proving by careful measurements in bulk glasses that silicon glass could provide the requisite low optical loss needed for a practical communication system".
1979: The L. M. Ericsson International Prize, Sweden.^[97]
1980: The Gold Medal, AFCEA, USA.
1981: The CESASC Achievement Award, Southern California, USA.
1983: USAI Achievement Award, U.S.-Asia Institute, USA.^[97]
1985: The IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal.^[97]
1985: The Marconi International Scientist Award, Marconi Foundation, USA.
1985: The Columbus Medal of the City of Genoa, Italy.
1986: The CIE Achievement Award of the CIE-USA Annual Awards, USA.^[98]
1987: The C & C Prize, Foundation for Communication and Computer Promotion, Japan.
1989: The Faraday Medal, Institution of Electrical Engineers, UK.^[97]
1989: The James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials, American Physical Society (APS). Citation: "for contribution to the materials research and development that resulted in practical low loss optical fibers, one of the cornerstones of optical communications technology".^[99]
1992: The Gold Medal of the Society, SPIE.^[100]
1995: The Gold Medal for Engineering Excellence, The World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), UK.^[97]
1996: The Prince Philip Medal of the Royal Academy of Engineering, UK;^[97] in recognition of "his pioneering work which led to the invention of optical fibre and for his leadership in its engineering and commercial realisation; and for his distinguished contribution to higher education in Hong Kong".
1996: la Citta' di Padova, Italy.^[97]
1996: The 12th Japan Prize.^[97] Citation: "for pioneering research on wide-band, low-loss optical fiber communications".
1998: The International Lecture Medal, IEE, UK.^[97]^[101]
1999: The Charles Stark Draper Prize^[97] (co-recipient with Robert D. Maurer and John B. MacChesney), USA.
2001: Millennium Outstanding Engineer Award, Hong Kong.^[97]
2006: The HKIE Gold Medal Award, HKIE (The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers), Hong Kong.^[73]^[102]
2009: The Nobel Prize in Physics (1/2 of the prize), Sweden. Citation: "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".
2009: The IEEE Photonics Society Plaque.^[103]
2010 (Feb 27): Distinguished Science & Technology Award, 2010 Asian American Engineer of the Year Award, AAEOY 2010, USA.^[104]
2010 (Mar 27): 2009/2010 World Chinese Grand Prize, Phoenix Television, Hong Kong.^[105]^[106]
2010 (April 8/9): Chinese American Distinction Award, San Francisco, USA.^[107]
2010 (July 1): Grand Bauhinia Medal, Hong Kong SAR.^[6]
20 Feb 2014: FTTH Operators Award and Individual Award^[108]

Others

Featured in Science Museum London, London, UK.
1993: The Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE).^[97]
The 3463 Kaokuen, discovered in 1981, named after Kao in 1996.
1996 (November 7): The North Building of the Chinese University of Hong Kong Science Centre has been named as Charles K. Kao Building.^[109]
1999: Asian of the Century, Science and Technology.^[15]^[110]
2002: Leader of the Year – Innovation Technology Category, Sing Tao, Hong Kong.^[97]
October 21, 2002: Inducted into the Engineering Hall Of Fame, the 50th Anniversary Issue, Electronic Design.^[111]^[112]
January 3, 2008: Inducted into the ‘Celebration 60’, British Council's 60th anniversary in Hong Kong.^[113]^[114]
November 4, 2009: Honorary Citizenship, and the Dr. Charles Kao Day in Mountain View, California, USA.^[115]
December 30, 2009: The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park has been named after Kao – Charles K. Kao Auditorium.^[116]^[117]
2009: Hong Kong's Person of Year.^[118]
The Top 10 Asian Achievements of 2009 – No.7.^[119]
2010 (February): Honoree, Committee of 100, USA.^[107]
2010 (March 18): The square of the Independent Schools Foundation Academy (ISF Academy) has been named after Kao.^[120]
The 2010 OFC/NFOEC Conferences^[e] were dedicated to Kao, March 23–25, San Diego, California, USA.^[121]^[122]^[123]
May 14–15, 2010: Two sessions were dedicated to Kao, The 19th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference (WOCC 2010), Shanghai, P.R.China.^[124]^[125]
May 22, 2010: Inducted into the memento archive of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.^[126]|
Mid-2010: Hong Kong Definitive Stamp Sheetlet (No. 1), Hong Kong SAR.^[127]
June 11, 2010: The Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE).^[7]^[128]
March 25, 2011: Blue plaque unveiled in Harlow, Essex, UK.^[129]
September 2014: Sir Charles Kao UTC was open^[130]
4 Nov 2014: Gimme Fibre Day on Kao's birthday, FTTH Councils Global Alliance^[131]

Notes

^ a: Kao's major task was to investigate light-loss properties in materials of optic fibers, and determine whether they could be removed or not. Hockham's was investigating light-loss due to discontinuities and curvature of fibre.
^ b: Some sources show around 1964,^[132]^[133] for example, "By 1964, a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr. Charles K. Kao for long-range communication devices, the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard." from Cisco Press.^[132]
^ c: In 1980, Kao was awarded the Gold Medal from American Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, "for contribution to the application of optical fiber technology to military communications".^[62]
^ d: In the United States National Academy of Engineering Membership Website, Kao's country is indicated as People's Republic of China.^[80]
^ e: OFC/NFOEC – Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference^[123]

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^ Maryanne C. J. Large; Leon Poladian; Geoff Barton; Martijn A. van Eijkelenborg. (2008). Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibres. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-31273-6. Page 2
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^ 1999 Charles Stark Draper Award Presented "Kao, who was working at ITT's Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in the 1960s, theorized about how to use light for communication instead of bulky copper wire and was the first to publicly propose the possibility of a practical application for fiber-optic telecommunication."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Charles Kuen Kao" (PDF). Retrieved October 28, 2009.
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^ A chat with vice-chancellor Kao, by Midori Hiraga
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Monographs

Optical fiber technology; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, USA; 1981.
Optical Fiber Technology, II; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, USA; 1981, 343 pages. ISBN 0-471-09169-3 ISBN 978-0-471-09169-1.
Optical Fiber Systems: Technology, Design, and Applications; by Charles K. Kao. McGraw-Hill, USA; 1982; 204 pages. ISBN 0-07-033277-0 ISBN 978-0-07-033277-5.
Optical fibre (IEE materials & devices series, Volume 6); by Charles K. Kao. Palgrave Macmillan on behalf of IEEE; 1988; University of Michigan; 158 pages. ISBN 0-86341-125-8 ISBN 978-0-86341-125-0
A Choice Fulfilled: the Business of High Technology; by Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press/ Palgrave Macmillan; 1991, 203 pages. ISBN 962-201-521-2 ISBN 978-962-201-521-0
Tackling the Millennium Bug Together: Public Conferences; by Charles K. Kao. Central Policy Unit, Hong Kong; 48 pages, 1998.
Technology Road Maps for Hong Kong: a Preliminary Study; by Charles K. Kao. Office of Industrial and Business Development, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; 126 pages, 1990.
Nonlinear Photonics: Nonlinearities in Optics, Optoelectronics and Fiber Communications; by Yili Guo, Kin S. Chiang, E. Herbert Li, and Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong; 2002, 600 pages.

External links

Optical Fibre History at STL
2009 Nobel Prize in Physics information
BBC: Lighting the way to a revolution
IEEE Oral-History: Charles Kao
Mountain View Voice: The legacy of Charles Kao
Man who lit up the world – Professor Charles Kao CBE FREng Ingenia, Issue 43, June 2010

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Andrew Viterbi	IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal 1985	Succeeded by Bernard Widrow
Preceded by Nick Holonyak	Japan Prize 1996	Succeeded by Takashi Sugimura and Bruce N. Ames
Preceded by Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, and Toshihide Maskawa	Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics with Willard Boyle and George E. Smith 2009	Succeeded by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov
Academic offices
Preceded by Ma Lin	Vice-Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong 1987–1996	Succeeded by Arthur Li
Order of precedence
Preceded by Tin Ka-ping Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal	Hong Kong order of precedence Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal	Succeeded by Allan Zeman Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal

[List_of_Fellows-1] "List of Fellows".

[frs-2] "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.

[nobelpress-3] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 – Press Release. Nobel Foundation. October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.

