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Kingdom of Bahrain
مملكة البحرين
Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn
Anthem:  بحريننا
Bahrainona
Our Bahrain
Location of Bahrain
Capital
and largest city
Manama
Official languagesArabic[1]
Religion
Islam ( Sunni)
Demonym(s)Bahraini
GovernmentConstitutional Monarchy
• King
Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah
Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah
Independence 
from United Kingdom[2][3]
• Date
16 December 1971
Area
• Total
665 km2 (257 sq mi) (189th)
• Water (%)
0
Population
• 2007 estimate
1,046,814 1 (154th)
• Density
1,454/km2 (3,765.8/sq mi) (7th)
GDP (PPP)estimate
• Total
$19.75 billion (118th)
• Per capita
$23,604 (32nd)
HDI (2007)Increase 0.866
Error: Invalid HDI value (41st)
CurrencyBahraini dinar (BHD)
Time zoneUTC+3
Calling code973
ISO 3166 codeBH
Internet TLD.bh
  1. Includes 517,368 non-nationals (September 2007 estimate).

The Kingdom of Bahrain (in Arabic: مملكة البحرين , Template:ArTranslit, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an island country in the Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway, which officially opened on November 25, 1986. Qatar is to the south across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar–Bahrain Friendship Bridge will link Bahrain to Qatar as the longest fixed link in the world[4].

History

Main article: History of Bahrain
For the historical region, see Bahrain (historical region).


Pre-Islamic

Asia in 600 CE, showing the Sassanid Empire before the Arab conquest.

Bahrain is the Arabic term for "two seas", referring to the freshwater springs that are found within the salty seas surrounding it. Bahrain's strategic location in the Persian Gulf has brought rule and influence from the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and the Arabs, under whom the island became Islamic. Bahrain is associated with Dilmun which is mentioned by Mesopotamian civilizations[5]. During its history it was called by different names such as Awal, then Mishmahig, when it was a part of the Persian Empire. From the 3rd to 6th Century BC, Bahrain was included in Persian Empire by Achaemenians, an Iranian dynasty[6]. From the 3rd Century BC to the arrival of Islam in the 7th Century AD, Bahrain was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties of Parthians and Sassanids. By about 250 BC, Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. Because they needed to control the Persian Gulf trade route, the Parthians established garrisons in the southern coast of Persian Gulf[7]. In the 3rd Century AD, the Sasanids succeeded the Parthians and held the area until the rise of Islam four centuries later. Ardashir, the first ruler of Iranian Sassanians Dynasty marched forward Oman and Bahrain, and defeated Sanatruq[8]. At this time, Bahrain incorporated in the southern Sassanid province covering over the Persian Gulf's southern shore plus the archipelago of Bahrain[9]. The southern province of Sasanids was subdivided into three districts of Haggar (now al-Hafuf province, Saudi Arabia), Batan Ardashir (now al-Qatif province, Saudi Arabia), and Msihmahig (In Middle-Persian/Pahlavi means "ewe-fish"[10]). Until Bahrain adopted Islam in 629 AD, it was a center of Nestorian Christianity[11]. Early Islamic sources describe it as being inhabited by members of the Abdul Qays, Tamim, and Bakr tribes, worshiping the idol Awal.

