Jump to content

Robert D. Blackwill

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by W9793 (talk | contribs) at 23:43, 5 January 2024 (ce). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Robert D. Blackwill
20th United States Ambassador to India
In office
September 14, 2001 – July 31, 2003
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byDick Celeste
Succeeded byDavid Mulford
Personal details
Born (1939-08-08) August 8, 1939 (age 85)
Kellogg, Idaho, U.S.
Political partyRepublican

Robert Dean Blackwill (born August 8, 1939)[1] is a retired American diplomat, author, senior fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations,[2] and lobbyist. Blackwill served as the United States Ambassador to India under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2003 and as United States National Security Council Deputy for Iraq from 2003 to 2004, where he was a liaison between Paul Bremer and Condoleezza Rice.

Early life, education, and Peace Corps service

Blackwill was born on August 8, 1939, in Kellogg, Idaho[1] and grew up in Kansas.[3] In June 2001, at a Senate confirmation hearings to become ambassador to India, he said, "From my boyhood on the Great Plains, I brought back east more than 30 years ago the values of Kansas and its people: honesty, candor, compassion, hard work, a dogged stamina in the face of challenge and adversity, a sense of humor, a recognition of one's own limitations, and a deep and abiding love of country."[3] He earned a B.A. from Wichita State University.[4]

Blackwill served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Malawi from 1964 to 1966.[1] While in the Peace Corps, he served with writer Paul Theroux, who Blackwill later described as "the glorious American writer who was my friend in the Peace Corps in Africa more than thirty years ago".[5] In an interview with Rediff News on June 27, 2006, Blackwill was asked if he was still in contact with Theroux, and he replied, "Not recently. But I just finished reading his new novel, Blinding Light. It is terrific."[6]

Diplomatic career

1960s

In 1967, Blackwill was appointed as a Foreign Service Officer.[1] He served as a training officer in the Bureau of Personnel of the US State Department from 1968 to 1969[1] and as an associate watch officer in the State Department's Operations Center from 1969 to 1970.[1]

1970s

Blackwill took Swahili language training in 1970 at the Foreign Service Institute.[1] He served as a political officer in Nairobi, Kenya from 1970 to 1972[1] and as a staff officer in the Executive Secretariat of the State Department from 1972 to 1973.[1] In 1974, Blackwill was a special assistant to State Department counselor Helmut Sonnenfeldt.[1] While he was a special assistant, Blackwill worked closely with Paul Bremer, who was then a chief aide to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Blackwill and Bremer forged a close relationship through mediating policy differences between their bosses. The two would come to work together again thirty years later in August 2003, when Bremer was named by President George W. Bush to lead the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq and Blackwill was named to the National Security Council staff to coordinate between Washington, D.C., and Baghdad.[7] From 1975 to 1978, Blackwill served as a political-military officer in London, England.[1] He served as political counselor in Tel Aviv, Israel from 1978 to 1979.[1] Blackwill became the Director of Western European Affairs on the National Security Council staff at the White House in 1979.[1]

1980s

Blackwill served as the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Political-Military Affairs in the State Department in 1981.[1] Blackwill served as principal deputy assistant secretary for European Affairs from 1982 to 1983.[1] After his return from a two-year sabbatical at Harvard University, President Ronald Reagan nominated him to Senior Foreign Service, Class of Minister-Counselor on March 29, 1985, and designated him to be the chief negotiator[4] of the US with the Warsaw Pact for the Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions talks. Blackwill served in this position with the rank of Ambassador.[1] On March 13, 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed Blackwill as special assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and as senior director for European and Soviet Affairs.[4]

Academic career

From 1983 to 1985, Blackwill took a sabbatical from the State Department and served as associate dean and faculty member[4] at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.[1]

After two years as representative to the Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Negotiations, Blackwill rejoined the Harvard faculty in 1987. There, he served the Kennedy School as associate dean and the Belfer Lecturer in International Security[8] for fourteen years until 2001.[4][9] During his tenure, Blackwill taught foreign and defense policy and public policy analysis. He was also faculty chair for executive training programs for business and government leaders from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the Palestinian Authority, and Kazakhstan, as well as military General Officers from Russia and the People's Republic of China.[10]

Publications

Articles

While at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Blackwill contributed to the following books and articles:

  • Conventional Arms Control and East-West Security (1989, nonfiction, co-editor)[9]
  • A Primer for the Nuclear Age (1990, nonfiction, co-editor)[9]
  • New Nuclear Nations (1993, nonfiction, co-edited with Albert Carnesale)[9]
  • Damage Limitation or Crisis? Russia and the Outside World (1994, nonfiction, with Sergei Karaganov)[9]
  • "Engaging Russia: Arms Control and the U.S.-Russian Relationship", Report of an Independent Task Force (Council on Foreign Relations Press, with Rodric Braithwaite and Akihiko Tanaka, 1996)[8][9]
  • Allies Divided: Transatlantic Policies for the Greater Middle East (1997, nonfiction, with Michael Stürmer)[8][9]
  • "The Future of Transatlantic Relations", Report of an Independent Task Force (Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1999)[8][9]
  • America's Asian Alliances (2000, nonfiction, co-edited with Paul Dibb)[9]
  • Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and the World (2013, with Graham Allison).[13]

US Ambassador to India

Advisor to Bush Campaign

Blackwill, a Republican,[9] was one of a group of foreign policy experts (along with Condoleezza Rice) who advised Bush during his Presidential campaign in 2000. After the election Blackwill was rewarded with the ambassadorship to India.[3] Rice had previously worked for Blackwill during the first Bush administration when they dealt with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet empire.[3] He had never been to India before his appointment as ambassador, but he sought the assignment because of President Bush's designation of India as a "rising great power of the 21st century".[3]

Stronger ties with India

Blackwill was appointed US ambassador to India in June 2001.[14] He was committed to taking India seriously as an American ally as a counterweight to China's growing power.[3] Blackwill promoted perhaps the closest ties between India and the United States since India's independence in 1947.[3] "The Bush administration perceives India as a strategic opportunity for the United States, not as an irritating recalcitrant", Blackwill said.[3] Blackwill said that before he arrived, India was considered "a nuclear renegade whose policies threatened the entire nonproliferation regime".[3] To promote closer ties, the United States lifted economic penalties applied against India after its 1998 nuclear tests.[14] American military forces also conducted six major joint training exercises with India while Blackwill was the ambassador.[14]

Protests by Muslim fundamentalists

Muslims protestors belonging to Islamic fundamentalist organizations, Majlis Bachao Tehreek and Tahaffuz-e-Shayar-Islami attacked Blackwill's convoy when it was proceeding towards Falaknuma Palace in Hyderabad. The mob was protesting alleged American injustices in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Palestine. Hyderabad Police cleared the mob and allowed the convoy to proceed safely.[15]

Relations with Pakistan

One of Blackwill's major concerns while ambassador was terrorism in India and relations between India and Pakistan.[5] After a series of terrorist attacks that India blamed on Pakistan, the two countries nearly went to war over Kashmir in June 2002.[5] After Blackwill ordered the evacuation of embassy staff members, an event that was seen as a pressure tactic and partly credited for drawing India back from the war, Blackwill encouraged India to resume dialogue with Pakistan.[5] In a statement on his departure as ambassador, Blackwill said that the fight against international terrorism would not be won until terrorism against India ended.[5] "There can be no other legitimate stance by the United States, no American compromise whatever on this elemental geopolitical and moral truth."[5] Others thought that Blackwill damaged US relations with Pakistan.[3] Pakistani analyst Ershad Mahmud of the Institute of Policy Studies called Blackwill "Delhi's front man rather than U.S. ambassador to India," and said that Blackwill "even encouraged India to take [a] hostile stance against Pakistan".[3]

Appreciation of Indian civilization

Blackwill had a very high-profile tenure as ambassador to India[14] and displayed a strong appreciation for Indian civilization.[5] Upon his departure as ambassador, Blackwill wrote in an article for the Financial Times called "What India Means To Me" writing:

As has been said, the world is divided into two parts —those who have seen the Taj Mahal, and those who have not. I am proud to be in the first, still too exclusive group. The Shatabdi Express transported me there and back in great comfort. A wonderful train. All of Rajasthan entrances me. The noble Rajput legacy. Jaipur. Udaipur. Jodhpur. And perhaps my favourite, the medieval walled city of Jaisalmer, land of the Bhatti princes, born of the moon. Parapets into the sky. On some nights, there must be stars nowhere else above the planet because they all seem to be over Jaisalmer. I am surprised some city in northern Europe has not sued Jaisalmer for stealing all the stars. Be sure and take your sunglasses along when you go there —to deal with the starry nights. Standing in Jaisalmer, close your eyes for a moment and see the camel caravans coming through this desert town a thousand years ago, which I now realise by India's civilizational standards is only yesterday —a fellow on the street might have said to me, 'yes, they came through Jaisalmer, just a little while ago.'[5]

Upon returning to the United States, the only item on Blackwill's desk at the National Security Council was a tiny figurine of Ganesh, the Hindu elephant-headed god of wisdom and success while a huge map of "Mother India" adorned the walls of his office.[3]