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[NAE-5] Charles K. Kao was elected in 1990 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering for pioneering and sustained accomplishments towards the theoretical and practical realization of optical fiber communication systems.

[Kao_GBM-6] "306 people to receive honours". The Government of Hong Kong SAR. July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010. ^{[dead link]}

[Kao_KBE-7] "2010 Queen's Birthday Honours List" (pdf). The London Gazette. June 12, 2010. Supplement No.1 B23. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

[8] "- Royal Society".

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[12] Record control number (RCN):31331 (October 7, 2009). "'Father of Fibre Optics' and digital photography pioneers share Nobel Prize in Physics" (cfm). Europa (web portal). Retrieved November 30, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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[18] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobel Foundation. October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.

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[20] 陶家骏 (June 1, 2008). "著名女教育家陶玄 Famous Female Educator 陶玄" (in Chinese). 绍兴县报 Shaoxing County News. Retrieved October 9, 2009.

[21] Ifeng.com: 香港特首曾荫权祝贺高锟荣获诺贝尔物理学奖

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[37] QQ.com News 记者探访"光纤之父"高锟：顽皮慈爱的笑

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[41] University of Michigan Law School: Alphabetical List with Year of Law School Graduates

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[47] "高锟个人简历 (The biography of Charles K. Kao)" (in Chinese). chinanews.com.cn. October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.

[明报-48] "光纤与爱情——高锟一生的实验". Ming Pao. Hong Kong. March 4, 2000. Retrieved October 7, 2009.

[履历-49] "高锟履历". 香港文汇报. October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[惊喜-50] "高锟非常惊喜：没想过获奖(图)". Wen Hui Po. October 7, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2009.

[Kao_Draper_Prize-51] "Draper Prize". draper.comg. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) "Charles Kao is credited for first publicly proposing the possibility of practical telecommunications using fibers in the 1960s."

[52] Montgomary, Jeff D. (March 22, 2002). "Chapter 1 – History of Fiber Optics". In DeCusatis, Casimer (ed.). Fiber optic data communication: technological trends and advances (1st ed.). Academic Press. 1.3.1. Long Road to Low-Loss Fiber (Page 9-16). ISBN 0-12-207891-8.

[opticalfibrehistory.co.uk-53] "Charles Kao's Notes made in 1963 – Set A". March 23, 2016.

[Fiber_Optic_History-54] Jeff Hecht. "A Short History of Fiber Optics". Retrieved October 8, 2010.

[IET-55] "Communication pioneers win 2009 physics Nobel". IET. October 7, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.

[Fiber_Types-56] "Fiber Types in Gigabit Optical Communications" (PDF). Cisco Systems, USA. April 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

[57] Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (1966). "Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies". Proc. IEE. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.

[58] Maryanne C. J. Large; Leon Poladian; Geoff Barton; Martijn A. van Eijkelenborg. (2008). Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibres. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-31273-6. Page 2

[59] "Chapter 1.1 – The Evolution of Fibre Optics" (PDF). Retrieved October 28, 2009.

[phyadv09-60] "2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Scientific Background: Two revolutionary optical technologies – Optical fiber with high transmission" (PDF). Nobelprize.org. October 6, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[61] 1999 Charles Stark Draper Award Presented "Kao, who was working at ITT's Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in the 1960s, theorized about how to use light for communication instead of bulky copper wire and was the first to publicly propose the possibility of a practical application for fiber-optic telecommunication."

[Charles_Kuen_Kao-62] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Charles Kuen Kao" (PDF). Retrieved October 28, 2009.

[A_Fiber-Optic_Chronology-63] "A Fiber-Optic Chronology (by Jeff Hecht)". Retrieved November 3, 2009.

[64] Technology of Our Times: People and Innovation in Optics and Optoelectronics (SPIE Press Monograph Vol. PM04), by Frederick Su; SPIE Publications (July 1, 1990); ISBN 0-8194-0472-1, ISBN 978-0-8194-0472-5. Page 82-86, Terabit Technology, by Charles K. Kao.

[65] "Water resistant high strength fibers (United States Patent 4183621)" (PDF). January 15, 1980 [date filed: December 29, 1977]. Retrieved November 1, 2009.

[66] "Guiding light" (PDF). May 1989. Retrieved December 4, 2009.

[67] "Building the Global Fiber Optics Superhighway (ISBN 978-0-306-46505-5 (Print) 978-0-306-46979-4 (Online)): 1, A Global Footprint" (PDF (Free Abstract)). Springer USA. May 8, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

[Kao_cisoc-68] Nim Cheung, ed. (March 2010). "IEEE Communications Magazine SOCIETY NEWS" (pdf). CISOC. Retrieved March 29, 2010.

[69] "Appointment of Chairman and Members of the Energy Advisory Committee". Hong Kong Government. August 11, 2000. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

[70] "EPD – Advisory Council on the Environment". Environmental Protection Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR. April 28, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

[71] "The Council of Advisors on Innovation & Technology appointed" (PDF). The Government of Hong Kong SAR. April 20, 2000. Archived from the original (pdf) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[72] "Fellows – Charles K. Kao". IEEE. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Kao_HKIE-73] The HKIE Secretariat (October 7, 2009). "The HKIE – News". The HKIE. Archived from the original (asp) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Kao_HKAES-74] 高锟：厚道长者毕生追求 (shtm) (in Chinese). news.sciencenet.cn (科學網·新聞). October 14, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2010.

[75] "Membership – Hong Kong Computer Society Annual Report 2008-2009". Hong Kong Computer Society. Retrieved October 26, 2009.

[76] "List of Distinguished Fellows" (asp). The Hong Kong Computer Society. Retrieved May 21, 2010.

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[NAE_Kao-80] "Dr. Charles K. Kao". United States National Academy of Engineering. 1990. Archived from the original (nsf) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[81] "e-Newsletter, Alumni at Queen Mary, University of London". Qmw.ac.uk. Retrieved October 26, 2009.^{[permanent dead link]}

[82] 高錕校長榮休誌念各界歡送惜別依依, a September 1996 article from the Chinese University of Hong Kong alumni website Template:Zh icon

[Kao_CityU-83] "Graduate Research Studies Newsletter" (PDF). City University of Hong Kong. February 2002. Archived from the original (pdf) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[84] A chat with vice-chancellor Kao, by Midori Hiraga

[85] The Standard: The day Nobel winner lost mic Template:Wayback

[86] XinhuaNet News: Macao chief congratulates Nobel Prize winner Charles Kao

[87] 國立交通大學公共事務委員會名譽博士名單 (php) (in Chinese). National Chiao Tung University (NCTU). Retrieved October 26, 2009.

[88] 校史 – 國立交通大學時期｜民國六十八年（一九七九）以後 (in Chinese). National Chiao Tung University (NCTU). Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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[91] "Honorary graduates 2 - University of Hull".

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[93] "Princeton University - Facts & Figures".

[94] "Engineering a World of Possibilities" (pdf). University of Toronto Applied Science & Engineering. Spring 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2009.

[95] "UCL Fellows and Honorary Fellows announced". June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.

[96] "Honorary degree for broadband pioneer". September 24, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.

[Kao_Medals_CUHK-97] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o "Medals Donated to CUHK by Professor Kao". The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved December 24, 2009.

[98] "CIE-USA ANNUAL AWARDS" (PDF) (in English and Chinese). CIE-USA. 2007. Archived from the original (pdf) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[99] "Prize Recipient".

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[101] News from the Institution of Electrical Engineer (PDF). IEE. June 1998. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

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[103] "Research Highlights". IEEE Photonics Society. Retrieved October 16, 2010.

[AAEOY_2010_Kao-104] "美洲中國工程師學會2010年工程獎章得獎名單出爐（2/27）" (asp) (in Chinese and English). AAEOY. February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010.

[105] 华裔科学家高锟荣获影响世界华人大奖 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. March 11, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2010.

[Kao_Ifeng-106] 华裔科学家高锟荣获影响世界华人大奖 (shtml) (in Chinese). Phoenix Television. March 11, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2010.

[Kao_Committee100-107] Jane Leung Larson (February 2010). "2009 Nobel Laureate Charles Kao among Committee of 100 Honorees in San Francisco". Committee of 100. Retrieved March 14, 2010.