Islam

In 899 AD, a millenarian Ismaili sect, the Qarmatians, seized the country and sought to create a utopian society based on reason and the distribution of all property evenly among the initiates. The Qarmatians caused disruption throughout the Islamic world; they collected tribute from the caliph in Baghdad, and in 930 AD sacked Mecca and Medina, bringing the sacred Black Stone back to Bahrain where it was held to ransom. They were defeated in 976 AD by the Abbasids[12]. The final end of the Qarmatians came at the hand of the Arab Uyunid dynasty of al-Hasa, who took over the entire Bahrain region in 1076[13]. They controlled the Bahrain islands until 1235, when the islands were briefly occupied by the ruler of Fars. In 1253, the bedouin Usfurids brought down the Uyunid dynasty and gained control over eastern Arabia, including the islands of Bahrain. In 1330, the islands became tributary to the rulers of Hormuz[14], though locally the islands were controlled by the Shi'ite Jarwanid dynasty of Qatif[15]. Until the late Middle Ages, "Bahrain" referred to the larger historical region of Bahrain that included Ahsa, Qatif (both now within the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia) and the Awal Islands (now the Bahrain Islands). The region stretched from Basrah to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn "Bahrayn Province". The exact date at which the term "Bahrain" began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown[16]. In the mid-15th Century, the islands came under the rule of the Jabrids, a bedouin dynasty that was also based in al-Ahsa and ruled most of eastern Arabia. The Portuguese invaded Bahrain in 1521 in alliance with Hormuz, seizing it from the Jabrid ruler Migrin ibn Zamil, who was killed in battle. Portuguese rule lasted for nearly 80 years, during which they depended mostly on Sunni Persian governors[17]. The Portuguese were expelled from the islands in 1602 by Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty of Iran, who instituted Shi'ism as the official religion in Bahrain[18]. The Iranian rulers retained sovereignty over the islands, with some interruptions, for nearly two centuries. For most of that period, they resorted to governing Bahrain indirectly, either through Hormuz or through local Sunni Arab clans, such as the Huwala[17][19][20]. During this period, the islands suffered two serious invasions by the Ibadhis of Oman in 1717 and 1738[21][22]. In 1753, the Huwala clan of Al Madhkur invaded Bahrain on behalf of the Iranians, restoring direct Iranian rule[23].

Al-Khalifa conquest

In 1783, an alliance of Sunni Arab clans from the Arabian coast, led by the Al Khalifa, invaded and took control of Bahrain from the Persians and their Huwala allies, establishing an independent emirate[22][17][23]. The Al Khalifa, however, had to weather a series of Omani invasions between 1799 and 1828[12][24]. It was under the Al Khalifa's rule, in 1845, that a section of the Dawasir tribe from southern Nejd settled in Bahrain[25]. The Al Khalifa at times extended their authority to the northern shores of Qatar and the fort of Dammam on the Arabian coast. (See main article: 1783 Al Khalifa invasion of Bahrain). Rule of the Sunni al-Khalifa tribe "resulted in a gradual attrition in the position of the Shi'a community" as Sunni Arabs were brought in from other parts of Arabia and soon formed the urban population including the ruling class, the military, and much of the merchant class. Land ownership slipped from the Shia "through a system of heavy taxes and other extortions and were reduced to cultivating the palm groves as feudal peasants of their Sunni overlords" [26]. After the Saudis conquered al-Hasa and Qatif in 1796, the Al Khalifa briefly became their tributaries[27]. When the Saudis re-established their power in the region in the 19th Century, they attempted again to bring the emirate of Bahrain under their control, resulting in many battles and skirmishes between the two dynasties[28]. This however, was opposed by the British, who by that time had become highly influential in the Persian Gulf, viewing it as essential to their control of India[29]. Britain's policy in the Persian Gulf at this time stipulated "uncompromising opposition" to the Saudis in Bahrain. In 1859, a British naval squadron was sent to protect the islands, and the British resident in the Persian Gulf notified the Saudi ruler Faisal ibn Turki Al Saud that it viewed Bahrain as an "independent emirate". In 1861, the British imposed a protection treaty on the emir of Bahrain, ending Saudi efforts to bring the islands under their sphere of influence as a protectorate [28]. The treaty was the culmination of a series of treaties with the British, beginning in 1820[30], and ending with British withdrawal in 1971. The population of the island at the time was estimated to be around 70,000 persons[31]. In the early 1920s the islands were rocked by disturbances between the Dawasir and the Shi'ite Baharna of Bahrain. As a result, most of the Dawasir were compelled to leave Bahrain and settle on the Arabian mainland as subjects of Ibn Saud[32].