Historian Ramachandra Guha quoted him saying, "India is a pluralist society that creates magic with democracy, rule of law and individual freedom, community relations and [cultural] diversity. What a place to be an intellectual!. I wouldn't mind being born ten times to rediscover India."[16]

Controversy over management style

On April 22, 2003, Blackwill announced that he was resigning as US ambassador to India to return to his academic career at Harvard University.[14] The New York Times reported that there had been complaints about Blackwill's management style from embassy staff members that led to a review by the State Department's inspector general although after the review the complaints died down.[14] "He's extremely bright. He has a very penetrating intellect that produces great ideas", said one official who worked with him. "He's also utterly charming and has more energy than anybody around him. He never sleeps. He's a double-A type. But he's also a prickly demanding personality who can become impatient with others who don't keep up with him. He's hard on people because he's smart. He wants things now."[3]

National Security Council

Coordinator for Strategic Planning

Upon completing his time as ambassador to India, Blackwill was originally planning to return to Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government until he got the call from National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice asking him to come to Washington.[3] On August 16, 2003, Blackwill was appointed deputy assistant to President George W. Bush as well as coordinator for strategic planning under Rice. Blackwill's assignment was to help develop and coordinate the direction of America's foreign policy.[17] In his new post on the National Security Council, Blackwill quickly became the alter ego to national security adviser Condoleezza Rice. He was given free rein to track global trends and predict unintended consequences of US foreign policy decisions anywhere in the world by providing long-range planning for a foreign policy team under stress from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.[3]

Envoy to Iraq

One of Blackwill's jobs on the National Security Council in 2003 was to coordinate between Washington and Baghdad working with Paul Bremer to achieve a political handover to Iraq.[7] Blackwill and Bremer had worked together in the State Department in 1974 and shared a conservative view of the world.[7] "Both are basically conservatives", said one mutual friend.[7] "But it is a 19th-century conservatism -- focused on national interest and power -- not neoconservatism." He said Bremer and Blackwill "are focused on getting things done. They are not ideological dreamers."[7] Bob Woodward in his book State of Denial reports that in 2003 Blackwill sent a lengthy memorandum to National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice warning that more ground troops, perhaps as many as 40,000, were desperately needed in Iraq.[18] Woodward reports that Blackwill and Bremer later briefed Rice and her deputy Stephen J. Hadley about the pressing need for more troops during a secure teleconference from Iraq, but that the White House did nothing in response.[18] President Bush is quoted as saying of the situation in Iraq at that time: "I don't want anyone in the cabinet to say it is an insurgency. I don't think we are there yet."[18]

Alleged abuse of U.S. female staffer and abrupt departure from the Administration

On November 5, 2004, Blackwill announced his resignation from the administration. He had been mentioned as a possible successor to National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice in Bush's second term, but he told associates that he had spent six years working for Bush—two years as a foreign policy adviser to his first presidential campaign, two years as ambassador to India and two years at the White House—and that the presidential election seemed like a natural end to this cycle in his life.[19]

On November 12, 2004, Glenn Kessler and Al Kamen reported in The Washington Post that Condoleezza Rice had interviewed Blackwill and taken action to ensure that he dealt with his colleagues and subordinates appropriately after reports in September 2004 that he appeared to have verbally abused and physically hurt a female embassy staffer during a visit to Kuwait.[20] The incident took place when Blackwill was returning from a visit to Baghdad and arrived at the Air France counter at the Kuwait airport to learn he was not on the flight manifest.[20] Blackwill turned in fury to an embassy secretary and demanded that he be given a seat on the flight, grabbing her arm at one point, an official said.[20] Anger at the top of the State Department was palpable, according to The Washington Post. "...Senior officials at the State Department took her concerns seriously. Deputy Secretary of State Richard L. Armitage called her on Powell's behalf and expressed regret for the incident. Armitage then visited her and her husband during a recent trip to Kuwait to assure her that her concerns were being addressed, the State Department official said." A spokesman for the National Security Council said the incident was not the reason Blackwill abruptly quit his job.[20] "Ambassador Blackwill has served the country with great distinction, including intense and dangerous situations in Iraq", the NSC spokesman said.[20] "The president and Dr. Rice hold Ambassador Blackwill in the highest regard, and the decision to leave was Ambassador Blackwill's own."[20]

Lobbyist career

In November 2004, Blackwill joined the lobbying firm Barbour Griffith & Rogers (BGR).[10] On October 29, 2007, the New York Times disclosed that lobbying disclosure reports at the Justice Department show that Mr. Blackwill helped bring in more than $11 million in fees from foreign clients since late 2005.[21]