[108] "Vodafone and Sir Charles Kao recognised in FTTH Awards 2014" (pdf). FTTH Council Europe. February 20, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2015.

[109] "Charles K. Kao" (shtml). chinanews.com.cn. October 6, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[110] "Asian of the Century". Asiaweek. 1999. Retrieved December 24, 2009.

[111] "Electronic Design, 50th Anniversary Issue". Electronic Design. October 21, 2002. Retrieved May 21, 2010.

[112] "ED Hall of Fame 2002 INDUCTEES" (pdf). Electronic Design. October 21, 2002. Retrieved May 21, 2010.

[113] "Enter the Creative Dragon Feature" (pdf). AlumniNews London Business School. January–March 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2010.

[114] "British Council Celebrates 60 Years in Hong Kong" (PDF). Hong Kong: British Council. January 3, 2008. Archived from the original (pdf) on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[115] "City Press Release: Mountain View Honors Dr. Charles Kao for Being Awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics" (asp). Office of the City Manager, Mountain View, California. October 27, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[116] "香港两座建筑物将以高锟及饶宗颐名字命名(图) (Two landmark buildings in Hong Kong are named after Charles K. Kao and Rao Zongyi (with photos))" (shtml) (in Chinese). 凤凰资讯 (Ifeng News). December 30, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[117] "Hong Kong to name building after Nobel laureate Charles Kao". chinaview.cn. December 31, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[118] "Nobel laureate Charles Kao is named Hong Kong's Person of Year". Earthtimes. January 4, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[119] Evangeline Cafe (December 30, 2009). "The top 10 Asian achievements of 2009". Northwest Asian Weekly. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[120] 弘立迎光纤之父　广场冠名「高锟」 (in Chinese). Hong Kong Wen Wei Po. March 18, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010.

[121] "OFC/NFOEC 2010 To Be Dedicated To Nobel Laureate Charles Kao" (mvc). Photonics Online. January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2009.

[122] "OFC/NFOEC 2010 Announces Plenary Session Speaker Lineup". Yahoo! Finance. January 21, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2009.^{[permanent dead link]}

[OFC/NFOEC_Kao-123] Angela Stark. "OFC/NFOEC 2010 to be Dedicated to Nobel Prize Winner and Industry Pioneer Charles Kao" (aspx). OFC/NFOEC Press Releases. Retrieved January 20, 2009.

[Kao_WOCC2010-124] "The 19th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference (WOCC 2010)". WOCC 2010. 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.

[Kao_Corning-125] 康宁公司在华开展光纤发明40周年庆祝活动 (in Chinese). 美通社（亚洲）. May 18, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.

[Kao_Expo_2010-126] 《世界百位名人谈上海世博》首发 (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. May 23, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.

[127] "Hongkong Post Stamps – Hong Kong Stamps". Hongkong Post. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved Apr 8, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[128] JILL LAWLESS (June 13, 2010). "Right royal boost for Zeta". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

[Kao_Plaque_-_Harlow-129] "Harlow Nobel Prize winner to be commemorated in town centre". HarlowStar. March 25, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.

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[131] "Gimme Fibre Day - 4 November". Fibre to the Home Council Europe.

[Cisco_Press-132] Vivek Alwayn (April 23, 2004). "Fiber-Optic Technologies – A Brief History of Fiber-Optic Communications". Cisco Press. Retrieved December 4, 2009.