Discovery of petroleum

Oil was discovered in 1932 and brought rapid modernization to Bahrain. This discovery made relations with the United Kingdom closer, as evidenced by the British establishing more bases there. British influence would continue to grow as the country developed, culminating with the appointment of Charles Belgrave as an advisor[33]; Belgrave established modern education systems in Bahrain[34]. After World War II, increasing anti-British sentiment spread throughout the Arab World and led to riots in Bahrain. The riots focused on the Jewish community, which counted among its members distinguished writers and singers, accountants, engineers and middle managers working for the Oil Company, textile merchants with business all over the peninsula, and free professionals. Following the events of 1947, most members of Bahrain's Jewish community abandoned their properties and evacuated to Bombay, later settling in Palestine (later Israel - Tel Aviv's Pardes Chana neighborhood) and the United Kingdom. As of 2007, 36 Jews remained in the country. The issue of compensation was never settled. In 1960, the United Kingdom put Bahrain's future to international arbitration and requested that the United Nations Secretary-General take on this responsibility. In 1970, Iran laid claim to Bahrain and the other Persian Gulf islands. However, in an agreement with the United Kingdom it agreed to "not pursue" its claims on Bahrain if its other claims were realized. The following plebiscite saw Bahrainis confirm their Arab identity and independence from Britain. Bahrain to this day remains a member of the Arab League and Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. The British withdrew from Bahrain on December 16 1971, making Bahrain an independent emirate[35]. The oil boom of the 1970s greatly benefited Bahrain, but its downturn hurt. However, the country had already begun to diversify its economy, and had benefited from the Lebanese civil war that began in the 1970s; Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub as Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war[36]. After the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, Bahraini Shī'a fundamentalists in 1981 orchestrated a failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organization, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. The coup would have installed a Shī'a cleric exiled in Iran, Hujjatu l-Islām Hādī al-Mudarrisī, as supreme leader heading a theocratic government[37]. In 1994, a wave of rioting by disaffected Shīa Islamists was sparked by women's participation in a sporting event. During the mid-1990s, the Kingdom was badly affected by sporadic violence between the government and the cleric-led opposition in which over forty people were killed[38]. In March 1999, King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah succeeded his father as head of state and instituted elections for parliament, gave women the right to vote, and released all political prisoners. These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing an "historic period of human rights"[39]. The country was declared a kingdom in 2002. It formerly was considered a State and officially called a "Kingdom".

Politics

Politics of Bahrain

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Constitution
Monarchy
Cabinet
National Assembly
Judiciary
Elections
Administrative divisions (governorates)
Foreign relations
Related topics
flag Bahrain portal
Main article: Politics of Bahrain
See also: Bahraini parliamentary election, 2006 and Human rights in Bahrain

Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy headed by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa; the head of government is the Prime Minister, Shaikh Khalīfa bin Salman al Khalifa, who presides over a cabinet of twenty-three members[40]. Bahrain has a bicameral legislature with a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, elected by universal suffrage and an upper house, the Shura Council, appointed by the king. Both houses have forty members. The inaugural elections were held in 2002, with parliamentarians serving four year terms; the first round of voting in the 2006 parliamentary election took place on 25 November 2006, and second round run-offs were decided on 2 December 2006[41]. The opening up of politics has seen big gains for both Shīa and Sunnī Islamists in elections, which have given them a parliamentary platform to pursue their policies. This has meant that what are termed "morality issues" have moved further up the political agenda with parties launching campaigns to impose bans on female mannequins displaying lingerie in shop windows[42], sorcery, and the hanging of underwear on washing lines[43], as well as change the building by laws to fit one-way glass to houses to prevent residents being able to see out[44]. Analysts of democratization in the Middle East cite the Islamists' references to respect for human rights in their justification for these programmes as evidence that these groups can serve as a progressive force in the region. Islamist parties have been particularly critical of the government's readiness to sign international treaties such as the United Nation's International Convention on Civil and Political Rights[45]. At a parliamentary session in June 2006 to discuss ratification of the Convention, Sheikh Adel Mouwda, the former leader of salafist party, Asalah, explained the party's objections: "The convention has been tailored by our enemies, God kill them all, to serve their needs and protect their interests rather than ours. This why we have eyes from the American Embassy watching us during our sessions, to ensure things are swinging their way"[46]. Both Sunnī and Shī'a Islamists suffered a setback in March 2006 when 20 municipal councillors, most of whom represented religious parties, went missing in Bangkok on an unscheduled stopover when returning from a conference in Malaysia[47]. After the missing councillors eventually arrived in Bahrain they defended their stay at the Radisson Hotel in Bangkok, telling journalists it was a "fact-finding mission", and explaining: "We benefited a lot from the trip to Thailand because we saw how they managed their transport, landscaping and roads"[48]. Bahraini liberals have responded to the growing power of religious parties by organizing themselves to campaign through civil society in order to defend basic personal freedoms from being legislated away. In November 2005, al Muntada, a grouping of liberal academics, launched "We Have A Right", a campaign to explain to the public why personal freedoms matter and why they need to be defended.