Lobbying for India

On January 5, 2005, the Telegraph of India reported that Blackwill was traveling to India on a trip linked to India's $600,000-a-year contract with the Washington lobbying firm, Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld that had expired in April 2004.[22] On March 23, 2005, the Deccan Herald reported that Blackwill had spoken to the Confederation of Indian Industry in Bangalore saying that the US should enter into a long-term program of space co-operation with India, and lift restrictions on the assistance given to civilian nuclear industry and hi-tech trade.[23] "We should sell India civil nuclear reactors, both to reduce its demand for Persian Gulf energy and to ease the environmental impact of India's vibrant economic growth."[23] On August 31, 2005, the Daily Times of Pakistan reported that Barbour, Griffith, and Rogers had won a contract to help get an Indo-US nuclear deal through Congress.[24]

On December 27, 2007, the Daily Times of Pakistan published a story saying that Blackwill was on the payroll of Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman providing lobbying services for them for large defense contracts from the Indian government.[25] Lockheed Martin was going after a $10 billion contract from the Indian Air Force, for the provision of 126 fighters while Northrop Grumman was trying to acquire contracts for selling high-end radars to India.[25] "The government has no business appointing an agent of American arms companies as their own agent, especially when those companies are vying for Indian contracts," said Indian attorney Prashant Bhushan.[25]

On April 20, 2008, The Times of India reported that Blackwill said that the next US President may not push the nuclear deal with India because he will not have the same sunk costs in the agreement as President Bush.[26] "If I may be characteristically blunt, the next American president will not have the same sunk costs in the US-India civil nuclear agreement that this president (George W Bush) and the top of the administration has," Blackwill said.[26] "India will pay a substantial price in its future energy policy, and its lack of civil nuclear assistance from the outside world."[26] Blackwill added that the next US President would not go back to lecturing India about its nuclear program.[26] "They (Indians) did not have much tolerance before, and they have none now. That would be a substantial irritant in the relationship if it were to occur," said Blackwill.[26]

Contract with Ayad Allawi

On August 28, 2007, Newsweek reported that Blackwill was handling the $300,000 lobbying contract at Barbour Griffith & Rogers International to destabilize Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, and replace him with the firm's new client, Ayad Allawi.[27] The contract, filed with the Justice Department, states that "B.G.R. will provide strategic counsel and representation for and on behalf of Dr. Ayad Allawi before the U.S. government, Congress, media and others."[21] Allawi disclosed that Blackwill—whom he described as a "dear friend"—had raised the idea that the former Iraqi prime minister hire his firm.[27] "He contacted me", Allawi said.[27] "We were having lunch ... He spoke to me and he said ... there is a vacuum in Washington, and we will be able to help and assist. We know your views. We know the views of your people and we are ready to help in getting your message across to the United States."[27]

Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq

The Regional Government has paid Barbour Griffith & Rogers $1.4 million since 2005.[21] "We have had a long-term relationship with the firm", said Qubad Talabani, the Washington representative of the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq.[21] Kurdistan is pushing for Washington's support of its oil contracts with foreign companies.[21]

Thaksin Shinawatra

Blackwill represents Thaksin Shinawatra.[21] Shinawatra was a billionaire communications tycoon who became prime minister of Thailand and was ousted in a coup in 2006.[21] On the evening of 19 September 2006, while Thaksin was visiting New York City, to attend a United Nations summit and to speak at the Council on Foreign Relations, the army took control of Bangkok.

Other clients

On October 29, 2007, The New York Times disclosed that Blackwill's other clients include Serbia, China, and the Alfa-Bank in Moscow.[21]

Blackwill's firm previously had lobbying contracts, now expired, with the secular National Dialogue Party of Lebanon, the Confederation of Indian Industry, Dubai International Capital (the private equity firm of Dubai's ruler, Sheik Muhammad bin Rashid al-Maktoum), and Eritrea, a nation the State Department has been threatening to designate a terrorist state.[21]

Departure from Barbour Griffiths Rogers

On April 19, 2008, The Times of India reported that Blackwill was leaving the lobbying firm of Barbour Griffiths Rogers International to go to work as a senior fellow at RAND Corporation, one of the United States' premier think tanks.[28] "I will be leaving BGR to join Rand Corporation in California, as senior fellow," said Blackwill.[28] "I now feel the compelling need for sustained time to reflect and write about America's role in the world in this difficult and dangerous period."[28] In September 2010, Blackwill rejoined the Council on Foreign Relations as the Henry Kissinger Senior Fellow.[29]