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@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 Kao's family moved to Hong Kong in 1948<ref>[[Phoenix Television|Ifeng]].com: [http://news.ifeng.com/hongkong/200910/1007_19_1377947.shtml 香港特首曾荫权祝贺高锟荣获诺贝尔物理学奖]</ref> where he completed his secondary education ([[GCE Advanced Level|advanced level]]) at [[St. Joseph's College, Hong Kong|St. Joseph's College]] in 1952. He did his undergraduate studies in [[electrical engineering]] at [[University of Greenwich|Woolwich Polytechnic]] (now the [[University of Greenwich]]),<ref name="Woolwich">{{Cite news |url = http://www.greenwichalumni.co.uk/magazine%20pdfs/meantime_alumni_spring2005.pdf |title = meantimealumni Spring 2005 |accessdate=October 7, 2009 |publisher = University of Greenwich}}</ref> obtaining his Bachelor of Science degree.
-He then pursued research and received his PhD degree in electrical engineering in 1965 from [[University College London]]<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/about/history/K_C_Kao |title= Prof Charles K. Kao — Electronic & Electrical Engineering @ UCL|accessdate=June 23, 2012 |author=UCL}}</ref> (under Professor [[Harold Barlow]]) as an external student while working at [[Standard Telecommunication Laboratories]] (STL) in [[Harlow]], England, the research centre of [[Standard Telephones and Cables]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.iftf.org/node/3144 |title= Former IFTF Board Member|date=October 20, 2009 |accessdate=October 31, 2009|author=Lisa Mumbach}}</ref> It is there that Kao did his first groundbreaking work as an engineer and researcher working alongside [[George Hockham]] under the supervision of [[Alec Reeves]].
+He then pursued research and received his PhD degree in electrical engineering in 1965 from [[University College London]]<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/about/history/K_C_Kao |title= Prof Charles K. Kao — Electronic & Electrical Engineering @ UCL|accessdate=June 23, 2012 |author=UCL}}</ref> (under Professor [[Harold Barlow]]) as an external student while working at [[Standard Telecommunication Laboratories]] (STL) in [[Harlow]], England, the research centre of [[Standard Telephones and Cables]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iftf.org/node/3144 |title=Former IFTF Board Member |date=October 20, 2009 |accessdate=October 31, 2009 |author=Lisa Mumbach |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324060936/http://www.iftf.org:80/node/3144 |archivedate=March 24, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref> It is there that Kao did his first groundbreaking work as an engineer and researcher working alongside [[George Hockham]] under the supervision of [[Alec Reeves]].
 Kao joined [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (CUHK) in 1970, to found the Department of Electronics, which later became the [http://www.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/ Department of Electronic Engineering]. During this period, Kao was the [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] and then the [[Chair (academic)|Chair]] Professor of Electronics at CUHK; he built up both [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|graduate]] study programs of electronics and saw the graduation of his first students. Under his leadership, the School of Education and other new research institutes were established. He then went back to [[ITT Corporation]] in 1974 (the parent corporation of STC at that time) in the United States and worked in [[Roanoke, Virginia]], first as Chief Scientist and later as Director of Engineering. In 1982, he became the first ITT Executive Scientist and was stationed mainly at the Advanced Technology Center in [[Connecticut]].<ref name="networkchinese" /> While there, he served as an adjunct professor and Fellow of Trumbull College at [[Yale University]]. In 1985, Kao spent one year in West Germany, at the SEL Research Centre. In 1986, Kao was the Corporate Director of Research at ITT.
-Kao was the Vice-Chancellor (President) of the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] from 1987 to 1996.<ref>[http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/adm/handbook/history.pdf CUHK Handbook]</ref> After his retirement from CUHK in 1996, Kao spent his 6-month sabbatical leave at the [[Imperial College London]] Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; from 1997 to 2002, he also served as Visiting professor in the same department.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/electricalengineering/newsarchive/awards |title=Research Awards and Honours |publisher=Imperial College London Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering |year=2009 |accessdate=December 24, 2009}}</ref> From 1993 to 1994, he was the President of ASAIHL (The Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning).<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.seameo.org/asaihl/ |title=President of ASAIHL   |publisher=ASAIHL |accessdate=November 1, 2009}}</ref>
+Kao was the Vice-Chancellor (President) of the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] from 1987 to 1996.<ref>[http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/adm/handbook/history.pdf CUHK Handbook] {{wayback|url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/adm/handbook/history.pdf |date=20081209122539 }}</ref> After his retirement from CUHK in 1996, Kao spent his 6-month sabbatical leave at the [[Imperial College London]] Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; from 1997 to 2002, he also served as Visiting professor in the same department.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/electricalengineering/newsarchive/awards |title=Research Awards and Honours |publisher=Imperial College London Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering |year=2009 |accessdate=December 24, 2009}}</ref> From 1993 to 1994, he was the President of ASAIHL (The Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seameo.org/asaihl/ |title=President of ASAIHL |publisher=ASAIHL |accessdate=November 1, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704033005/http://www.seameo.org:80/asaihl/ |archivedate=July 4, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 Kao then worked as the Chairman and CEO of Transtech Services Ltd., a telecommunication consultancy company in Hong Kong. He was the founder, Chairman and CEO of ITX Services Limited. From 2003 to January 30, 2009, Kao was an Independent [[Non-executive Director]] and Member of the [[Audit Committee]] of [[Next Media]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://istock.jrj.com.cn/article,hk00282,1442926.html |script-title=zh:壹传媒(00282)高锟辞任独立非执董及审核委员,黄志雄接任  |publisher=jrj.com.cn |date=July 2, 2009<!-- 00:00:15 -->|accessdate=November 1, 2009 |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/31996422/IssueID/20091007 |script-title = zh:中研院士高錕 勇奪物理獎 |work=Apple Daily |location=Taiwan |date=October 7, 2009 |accessdate = November 1, 2009 |language=zh}}</ref> Since 1991, Kao has been an Independent Non-Executive Director and a member of the Audit Committee of the Varitronix International Limited in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.varitronix.com/FinancialReportPDF/E_Varitronix%20%28AR02%29-1537.pdf |title=Annual Report 2002, Varitronix International Limited |publisher=Varitronix International Ltd. |date=April 3, 2003 |accessdate=November 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.varitronix.com/FinancialReportPDF/AR2004C.pdf |title=精電國際有限公司 |publisher=精電國際有限公司 |format=pdf |year=2004 |accessdate=November 1, 2009 |language=zh, en}}</ref>
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 [[Chinese ceramics|Pottery]] making, a traditional Chinese handiwork, is a hobby of Kao's. Kao also enjoys reading [[Wuxia]] novels.<ref>[[Tencent QQ|QQ]].com News [http://news.qq.com/a/20091008/000798.htm 记者探访"光纤之父"高锟：顽皮慈爱的笑]</ref>
-On October 6, 2009, Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the study of the transmission of light in optical fibers and for fiber communication,<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/ |title=Physics 2009 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref> said: "''I am absolutely speechless and never expected such an honour''".<ref name="CCTV Kao"/><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/oct/06/nobel-prize-physics-charles-kao |title=Charles Kuen Kao, George Smith and Willard Boyle win Nobel for physics |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= October 6, 2009|author=Ian Sample, science correspondent |accessdate=November 30, 2009}}</ref> Kao's wife told the press that the prize after paying tax to the US government, will primarily be used for Charles's medical expenses.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://hk.news.yahoo.com/article/091231/3/fwsq.html |title=○九教育大事(二) 高錕獲遲來的諾獎 |date=January 2, 2010|work=Sing Tao Daily |publisher=HK Yahoo! Archive|language=Chinese}}</ref>
+On October 6, 2009, Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the study of the transmission of light in optical fibers and for fiber communication,<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/ |title=Physics 2009 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref> said: "''I am absolutely speechless and never expected such an honour''".<ref name="CCTV Kao"/><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/oct/06/nobel-prize-physics-charles-kao |title=Charles Kuen Kao, George Smith and Willard Boyle win Nobel for physics |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= October 6, 2009|author=Ian Sample, science correspondent |accessdate=November 30, 2009}}</ref> Kao's wife told the press that the prize after paying tax to the US government, will primarily be used for Charles's medical expenses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/article/091231/3/fwsq.html |title=○九教育大事(二) 高錕獲遲來的諾獎 |date=January 2, 2010 |work=Sing Tao Daily |publisher=HK Yahoo! Archive |language=Chinese |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107154928/http://hk.news.yahoo.com:80/article/091231/3/fwsq.html |archivedate=January 7, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 === Ancestry and family ===
-Kao's father Kao Chun-Hsiang ([[:zh:高君湘|高君湘]]) was a lawyer who obtained his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from the [[University of Michigan Law School]] in 1925.<ref>University of Michigan Law School: [http://www.law.umich.edu/historyandtraditions/students/GraduateListPDFS/K.pdf Alphabetical List with Year of Law School Graduates]</ref> He was a professor at [[Soochow University (Suzhou)|Soochow University]] (then in Shanghai) Comparative Law School of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yadian.cc/corpus/1211/|title=高君湘_法律学人_雅典学园|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://journal.chinalawinfo.com/Article_Info.asp?Id=125689|title=中国近代法律教育与中国近代法学|publisher=}}</ref>
+Kao's father Kao Chun-Hsiang ([[:zh:高君湘|高君湘]]) was a lawyer who obtained his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from the [[University of Michigan Law School]] in 1925.<ref>University of Michigan Law School: [http://www.law.umich.edu/historyandtraditions/students/GraduateListPDFS/K.pdf Alphabetical List with Year of Law School Graduates]</ref> He was a professor at [[Soochow University (Suzhou)|Soochow University]] (then in Shanghai) Comparative Law School of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yadian.cc/corpus/1211/|title=高君湘_法律学人_雅典学园|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://journal.chinalawinfo.com/Article_Info.asp?Id=125689 |title=中国近代法律教育与中国近代法学 |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144744/https://journal.chinalawinfo.com/Article_Info.asp?Id=125689 |archivedate=July 8, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 His grandfather was [[Gao Xie]] (aka Gao Chuiwan), a famous scholar, poet, [[Intellectual#Men of letters|literator]], artist, and a leading figure of the ''[[South Society|Southern Society]]'' ([[:zh:南社|南社]]) during the late [[Qing Dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://nanshewan.b121.53dns.com/suzhi/jnhxsl.txt |title = 参加南社纪念会姓氏录 List of Nan Society member |publisher=南社研究網 Research of Nan Society |accessdate=October 8, 2009|language=zh}}</ref> Some influential writers including [[Gao Xu]], aka Gao Tianmei), Yao Guang ([[:zh:姚光|姚光]]), and Gao Zeng ([[:zh:高增|高增]]) were also Gao's close relatives.