Women's political rights in Bahrain saw an important step forward when women were granted the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in the 2002 election. However, no women were elected to office in that year’s polls and instead Shī'a and Sunnī Islamists dominated the election, collectively winning a majority of seats. In response to the failure of women candidates, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes representatives of the Kingdom’s indigenous Jewish and Christian communities. The country's first female cabinet minister was appointed in 2004 when Dr. Nada Haffadh became Minister of Health, while the quasi-governmental women's group, the Supreme Council for Women, trained female candidates to take part in the 2006 general election. When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women's rights activist Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa as the President of the United Nations General Assembly[49], only the third woman in history to head the world body[50]. The king recently created the Supreme Judicial Council[51] to regulate the country's courts and institutionalize the separation of the administrative and judicial branches of government[52]; the leader of this court is Mohammed Humaidan.

On 11–12 November 2005, Bahrain hosted the Forum for the Future, bringing together leaders from the Middle East and G8 countries to discuss political and economic reform in the region[53]. The near total dominance of religious parties in elections has given a new prominence to clerics within the political system, with the most senior Shia religious leader, Sheikh Isa Qassim, playing what’s regarded as an extremely important role; according to one academic paper, “In fact, it seems that few decisions can be arrived at in Al Wefaq – and in the whole country, for that matter – without prior consultation with Isa Qassim, ranging from questions with regard to the planned codification of the personal status law to participation in elections”[54]. In 2007, Al Wefaq-backed parliamentary investigations are credited with forcing the government to remove ministers who had frequently clashed with MPs: the Minister of Health, Dr Nada Haffadh (who was also Bahrain’s first ever female cabinet minister) and the Minister of Information, Dr Mohammed Abdul Gaffar[55].

Governorates

For further information, see Template:PDFlink from the Bahrain official website.

Bahrain is split into five governorates. These governorates are:

Map Governorates
1. Capital Governorate
2. Central Governorate
3. Muharraq Governorate
4. Northern Governorate
5. Southern Governorate

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bahrain

In a region experiencing an oil boom, Bahrain has the fastest growing economy in the Arab world, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia found in January 2006[56]. Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East according to the 2006 Index of Economic Freedom published by the Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal, and is twenty-fifth freest overall in the world[57]. In 2008, Bahrain was named the world’s fastest growing financial center by the City of London’s Global Financial Centres Index[58][59]. Bahrain's banking and financial services sector, particularly Islamic banking, have benefited from the regional boom[60]. In Bahrain, petroleum production and processing account for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of GDP. Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, during and following the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to multinational firms. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude oil. Construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. In 2004, Bahrain signed the US-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, which will reduce certain barriers to trade between the two nations[35]. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems. In 2008, the jobless figure was a 3.8%[61], but women are over represented at 85% of the total[62]. Bahrain in 2007 became the first Arab country to institute unemployment benefits as part of a series of labour reforms instigated under Minister of Labour, Dr. Majeed Al Alawi[63].

