Emilian dialect
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| Emilian | |
|---|---|
| emigliân | |
| Pronunciation | IPA: [emiˈʎaːŋ] |
| Native to | Italy |
| Region | Primarily Emilia |
| Ethnicity | 13 million (2020)[1] |
Native speakers | c. 9.3 million (2019 estimate) (2019)[2] |
| Dialects | Bolognese, Ferrarese, Modenese, Mirandolese, Frignarese, Carpigianian, Reggiano, Parmigian, Piacentin, Mantovan, Carrarin, Vogherese-Pavese |
| Latin | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Slovenia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | egl |
| Glottolog | emil1241 |
| Linguasphere | ... -okh 51-AAA-oka ... -okh |
 Geographic distribution of Emilian (shown in light pink) | |
Emilian (Emilian: emigliàn, emiliân; Italian: emiliano) is a Gallo-Italic language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the northwestern part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy. There is no standardised version of Emilian.
Emilian-Romagnol has a default word order of subject–verb–object and both grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). There is a strong T–V distinction, which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity or insult. The alphabet, largely adapted from the Italian (Tuscan) one, uses a considerable number of diacritics.
Classification
Emilian is a Gallo-Italic unstandardized language, part of the Emilian-Romagnol dialect continuum with the bordering Romagnol varieties.
Besides Emilian-Romagnol, the Gallo-Italic family includes Piedmontese, Ligurian and Lombard, all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian.
Vocabulary
 |
There is no widespread standard orthography. The words below are written in a nonspecific Emilian script.
| Emilian | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|
| êit, èlt | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ɛ:jt] | high |
| lêregh | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ˈlɛ:rɐg] | wide |
| longh, loangh | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [loŋg] | long, tall |
| tōl, tegh | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [to:l], Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [teg] | to take |
| fâṡ, fâż | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [fa:z] / Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [fa:ð̠] | beech |
| bdoall | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [b.dœl] | birch |
| znêr, żnèr | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ð̠nɛ:r] | January |
| fervêr | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [fɐrˈvɛr] | February |
| ed, ad | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ɐd] | and |
| dîṡ | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [di:z] | to say, ten (only in Bolognese) |
| ê, é | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [e] | (he/she) is |
| aloura | Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: [ɐˈlɔu̯rɐ] | so, then |
Dialects
Linguasphere Observatory recognises the following dialects:[5]
- Mantuan, spoken in all north of the Province of Mantua in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence.
- Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese), spoken in the Province of Pavia in Lombardy. It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentin. It is also akin to Tortonese.[clarification needed]
- Piacentine, spoken in the Province of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentin are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian.
- Parmesan, spoken in the Province of Parma. The language spoken also in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona.
- Reggian (Arzân), spoken in the Province of Reggio Emilia, although the northern parts (such as Guastalla, Luzzara and Reggiolo) of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantovano.
- Modenese, spoken in the centre of the Province of Modena, although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area.
- Mirandolese dialect, spoken in the northern part of the Province of Modena, it is very different from the modenese dialect in the phonology, grammar and vocabulary.
- Bolognese, spoken in all the Province of Bologna and in around Castelfranco Emilia (Modena); in the Province of Ferrara (Cento, Poggio Renatico, Sant'Agostino and Mirabello) and in Pavana (Province of Pistoia, Tuscany).
- Ferrarese, spoken in the Province of Ferrara (except for Cento and surroundings), southern Veneto, and Comacchio.
- Carrarese and Lunesan dialects, spoken in Carrara, Lunigiana, and almost all of the Province of Massa and Carrara in northwestern Tuscany, and a good portion of the Province of La Spezia in eastern Liguria. Historically, this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies of Modena and Parma at different times, so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to the Magra and Vara rivers.
Other definitions include the following:[citation needed]
- Massese (mixed with some Tuscan features)
- Casalasco, spoken in Cremona, Lombardy.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ||
| voiced | v | ð | z | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | central | j | w | |||
| lateral | l | ʎ | ||||
- Affricate sounds [t͡s, d͡z] can also be heard as alternates of fricative sounds /θ, ð/ particularly among southern dialects.
- In the Piacentino dialect, an /r/ sound can be heard as either an alveolar trill [r], or as a uvular fricative [ʁ] sound.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | y | u uː | ||
| Mid | e eː | ø | ə | o oː | |
| ɛ ɛː | œ | ʌ | ɔ ɔː | ||
| Open | æ | a aː | |||
- Rounded front vowel sounds /y, ø, œ/ and a mid-central vowel sound /ə/ are mainly common in the Piacentino and western dialects.
- In the Piacentino dialect, five vowel sounds being followed by /n/, are then recognized as nasalized [ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ], unless /n/ occurs between two vowel sounds.
Writing system
Emilian is written using a Latin script that has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among the dialects.
The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created since World War II.
References
- ^ Miani, Ivan (12 April 2008). "Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3, page 1ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF). iso639-3.sil.org. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ^ Istituto nazionale di statistica (20 April 2007). La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere, Anno 2006 [The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages, Year 2006] (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 17 December 2012 – via portal-lem.com.
- ^ Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2007). Dizionario bolognese-italiano, italiano bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnais-itagliàn, itagliàn-bulugnais (in Italian). Bologna: Pendragon. ISBN 978-88-8342-594-3.
- ^ Vocabolario reggiano-italiano (in Italian). Reggio: Torreggiani. 1832 – via Biblioteca Panizzi.
- ^ "51-AAA-ok. emiliano + romagnolo". Linguasphere.
- ^ Foresti, Fabio (2009). Profilo linguistico dell'Emilia-Romagna (in Italian). Roma: Laterza.
- ^ Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2009). Dizionario bolognese-italiano italiano-bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnaiṡ-itagliàn itagliàn-bulgnaiṡ (2nd ed.). Bologna: Pendragon.
- ^ Hajek, John (1997). "Emilia-Romagna". In Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (eds.). The Dialects of Italy. London: Routledge. p. 275.
Bibliography
- Luca Rognoni, Il sistema fonologico del dialetto modenese. L'Italia Dialettale 74, pp. 135–148, 2013.
- Colombini, F. 2007. La negazione nei dialetti emiliani: microvariazione nell’area modenese. University of Padua, MA Thesis.
Further reading
- Pietro Mainoldi, Manuale dell'odierno dialetto bolognese, Suoni e segni, Grammatica – Vocabolario, Bologna, Società tipografica Mareggiani 1950 (Rist. anast.: Sala Bolognese, A. Forni 2000)
- Fabio Foresti, Bibliografia dialettale dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino (BDER), Bologna, IBACN Emilia-Romagna / Compositori 1997
- E. F. Tuttle, Nasalization in Northern Italy: Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters, Rivista di Linguistica, III: 23–92 (1991)
- Luigi Lepri e Daniele Vitali, Dizionario Bolognese-Italiano Italiano-Bolognese, ed. Pendragon 2007
External links
For a list of words relating to Emilian dialect, see the Emilian language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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