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 His father's cousin was astronomer [[Ping-Tse Kao]];<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.qdgxt.cn/show.aspx?id=11&cid=11 |script-title=zh:高平子先生简介 |date=February 8, 2006|accessdate=October 8, 2009 |publisher=青岛天文网--中国科学院紫金山天文台青岛观象台/青岛市天文爱好者协会 |language=zh}}</ref> [[Kao (crater)|Kao Crater]] is named after him<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/science/atlas/text/cratertex_k.html|title=Lunar Crater Statistics |accessdate=October 8, 2009|publisher=NASA}}</ref>)  Kao has a younger brother named Timothy Wu Kao (高鋙), who is a civil engineer and Professor Emeritus at [[the Catholic University of America]] in Washington, D.C.. His research is in [[hydrodynamics]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://news.eastday.com/c/20091006/u1a4710178.html |title = 高锟个人简历 (The biography of Charles K. Kao) |publisher=chinanews.com.cn |date=October 6, 2009|accessdate=October 9, 2009|language=zh}}</ref>
-Kao met his future wife May-Wan Kao (Née: [[Huang (surname)|Wong]]; 黄美芸) in London after graduation.  His wife was a Fortran programmer who worked in the same factory as Kao.<ref name="明报">{{Cite web |url = http://www.networkchinese.com/whoswho/gaoqun/charles.html|title=光纤与爱情——高锟一生的实验 |work=Ming Pao |location=Hong Kong|date=March 4, 2000|accessdate=October 7, 2009}}</ref>  She is [[British Chinese]]. They were married in 1959 in London,<ref name="履历" /><ref name="惊喜">{{Cite web |url = http://peacehall.com/news/gb/intl/2009/10/200910070553.shtml |title=高锟非常惊喜：没想过获奖(图) |work = Wen Hui Po |date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=October 7, 2009}}</ref> and have two children, a son and a daughter,<ref name="履历">{{Cite web |url = http://trans.wenweipo.com/gb/paper.wenweipo.com/2009/10/07/GJ0910070002.htm |title=高锟履历 |publisher=香港文汇报 |date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=October 7, 2009}}</ref> both of whom reside and work in [[Silicon Valley]], California.<ref name="明报" />
+Kao met his future wife May-Wan Kao (Née: [[Huang (surname)|Wong]]; 黄美芸) in London after graduation.  His wife was a Fortran programmer who worked in the same factory as Kao.<ref name="明报">{{Cite web |url = http://www.networkchinese.com/whoswho/gaoqun/charles.html|title=光纤与爱情——高锟一生的实验 |work=Ming Pao |location=Hong Kong|date=March 4, 2000|accessdate=October 7, 2009}}</ref>  She is [[British Chinese]]. They were married in 1959 in London,<ref name="履历" /><ref name="惊喜">{{Cite web |url = http://peacehall.com/news/gb/intl/2009/10/200910070553.shtml |title=高锟非常惊喜：没想过获奖(图) |work = Wen Hui Po |date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=October 7, 2009}}</ref> and have two children, a son and a daughter,<ref name="履历">{{Cite web|url=http://trans.wenweipo.com/gb/paper.wenweipo.com/2009/10/07/GJ0910070002.htm |title=高锟履历 |publisher=香港文汇报 |date=October 7, 2009 |accessdate=October 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010201737/http://trans.wenweipo.com:80/gb/paper.wenweipo.com/2009/10/07/GJ0910070002.htm |archivedate=October 10, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> both of whom reside and work in [[Silicon Valley]], California.<ref name="明报" />
 ==Work and related history==
 ===Fiber optics and communications===
-[[File:Fibreoptic.jpg|thumb|upright|A bundle of [[silica glass]] fibers for optical communication, which are used everywhere nowadays. Kao also first publicly suggested that [[silica glass]] of high purity is an ideal material for long range optical communication.<ref name="Kao Draper Prize">{{Cite web |url = http://www.draper.com/dprize/dp99.html |title = Draper Prize |publisher = draper.comg |accessdate=November 4, 2009}} "Charles Kao is credited for ''first'' publicly proposing the possibility of practical telecommunications using fibers in the 1960s."</ref>]]
+[[File:Fibreoptic.jpg|thumb|upright|A bundle of [[silica glass]] fibers for optical communication, which are used everywhere nowadays. Kao also first publicly suggested that [[silica glass]] of high purity is an ideal material for long range optical communication.<ref name="Kao Draper Prize">{{Cite web|url=http://www.draper.com/dprize/dp99.html |title=Draper Prize |publisher=draper.comg |accessdate=November 4, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214003048/http://www.draper.com:80/dprize/dp99.html |archivedate=February 14, 2010 |df=mdy }} "Charles Kao is credited for ''first'' publicly proposing the possibility of practical telecommunications using fibers in the 1960s."</ref>]]
 In the 1960s at [[Standard Telecommunication Laboratories]] (STL) based in Harlow, Essex, Kao and his co-workers did their pioneering work in the realisation of [[fiber optics]] as a telecommunications medium, by demonstrating that the high-loss of existing fibre optics arose from impurities in the glass, rather than from an underlying problem with the technology itself.<ref>{{Cite book |url = |title = Fiber optic data communication: technological trends and advances |editor-first= Casimer |editor-last=DeCusatis |ISBN = 0-12-207891-8 |chapter = Chapter 1 – History of Fiber Optics |first=Jeff D. |last = Montgomary |at = 1.3.1. Long Road to Low-Loss Fiber (Page 9-16) |publisher=Academic Press |edition = 1st |date = March 22, 2002}}</ref>
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 In 1965,<ref name="IET" /><ref>{{Cite book |title = ''Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibres'' |author1=Maryanne C. J. Large |author2=Leon Poladian |author3=Geoff Barton |author4=Martijn A. van Eijkelenborg. |ISBN = 978-0-387-31273-6 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2008}} Page '''2'''</ref>{{Cref|b}} Kao with Hockham concluded that the fundamental limitation for glass light attenuation is below 20 ''dB/km'' (''[[decibels]] per kilometer'', is a measure of the attenuation of a signal over a distance), which is a key threshold value for optical communications.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za:8080/dspace/bitstream/10210/2173/7/Chapter1FINAL.pdf |title = Chapter 1.1 – The Evolution of Fibre Optics |format=PDF |accessdate=October 28, 2009}}</ref> However, at the time of this determination, optical fibers commonly exhibited light loss as high as 1,000&nbsp;dB/km and even more. This conclusion opened the intense race to find low-loss materials and suitable fibers for reaching such criteria.
-Kao, together with his new team (members including T.W. Davies, M.W. Jones, and C.R. Wright), pursued this goal by testing various materials. They precisely measured the attenuation of light with different wavelengths in glasses and other materials. During this period, Kao pointed out that the high purity of fused silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) made it an ideal candidate for optical communication. Kao also stated that the impurity of glass material is the main cause for the dramatic decay of light transmission inside glass fiber, rather than fundamental physical effects such as [[scattering]] as many physicists thought at that time, and such impurity could be removed. This led to a worldwide study and production of high-purity glass fibers.<ref name="phyadv09">{{Cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/phyadv09.pdf |title = 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Scientific Background: Two revolutionary optical technologies – Optical fiber with high transmission|format=PDF |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date = October 6, 2009 |accessdate = December 4, 2009}}</ref> When Kao first proposed that such glass fiber could be used for long-distance information transfer and could replace [[copper wire]]s which were used for telecommunication during that era,<ref>[http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02222000 1999 Charles Stark Draper Award Presented] "'''''Kao''', who was working at ITT's Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in the 1960s, theorized about how to use light for communication instead of bulky copper wire and was the '''first''' to publicly propose the possibility of a practical application for fiber-optic telecommunication.''"</ref> his ideas were widely disbelieved; later people realized that Kao's ideas revolutionized the whole communication technology and industry.
+Kao, together with his new team (members including T.W. Davies, M.W. Jones, and C.R. Wright), pursued this goal by testing various materials. They precisely measured the attenuation of light with different wavelengths in glasses and other materials. During this period, Kao pointed out that the high purity of fused silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) made it an ideal candidate for optical communication. Kao also stated that the impurity of glass material is the main cause for the dramatic decay of light transmission inside glass fiber, rather than fundamental physical effects such as [[scattering]] as many physicists thought at that time, and such impurity could be removed. This led to a worldwide study and production of high-purity glass fibers.<ref name="phyadv09">{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/phyadv09.pdf |title=2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Scientific Background: Two revolutionary optical technologies – Optical fiber with high transmission |format=PDF |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=October 6, 2009 |accessdate=December 4, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122083658/http://nobelprize.org:80/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/phyadv09.pdf |archivedate=November 22, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> When Kao first proposed that such glass fiber could be used for long-distance information transfer and could replace [[copper wire]]s which were used for telecommunication during that era,<ref>[http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02222000 1999 Charles Stark Draper Award Presented] "'''''Kao''', who was working at ITT's Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in the 1960s, theorized about how to use light for communication instead of bulky copper wire and was the '''first''' to publicly propose the possibility of a practical application for fiber-optic telecommunication.''"</ref> his ideas were widely disbelieved; later people realized that Kao's ideas revolutionized the whole communication technology and industry.
 Kao played a leading role in the early stage of engineering and commercial realization of optical communication.<ref name="Charles Kuen Kao" /> In spring 1966, Kao traveled to the U.S. but failed to interest [[Bell Labs]], which was a competitor of STL in [[Information and communication technologies|communication technology]] at that time.<ref name="A Fiber-Optic Chronology" >{{Cite web |url = http://www.sff.net/people/Jeff.Hecht/chron.html |title=A Fiber-Optic Chronology (by Jeff Hecht) |accessdate=November 3, 2009 }}</ref> He subsequently traveled to Japan and gained support.<ref name="A Fiber-Optic Chronology" /> Kao visited many glass and [[polymer]] factories, discussed with various people including engineers, scientists, businessmen about the techniques and improvement of glass fiber manufacture.
@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
 === Academic offices ===
-* [[IEEE Fellow|Life Fellow]], [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]], USA (1979 election)<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.ieee.org/web/membership/fellows/Alphabetical/kfellows.html |title=Fellows – Charles K. Kao |publisher=[[IEEE]] |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref>
+* [[IEEE Fellow|Life Fellow]], [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]], USA (1979 election)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/web/membership/fellows/Alphabetical/kfellows.html |title=Fellows – Charles K. Kao |publisher=[[IEEE]] |accessdate=October 26, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406171213/http://www.ieee.org:80/web/membership/fellows/Alphabetical/kfellows.html |archivedate=April 6, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * Fellow, The [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]], UK
 * Elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1997|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1997]]<ref name="frs">{{cite web |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/ |archivedate=2015-03-16 |url = https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/ |publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London |title = Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref>
 * [[Fellow]],<ref name="List of Fellows" /> The [[Royal Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="List of Fellows"/> UK (1989 election)
 * Fellow, The [[Marconi Society]], USA (1985 election)
-* Honorary Fellow (1994 election) and former President, The Hong Kong Academy of Engineering Sciences (HKAES), Hong Kong<ref name="Kao HKIE">{{Cite web |url = http://www.hkie.org.hk/docs/newsviewer.asp?sn=78 |title=The HKIE – News |publisher=The HKIE |format=asp |author=The HKIE Secretariat |date=October 7, 2009 |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Kao HKAES">{{Cite web |url = http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/10/224070.shtm |script-title=zh:高锟：厚道长者 毕生追求 |publisher=news.sciencenet.cn (科學網·新聞) |format=shtm |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=July 11, 2010 |language=zh}}</ref>
+* Honorary Fellow (1994 election) and former President, The Hong Kong Academy of Engineering Sciences (HKAES), Hong Kong<ref name="Kao HKIE">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hkie.org.hk/docs/newsviewer.asp?sn=78 |title=The HKIE – News |publisher=The HKIE |format=asp |author=The HKIE Secretariat |date=October 7, 2009 |accessdate=October 26, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094436/http://www.hkie.org.hk/docs/newsviewer.asp?sn=78 |archivedate=July 21, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="Kao HKAES">{{Cite web |url = http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/10/224070.shtm |script-title=zh:高锟：厚道长者 毕生追求 |publisher=news.sciencenet.cn (科學網·新聞) |format=shtm |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=July 11, 2010 |language=zh}}</ref>
 * Distinguished Fellow, The Hong Kong Computer Society, Hong Kong (1989 election)<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.hkcs.org.hk/en_hk/home/annual_report/2008_2009/english/council_report_2.html |title = Membership – Hong Kong Computer Society Annual Report 2008-2009 |publisher=Hong Kong Computer Society |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.hkcs.org.hk/en_hk/intro/lof.asp |title=List of Distinguished Fellows |format=asp |publisher=The Hong Kong Computer Society |accessdate=May 21, 2010}}</ref>
-* Honorary Fellow, The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers (1994 election)<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.hkie.org.hk/docs/newsviewer.asp?sn=78 |title=The HKIE – News |format=asp |publisher=The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers (HKIE) |date=October 7, 2009 |accessdate=July 19, 2010}}</ref>
+* Honorary Fellow, The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers (1994 election)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hkie.org.hk/docs/newsviewer.asp?sn=78 |title=The HKIE – News |format=asp |publisher=The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers (HKIE) |date=October 7, 2009 |accessdate=July 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094436/http://www.hkie.org.hk/docs/newsviewer.asp?sn=78 |archivedate=July 21, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * Academician, [[Academia Sinica]], [[Taipei]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://db1n.sinica.edu.tw/textdb/ioconas/sfellowN.php?lang=ch&str2=ID|title=中央研究院院士|publisher=}}</ref> (1992 election)
 * Member, [[Optical Society of America]], USA<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/nobellaureates/default.aspx |title = OSA Nobel Laureates |publisher = [[Optical Society of America]] (OSA) |format=aspx |accessdate = October 26, 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091029104015/http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/nobellaureates/default.aspx |archivedate=October 29, 2009 }}</ref>
 * Member, [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts]], Austria
-* Member, United States [[National Academy of Engineering]] (1990 election)<ref name="NAE Kao">{{Cite web |url = http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/F7E1BFC515C219318625755200622DC4?opendocument |title=Dr. Charles K. Kao |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Engineering]] |format=nsf |year=1990  |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref>{{Cref|d}}
+* Member, United States [[National Academy of Engineering]] (1990 election)<ref name="NAE Kao">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/F7E1BFC515C219318625755200622DC4?opendocument |title=Dr. Charles K. Kao |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Engineering]] |format=nsf |year=1990 |accessdate=October 26, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528141942/http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/F7E1BFC515C219318625755200622DC4?opendocument |archivedate=May 28, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>{{Cref|d}}
 * Foreign Member, [[Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences]], Sweden (1988 election)
 * Foreign Member, [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], Beijing (1996 election)
 * Fellow, [[Trumbull College]] of [[Yale University]]
-* Honorary Fellow, The [[Queen Mary, University of London]]<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.qmw.ac.uk/alumni/publications/e_newsletter/issue15_August2008.html |title=e-Newsletter, Alumni at Queen Mary, University of London |publisher=Qmw.ac.uk |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref>
+* Honorary Fellow, The [[Queen Mary, University of London]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qmw.ac.uk/alumni/publications/e_newsletter/issue15_August2008.html |title=e-Newsletter, Alumni at Queen Mary, University of London |publisher=Qmw.ac.uk |accessdate=October 26, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 * Honorary Professor, The [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (appointed in 1996)<ref>[http://www.alumni.cuhk.edu.hk/magazine/sep96/html/P37-39.HTM 高錕校長榮休誌念各界歡送惜別依依], a September 1996 article from the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] alumni website {{zh icon}}</ref>
 * Honorary Professor, [[Peking University]], Beijing (appointed in 1995)
@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 * Honorary Professor, [[Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications]] (appointed in 1995)
 * Chair Professor by special appointment, [[National Taiwan University]], Taipei (appointed in 2003)<ref name="Kao Taiwan"/>
-* Honorary Professor (1997–2002), Department of Electronic Engineering, [[City University of Hong Kong]]<ref name="Kao CityU">{{Cite web |url = http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ro/newsletter/15eng.pdf |title=Graduate Research Studies Newsletter |format=pdf |publisher=[[City University of Hong Kong]]  |date=February 2002 |volume=15  |accessdate=April 2, 2010}}</ref>
+* Honorary Professor (1997–2002), Department of Electronic Engineering, [[City University of Hong Kong]]<ref name="Kao CityU">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ro/newsletter/15eng.pdf |title=Graduate Research Studies Newsletter |format=pdf |publisher=[[City University of Hong Kong]] |date=February 2002 |volume=15 |accessdate=April 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605134634/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ro/newsletter/15eng.pdf |archivedate=June 5, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * Lifetime Honorary Professorship, [[City University of Hong Kong]] (appointed on January 1, 2002)<ref name="Kao CityU" />
-* [[Hong Kong Affairs Adviser]] ([[:zh:港事顧問|港事顧問]]) (May 1994 – June 30, 1997)<ref>[http://www.com.cuhk.edu.hk/varsity/9505/vicechan.htm A chat with vice-chancellor Kao], ''by Midori Hiraga''</ref><ref>The Standard: [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_print.asp?art_id=89308&sid=25752302 The day Nobel winner lost mic]</ref>
+* [[Hong Kong Affairs Adviser]] ([[:zh:港事顧問|港事顧問]]) (May 1994 – June 30, 1997)<ref>[http://www.com.cuhk.edu.hk/varsity/9505/vicechan.htm A chat with vice-chancellor Kao], ''by Midori Hiraga''</ref><ref>The Standard: [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_print.asp?art_id=89308&sid=25752302 The day Nobel winner lost mic] {{wayback|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_print.asp?art_id=89308&sid=25752302 |date=20110604143620 }}</ref>
 * Advisor of Macao Science and Technology Council<ref>XinhuaNet News: [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/07/content_12192183.htm Macao chief congratulates Nobel Prize winner Charles Kao]</ref>
@@ Line 166: / Line 166: @@
 * Honorary Doctor of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (1985)
 * Doctor of Science, The [[University of Sussex]], UK (1990)
-* Doctor of Engineering, [[National Chiao Tung University]], R.O.China (1990)<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.pac.nctu.edu.tw/Alumni/honoraryDr_more.php?id=40 |script-title=zh:國立交通大學 公共事務委員會 名譽博士名單 |publisher=[[National Chiao Tung University]] (NCTU) |format=php |accessdate=October 26, 2009|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.nctu.edu.tw/school/hist_05.html |script-title=zh:校史 – 國立交通大學時期｜民國六十八年（一九七九）以後 |publisher=National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) |accessdate=October 26, 2009 |language=zh}}</ref>
+* Doctor of Engineering, [[National Chiao Tung University]], R.O.China (1990)<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.pac.nctu.edu.tw/Alumni/honoraryDr_more.php?id=40 |script-title=zh:國立交通大學 公共事務委員會 名譽博士名單 |publisher=[[National Chiao Tung University]] (NCTU) |format=php |accessdate=October 26, 2009|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nctu.edu.tw/school/hist_05.html |script-title=zh:校史 – 國立交通大學時期｜民國六十八年（一九七九）以後 |publisher=National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) |accessdate=October 26, 2009 |language=zh |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326130123/http://www.nctu.edu.tw:80/school/hist_05.html |archivedate=March 26, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * Degree of Honorary Doctor, [[Soka University]], Japan (1991)
 * Doctor of Engineering, The [[University of Glasgow]], UK (1992)
 * [[Honorary degree|Honorary DCL]], [[Durham University]], UK (1994)<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/university.calendar/volumei/current/honorary_degrees.pdf |title=Honorary Degrees |format=PDF |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref>
 * Doctor of the University, [[Griffith University]], Australia (1995)
-* Honorary degree in "Telecommunications engineering", [[University of Padua]], Italy (Oct 18, 1996)<ref>[http://www.unipd.it/en/area/area-51.htm Università degli Studi di Padova – Honoris causa degrees]</ref>
+* Honorary degree in "Telecommunications engineering", [[University of Padua]], Italy (Oct 18, 1996)<ref>[http://www.unipd.it/en/area/area-51.htm Università degli Studi di Padova – Honoris causa degrees] {{wayback|url=http://www.unipd.it/en/area/area-51.htm |date=20090905190647 }}</ref>
 * Doctor of Science, The [[University of Hull]], UK (1998)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.hull.ac.uk/theuniversity/honorarygraduates/honorarygraduates2.aspx|title=Honorary graduates 2 - University of Hull|publisher=}}</ref>
-* Doctor of Science, [[Yale University]], USA (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp|title=Yale Honorary Degree Recipients|publisher=}}</ref>
+* Doctor of Science, [[Yale University]], USA (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp |title=Yale Honorary Degree Recipients |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521015848/http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp |archivedate=May 21, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * Doctor of Science Honoris Causa, The University of Greenwich, UK (2002)<ref name=Woolwich/>
 * Doctor of Science, [[Princeton University]], USA (2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/honorary/|title=Princeton University - Facts & Figures|publisher=}}</ref>