Geography

Main article: Geography of Bahrain

Bahrain is a generally flat and arid archipelago, consisting of a low desert plain rising gently to a low central escarpment, in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. The highest point is the 122 m (400 ft) Jabal ad Dukhan. Bahrain has a total area of 665 km2 (257 sq mi), which is slightly larger than the Isle of Man, though it is smaller than the nearby King Fahd International Airport near Dammam, Saudi Arabia (780 km2 (301 sq mi)). As an archipelago of thirty-three islands, Bahrain does not share a land boundary with another country but does have a 161 km (100 mi) coastline and claims a further 22 km (12 nmi) of territorial sea and a 24 km (13 nmi) contiguous zone. Bahrain's largest islands are: Bahrain Island, Muharraq Island, Umm an Nasan, and Sitrah. Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers. Bahrain's natural resources include large quantities of oil and natural gas as well as fish stocks. Arable land constitutes only 2.82%[64] of the total area. Desert constitutes 92% of Bahrain, and periodic droughts and dust storms are the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as Tubli Bay. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilization of the Dammam Aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinization by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Bahrain

Bahrain is an Island located in west to the mainland of Saudi Arabia. Jabal ad Dukhan is the highest point in Bahrain with hills 134 m (440 ft) above sea level in the center of the Island. Zagros hills in Iraq cause the low level winds to be directed to the Island and creates a pressure pattern. The dust bowls from Iraq and Saudi Arabia makes fine dust particles easily transported by north westerly winds which cause visibility reductions in the months of June and July. The Summer is very hot, since the Gulf waters provides low level moisture supply. Seas around Bahrain is very shallow and heat up quickly in the Summer, and produces high Humidity specially in the summer nights. In those periods, summer temperatures may reach about 35 °C (95 °F). Rainfall in Bahrain is minimum and irregular, most rain falls occur in the winter seasons, recorded maximum of 70.8 mm (7.1 cm)[65].

Climate Charts

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bahrain
See also: Ethnic, Cultural and Religious Groups of Bahrain

The official religion of Bahrain is Islam, which the majority of the population practices. However, due to an influx of immigrants and guest workers from non-Muslim countries, such as India, Philippines and Sri Lanka[66], the overall percentage of Muslims in the country has declined in recent years. According to the 2001 census, 80% of Bahrain's population was Muslim, 10% were Christian, and 10% practiced other religions. There are no official figures for the proportion of Shia and Sunni among the Muslims of Bahrain. Unofficial sources, such as the Library of Congress Country Studies[67], BBC[68], and the New York Times[69], estimate it to be approximately 45% Sunni and 55% Shia. The last official census to include sectarian identification (in 1941) reported 53% as Shia. Bahrain has transformed into a cosmopolitan society with mixed communities; two thirds of Bahrain's population consists of Arabs. A Large contingent of people of Iranian descent as well as immigrants and guest workers from South Asia and Southeast Asia are present. A Financial Times published on 31 May 1983 found that "Bahrain is a polyglot state, both religiously and racially. Leaving aside the temporary immigrants of the past ten years, there are at least eight or nine communities on the island". The present communities may be classified as:

Community Description
Tribals Sunni Arab bedouin tribes allied to the Al-Khalifa including the Utoob tribes, Dawasir, Al Nuaim, Al Mannai etc.
Baharna Shia Arabs divided between those indigenous to the islands
Howala Descendants of Sunni Arabs who migrated to Persia and returned later on, although some of them are originally Persians[70][71].
Ajam Ethnic Persians from Shia and Sunni faith.
Najdis (also called Hadhar) Nn-tribal urban Sunni Arabs from Najd in central Arabia. These are families whose ancestors were pearl divers, traders, etc. An example is the Al Gosaibi family.
Banyan Indians who traded with Bahrain and settled before the age of oil[72] (formerly known as the Hunood or Banyan, Template:ArB). (See also Bania (caste)).
Afro-Arabs Descendants of black African slaves from East Africa.
Bahraini Jews A small Jewish community; and a miscellaneous grouping.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bahrain