Punditry

Relations with Pakistan

On October 21, 2007, the New York Times reported on the "nightmare scenario" in Pakistan in the aftermath of the carnage after bombs exploded killing and wounding hundreds of supporters of Benazir Bhutto after her arrival in Pakistan.[30] "We have to remember that the U.S. doesn't have much capability to affect internal developments" in Pakistan, said Robert Blackwill.[30] "What I am struck by are the trends we see today: the North-West Province is ungovernable and a sanctuary for terrorists. The politics are fractured and deeply unstable, Musharraf is weaker, and the army is uncertain which way it will go."[30]

2020 Election

In 2020, Blackwill, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President Trump was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."[31]

Memberships, honors, and awards

Personal life

Blackwill is married to Wera Hildebrand[34] and has five grown children.[3] His favorite book is Absalom, Absalom! by William Faulkner and he is a self-described jazz fanatic and classic-movie buff.[3]

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by United States Ambassador to India
2001 – 2003 		Succeeded by

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q University of Texas. "Appointment of Robert Dean Blackwill as United States Representative to the Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction Negotiations, and Nomination for the Rank of Ambassador" March 29, 1985. Archived March 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b "Robert D. Blackwill Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy" Archived 2013-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Washington Post. "Foreign Policy Guru Tapped To Aid Rice, a Former Employee" by Robin Wright. December 23, 2003
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Appointment of Robert D. Blackwill as Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs". presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Financial Express. "What India Means To Me." July 29, 2003. Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "I am honoured to be called a friend of India". in.rediff.com. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e Washington Post. "Rapport Between Bush, Bremer Grows." November 23, 2003
  8. ^ a b c d e Council on Foreign Relations. "Robert D. Blackwill" Archived 2006-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Notable Names Database. "Robert D. Blackwill" Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b Barbour Griffith & Rogers International "Ambassador Robert D. Blackwill " Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "Policy Prescriptions for U.S.-China Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
  12. ^ "Ukraine War Should Slow But Not Stop the U.S. Pivot to Asia". Bloomberg.com. 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
  13. ^ "Lee Kuan Yew | The MIT Press" Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ a b c d e f New York Times. "U.S. Ambassador to India Resigning Post After 2 Years." April 22, 2003
  15. ^ "Blackwill faces Majlis Bachao Tehreek's ire". The Times of India. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  16. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2011), India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, Pan Macmillan, p. iv, ISBN 978-0-330-54020-9
  17. ^ New York Times. "New Job for Former Envoy." August 16, 2003.
  18. ^ a b c New York Times. "New Woodward Book Says Bush Ignored Urgent Warning on Iraq." September 29, 2006
  19. ^ Washington Post. "Bush Adviser On Iraq Policy To Step Down" by Glenn Kessler. November 6, 2004. Archived March 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ a b c d e f "Ex-Adviser Reportedly Hurt Embassy Aide" November 12, 2004
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i New York Times. "Backing an Iraqi Leader Again, This Time for a Fee" by Elisabeth Bumiller. October 29, 2007.
  22. ^ The Telegraph. "Blackwill back, on business" January 9, 2005. Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ a b Deccan Herald. "Blackwill moots Indo-US co-operation in space tech" March 23, 2005. Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Daily Times. "India rewards faithful supporter Blackwill in US." August 31, 2005. Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ a b c Daily Times of Pakistan. "Indo-US N-deal headed for more political turmoil: Lobbyist hired by India on US arms dealers’ payroll" by Iftikhar Gilani. December 27, 2007. Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ a b c d e Times of India. "Next US president may not push n-deal: Blackwill" April 20, 2008.
  27. ^ a b c d Newsweek. "Behind Allawi's Bid for Power." August 29, 2007[dead link]
  28. ^ a b c The Times of India. "India's N-deal lobbyist Blackwill says he's quitting" April 18, 2008.
  29. ^ "CFR Bio: Robert D. Blackwill - Council on Foreign Relations". Archived from the original on 2006-07-17. Retrieved 2005-12-13.
  30. ^ a b c New York Times. "Fearing Chaos, U.S. Officials Review Stance on Pakistan" by David Sanger and David Rohde. October 21, 2007.
  31. ^ "Former Republican National Security Officials for Biden". Defending Democracy Together. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  32. ^ a b Robert D. Blackwill - The Aspen Institute Archived 2013-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "Republic Day 2016: Dhirubhai Ambani, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Rajinikanth in Padma list". indianexpress.com. 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  34. ^ "The Indo-US Relationship Has A Glittering Future" April 22, 2003.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_D._Blackwill&oldid=1193847218"