@@ Line 197: / Line 197: @@
 * 1985: The [[Marconi Prize|Marconi International Scientist Award]], [[Marconi Society|Marconi Foundation]], USA.
 * 1985: The Columbus Medal of the City of [[Genoa]], Italy.
-* 1986: The CIE Achievement Award of the CIE-USA Annual Awards, USA.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.cie-gnyc.org/newsletter/cie_award_2007.pdf |title=CIE-USA ANNUAL AWARDS |format=pdf |publisher=CIE-USA  |year=2007 |accessdate=April 2, 2010|language=en, zh}}</ref>
+* 1986: The CIE Achievement Award of the CIE-USA Annual Awards, USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cie-gnyc.org/newsletter/cie_award_2007.pdf |title=CIE-USA ANNUAL AWARDS |format=pdf |publisher=CIE-USA |year=2007 |accessdate=April 2, 2010 |language=en, zh |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725171151/http://www.cie-gnyc.org/newsletter/cie_award_2007.pdf |archivedate=July 25, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * 1987: The [[C&C Prize|C & C Prize]], Foundation for Communication and Computer Promotion, Japan.
 * 1989: The [[Faraday Medal]], [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]], UK.<ref name="Kao Medals CUHK" />
@@ Line 209: / Line 209: @@
 * 1999: The [[Charles Stark Draper Prize]]<ref name="Kao Medals CUHK" /> (co-recipient with Robert D. Maurer and John B. MacChesney), USA.
 * 2001: Millennium Outstanding Engineer Award, Hong Kong.<ref name="Kao Medals CUHK" />
-* 2006: The HKIE Gold Medal Award, HKIE (The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers), Hong Kong.<ref name="Kao HKIE"/><ref>The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers: [http://www.hkie.org.hk/~Eng/html/News/pressviewer.asp?sn=79 Press Releases – 香港工程師學會榮譽大獎、會長特設成就獎及傑出青年工程師獎2006 (The HKIE Gold Medal Award, the President's Award & Young Engineer of the Year Award 2006)]</ref>
+* 2006: The HKIE Gold Medal Award, HKIE (The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers), Hong Kong.<ref name="Kao HKIE"/><ref>The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers: [http://www.hkie.org.hk/~Eng/html/News/pressviewer.asp?sn=79 Press Releases – 香港工程師學會榮譽大獎、會長特設成就獎及傑出青年工程師獎2006 (The HKIE Gold Medal Award, the President's Award & Young Engineer of the Year Award 2006)]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 * 2009: The Nobel Prize in Physics (1/2 of the prize), Sweden. Citation: "''for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication''".
 * 2009: The [[IEEE Photonics Society]] Plaque.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://photonicssociety.org/newsletters/feb10/RH_Kao.html |title=Research Highlights |publisher=[[IEEE Photonics Society]] |accessdate=Oct 16, 2010}}</ref>
@@ Line 228: / Line 228: @@
 * 2002: Leader of the Year – Innovation Technology Category, [[Sing Tao News Corporation|Sing Tao]], Hong Kong.<ref name="Kao Medals CUHK" />
 * October 21, 2002: Inducted into the ''Engineering Hall Of Fame'', the 50th Anniversary Issue, ''Electronic Design''.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/ElectronicDesign/HallOfFame.html |title = Electronic Design, 50th Anniversary Issue |work=Electronic Design |date=October 21, 2002 |accessdate=May 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/ElectronicDesign/ED%20Hall%20of%20Fame%202002.pdf |title = ED Hall of Fame 2002 INDUCTEES |work=Electronic Design |format=pdf |date=October 21, 2002 |accessdate=May 21, 2010}}</ref>
-* January 3, 2008: Inducted into the ‘''Celebration 60''’, [[British Council]]'s 60th anniversary in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://innofoco.com/images/LBS_AlumniNews_118.pdf |title=Enter the Creative Dragon Feature |work=AlumniNews [[London Business School]] |format=pdf |issue=118 |date=January{{ndash}}March 2009 |accessdate=May 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.britishcouncil.org/60th_anniversary_e_final.pdf |title=British Council Celebrates 60 Years in Hong Kong |publisher=[[British Council]] |format=pdf |date=January 3, 2008 |location=Hong Kong |accessdate=May 21, 2010}}</ref>
+* January 3, 2008: Inducted into the ‘''Celebration 60''’, [[British Council]]'s 60th anniversary in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://innofoco.com/images/LBS_AlumniNews_118.pdf |title=Enter the Creative Dragon Feature |work=AlumniNews [[London Business School]] |format=pdf |issue=118 |date=January{{ndash}}March 2009 |accessdate=May 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/60th_anniversary_e_final.pdf |title=British Council Celebrates 60 Years in Hong Kong |publisher=[[British Council]] |format=pdf |date=January 3, 2008 |location=Hong Kong |accessdate=May 21, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102811/http://www.britishcouncil.org/60th_anniversary_e_final.pdf |archivedate=June 6, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * November 4, 2009: [[Honorary citizenship|Honorary Citizenship]], and the ''Dr. Charles Kao Day'' in [[Mountain View, California]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.ci.mtnview.ca.us/civica/press/display.asp?layout=1&Entry=288 |format=asp |title = City Press Release: Mountain View Honors Dr. Charles Kao for Being Awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics |publisher=Office of the City Manager, [[Mountain View, California]] |date=October 27, 2009 |accessdate=January 3, 2009}}</ref>
 * December 30, 2009: The landmark auditorium in the [[Hong Kong Science Park]] has been named after Kao  – ''Charles K. Kao Auditorium''.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://news.ifeng.com/hongkong/200912/1230_19_1493019.shtml |title=香港两座建筑物将以高锟及饶宗颐名字命名(图) (Two landmark buildings in Hong Kong are named after Charles K. Kao and Rao Zongyi (with photos)) |publisher=凤凰资讯 ([[Phoenix Television|Ifeng News]]) |format=shtml |date=December 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 3, 2009|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/31/content_12731860.htm |title=Hong Kong to name building after Nobel laureate Charles Kao |publisher=chinaview.cn |date=December 31, 2009<!-- 01:02:20 -->|accessdate=January 3, 2009}}</ref>
@@ Line 235: / Line 235: @@
 * 2010 (February): Honoree, [[Committee of 100 (United States)|Committee of 100]], USA.<ref name="Kao Committee100" />
 * 2010 (March 18): The [[Quadrangle (architecture)|square]] of the [[Independent Schools Foundation Academy]] (ISF Academy) has been named after Kao.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://trans.wenweipo.com/gb/paper.wenweipo.com/2010/03/18/ED1003180003.htm |script-title = zh:弘立迎光纤之父　广场冠名「高锟」 |publisher=Hong Kong [[Wen Wei Po]] |date=2010-03-18 |accessdate=March 18, 2010|language=zh}}</ref>
-* The 2010 [[Optical Fiber Conference|OFC]]/[[IEEE Communications Society|NFOEC]] Conferences{{Cref|e}} were dedicated to Kao, March 23–25, San Diego, California, USA.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.photonicsonline.com/article.mvc/OFCNFOEC-2010-To-Be-Dedicated-To-Nobel-0001?VNETCOOKIE=NO |title=OFC/NFOEC 2010 To Be Dedicated To Nobel Laureate Charles Kao |format=mvc |publisher=Photonics Online |date=January 15, 2010 |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://finance.yahoo.com/news/OFCNFOEC-2010-Announces-bw-4259758386.html?x=0&.v=1 |title=OFC/NFOEC 2010 Announces Plenary Session Speaker Lineup |publisher=Yahoo! Finance |date=January 21, 2010 |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref><ref name="OFC/NFOEC Kao">{{Cite web |url = http://www.ofcnfoec.org/media_center/ofc_releases/2010/CharlesKaoDedication.aspx |title=OFC/NFOEC 2010 to be Dedicated to Nobel Prize Winner and Industry Pioneer Charles Kao |format=aspx |publisher=OFC/NFOEC Press Releases |author=Angela Stark |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref>
+* The 2010 [[Optical Fiber Conference|OFC]]/[[IEEE Communications Society|NFOEC]] Conferences{{Cref|e}} were dedicated to Kao, March 23–25, San Diego, California, USA.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.photonicsonline.com/article.mvc/OFCNFOEC-2010-To-Be-Dedicated-To-Nobel-0001?VNETCOOKIE=NO |title=OFC/NFOEC 2010 To Be Dedicated To Nobel Laureate Charles Kao |format=mvc |publisher=Photonics Online |date=January 15, 2010 |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/OFCNFOEC-2010-Announces-bw-4259758386.html?x=0&.v=1 |title=OFC/NFOEC 2010 Announces Plenary Session Speaker Lineup |publisher=Yahoo! Finance |date=January 21, 2010 |accessdate=January 20, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="OFC/NFOEC Kao">{{Cite web |url = http://www.ofcnfoec.org/media_center/ofc_releases/2010/CharlesKaoDedication.aspx |title=OFC/NFOEC 2010 to be Dedicated to Nobel Prize Winner and Industry Pioneer Charles Kao |format=aspx |publisher=OFC/NFOEC Press Releases |author=Angela Stark |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref>
 * May 14–15, 2010: Two sessions were dedicated to Kao, The 19th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference (WOCC 2010), Shanghai, P.R.China.<ref name="Kao WOCC2010">{{Cite web |url = http://www.wocc2010.sjtu.edu.cn/ |title=The 19th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference (WOCC 2010) |publisher=WOCC 2010 |year=2010  |accessdate=May 26, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Kao Corning">{{Cite web |url = http://www.it.com.cn/market/sh/viewpoint/2010/05/18/09/803789.html |script-title = zh:康宁公司在华开展光纤发明40周年庆祝活动 |publisher = 美通社（亚洲） |date=2010-05-18  |accessdate=May 26, 2010 |language=zh}}</ref>
 * May 22, 2010: Inducted into the [[souvenir|memento]] archive of the [[2010 Shanghai World Expo]].<ref name="Kao Expo 2010">{{Cite web |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-05/23/c_12130794.htm |script-title = zh:《世界百位名人谈上海世博》首发 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date = 2010-05-23 <!-- 08:01:52 --> |accessdate=May 26, 2010|language=zh}}</ref>|
-* Mid-2010: Hong Kong [[Definitive stamp|Definitive Stamp]] [[Sheet of stamps|Sheetlet]] (No. 1), Hong Kong SAR.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.hongkongpoststamps.com/eng/whats_new/2010/20100303a/index.htm |title=Hongkong Post Stamps  – Hong Kong Stamps |publisher=[[Hongkong Post]] |accessdate=Apr 8, 2010}}</ref>
+* Mid-2010: Hong Kong [[Definitive stamp|Definitive Stamp]] [[Sheet of stamps|Sheetlet]] (No. 1), Hong Kong SAR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hongkongpoststamps.com/eng/whats_new/2010/20100303a/index.htm |title=Hongkong Post Stamps  – Hong Kong Stamps |publisher=[[Hongkong Post]] |accessdate=Apr 8, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330080543/http://www.hongkongpoststamps.com:80/eng/whats_new/2010/20100303a/index.htm |archivedate=March 30, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * June 11, 2010: The [[Order of the British Empire|Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE)]].<ref name="Kao KBE"/><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/people/right-royal-boost-for-zeta-20100612-y4lg.html |title = Right royal boost for Zeta |work=The Sydney Morning Herald  |author=JILL LAWLESS |date=June 13, 2010 |accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref>
 * March 25, 2011: [[Blue plaque]] unveiled in [[Harlow]], Essex, UK.<ref name="Kao Plaque - Harlow">{{Cite web |url = http://www.harlowstar.co.uk/News/Harlow-Nobel-Prize-winner-to-be-commemorated-in-town-centre.htm |title=Harlow Nobel Prize winner to be commemorated in town centre |work=HarlowStar |date=March 25, 2011 |accessdate=April 29, 2011}}</ref>
-* September 2014: [[Sir Charles Kao UTC]] was open<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.harlow-college.ac.uk/about-us/sir-charles-kao-utc |title=Sir Charles Kao UTC}}</ref>
+* September 2014: [[Sir Charles Kao UTC]] was open<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harlow-college.ac.uk/about-us/sir-charles-kao-utc |title=Sir Charles Kao UTC |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162842/http://www.harlow-college.ac.uk/about-us/sir-charles-kao-utc |archivedate=July 14, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 * 4 Nov 2014: ''Gimme Fibre Day'' on Kao's birthday, FTTH Councils Global Alliance<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/home/gimme-fibre |title=Gimme Fibre Day - 4 November |work=Fibre to the Home Council Europe}}</ref>
 {{hidden end}}