Bahrain is sometimes described as the "Middle East lite" because it combines modern infrastructure with a Gulf identity and, unlike other countries in the region, its prosperity is not solely a reflection of the size of its oil wealth, but is also related to the creation of an indigenous middle class. This unique socioeconomic development in the Persian Gulf has meant that Bahrain is generally more liberal than its neighbours. While Islam is the main religion, Bahrainis have been known for their tolerance, and churches, Hindu temples, Sikh Gurdwara and a Jewish synagogue can be found alongside mosques. The country is home to several communities that have faced persecution elsewhere. It is too early to say whether political liberalisation under King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa has augmented or undermined Bahrain's traditional pluralism. The new political space for Shia and Sunni Islamists has meant that they are now more able to pursue programmes that often seek to directly confront this pluralism, yet political reforms have encouraged an opposite trend for society to become more self critical with more willingness to examine previous social taboos. It is now common to find public seminars on once unheard of subjects such as marital problems and sex[73] and child abuse[74]. Another facet of the new openness is Bahrain's status as the most prolific book publisher in the Arab world, with 132 books published in 2005 for a population of 700,000. In comparison, the average for the entire Arab world is seven books published per one million people in 2005, according to the United Nations Development Programme[75]. Ali Bahar is the most famous singer in Bahrain. He performs his music with his Band Al-Ekhwa (The Brothers). On October 20 2005, it was reported that Michael Jackson intended to leave the United States permanently in order to seek a new life in Bahrain. Jackson has reportedly told friends that he feels "increasingly Bahraini"[76], after buying a former PM's mansion in Sanad, and is now seeking another property by the seashore. Jackson reportedly moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, in 2006. Other celebrities associated with the Kingdom include singer Shakira, and Grand Prix driver Jenson Button, who owns property there. In Manama lies the new district of Juffair, predominantly built on reclaimed land. This is the location of the U.S. Naval Support Activity which hosts the headquarters for U.S. Naval Forces Central Command and U.S. Fifth Fleet. The concentration of restaurants, bars and nightlife make this area a magnet for U.S. service members and Saudi weekend visitors.

Bahraini poets

Language

Arabic is the official language of Bahrain, though English is widely used. Another language spoken by some of the local inhabitants of Bahrain is a dialect of Persian which has been heavily influenced by Arabic. Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, Tamil and Tagalog are widely spoken amongst the domestic workers, housemaids and construction workers.

Formula One and other motorsports events

Bahrain has a Formula One race-track, hosting the first Gulf Air Grand Prix on 4 April 2004, the first for an Arab country. The race was won by Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari. This was followed by the Bahrain Grand Prix in 2005. Bahrain has successfully hosted the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on 12 March. Both the above races were won by Fernando Alonso of Renault. The 2007 event took place on April 13th, 14th and 15th resulting in victory of Ferrari's Felipe Massa[77]. On Sunday, April 6th, 2008, Ferrari's Felipe Massa once again took the Bahrain Grand Prix victory, with BMW Sauber's Robert Kubica being the first Polish driver on pole position, and BMW's first pole as well. In 2006, Bahrain also hosted its inaugural Australian V8 Supercar event dubbed the "Desert 400". The V8s will return every November to the Sakhir circuit. The inaugural round was won by Ford Performance Racing's Jason Bright. The Bahrain International Circuit also features a full length drag strip, and the Bahrain Drag Racing Club has organised invitational events featuring some of Europe's top drag racing teams [78] to try and raise the profile of the sport in the Middle East. There has been much speculation about Bahrain hosting a round of the FIA European Drag Racing Championship, but as yet this has not come to fruition due to problems with the track gaining the necessary licence [79].