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901–1925	1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz
1926–1950	1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell
1951–1975	1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater
1976–2000	1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby
2001– present	2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier

v t e 2009 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	Venki Ramakrishnan (United States/United Kingdom) Thomas A. Steitz (United States) Ada Yonath (Israel)
Literature (2009)	Herta Müller (Germany/Romania)
Peace (2009)	Barack Obama (United States)
Physics	Charles K. Kao (Hong Kong/United Kingdom/United States) Willard Boyle (Canada/United States) George E. Smith (United States)
Physiology or Medicine	Elizabeth Blackburn (United States/Australia) Carol W. Greider (United States) Jack W. Szostak (United Kingdom/United States)
Economic Sciences	Elinor Ostrom (United States) Oliver E. Williamson (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

v t e Han Chinese Nobel laureates
Chemistry	Yuan T. Lee (1986) Roger Y. Tsien (2008)
Physics	Chen-Ning Yang (1957) Tsung-Dao Lee (1957) Samuel C. C. Ting (1976) Steven Chu (1997) Daniel C. Tsui (1998) Charles K. Kao (2009)
Peace	Liu Xiaobo (2010)
Literature	Gao Xingjian (2000) Mo Yan (2012)
Physiology or Medicine	Tu Youyou (2015)

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Norway 2 Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands
Academics	CiNii Scopus
People	Trove
Other	SNAC IdRef