Holidays

Date English name Local name
January 1 New Year's Day رأس السنة الميلادية
May 1 Labour Day عيد العمال
December 16 National Day العيد الوطني
December 17 Accession Day عيد الجلوس
10th Zilhajjah Feast of the Sacrifice (4 days)[80] Eid ul-Adha Commemorates Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son Ismail; occurs at the 10th day of the month of hajj. i.e. the month of Dhu al-Hijjah
1st Shawal Little Feast (3 days) Eid ul-Fitr Commemorates end of Ramadan
1st Moharram Hijri New Year Muharram Islamic New Year
9th & 10th Moharram Ashura Day Muharram
Last days of Ramadan Al-Isra' wa ul-Miraj Lailat al Miraj Commemorates Muhammad's journey to the Heavens
27th Rajab Al-Isra' wa ul-Miraj Rajab Non Salafi Sunni celebrate Mi'raj i.e. the day Muhammad have ascended to heaven
12th Rabiul Awal Prophet Muhammad's birthday Mawlid al-Nabi
9th-10th Moharram Ashoura (2 days) Commemorates the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala

On 1 September 2006, Bahrain changed its weekend from being Thursdays and Fridays to Fridays and Saturdays, in order to have a day of the weekend shared with the rest of the world.

Military

Main article: Military of Bahrain
See also: Bahrain Royal Medical Services, Royal Bahraini Army, Royal Bahraini Air Force, and Royal Bahrain Naval Force

The kingdom has a small but well equipped military called the Bahrain Defense Force (BDF). The BDF is primarily equipped with U.S. equipment, such as F16 Fighting Falcon, F5 Freedom Fighter, UH60 Blackhawk, M60A3 tanks, and the ex-USS Jack Williams (FFG-24), an Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate renamed the RBNS Sabha. The [Government of Bahrain has a cooperative agreement with the United States Military and has provided the United States a base in Juffair since the early 1990s. This is the home of the headquarters for Commander, United States Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) / United States Fifth Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT), and about 1500 U.S. and coalition military personnel[81].

Education

Main article: Education in Bahrain
See also: Boy Scouts of Bahrain

At the beginning of the 20th Century, Quranic schools (Kuttab) were the only form of education in Bahrain. They were traditional schools aimed at teaching children and youth the reading of the Qur'an. After the First World War, Bahrain became open to western influences, and a demand for modern educational institutions appeared. 1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain when Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys was opened in Muharraq. In 1926, the Education Committee opened the second public school for boys in Manama, and in 1928 the first public school for girls was opened in Muharraq. In 2004 King Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa introduced a project that uses Information Communication Technology (ICT) to support K–12 education in Bahrain. This project is named King Hamad Schools of Future. The objective of this project is to connect and link all schools within the kingdom with the internet. In addition to British intermediate schools, the island is served by the Bahrain School (BS). The BS is a United States Department of Defense school that provides a K-12 curriculum including International Baccalaureate offerings. There are also private schools that offer either the IB Diploma Programme or UK A-Levels. In 2007, St. Christopher's School Bahrain became the first school in Bahrain to offer a choice of IB or A-Levels for students. The British School of Bahrain was listed by The Times newspaper as being one of the top 10 schools outside the United Kingdom. Numerous international educational institutions and schools have established links to Bahrain. A few prominent institutions are DePaul University, Bentley College, and NYIT. ((See also: List of universities in Bahrain. Schooling is paid for by the government. Primary and secondary attendance is high, although it is not compulsory. Bahrain also encourages institutions of higher learning, drawing on expatriate talent and the increasing pool of Bahrain Nationals returning from abroad with advanced degrees. The University of Bahrain has been established for standard undergraduate and graduate study, and the College of Health Sciences; operating under the direction of the Ministry of Health, trains physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and paramedics. The national action charter, passed in 2001, paved the way for the formation of private universities. The first private university was Ahlia University, situated in Manama. The University of London External has appointed MCG as the regional representative office in Bahrain for distance learning programs. MCG is one of the oldest private institutes in the country. Institutes have also been opened which educate Asian students, such as the Pakistan Urdu School, the Indian School, Bahrain, The Asian School, Bahrain and the New Indian School, Bahrain.

Tourism

Al Bander Resort in Bahrain.
Main article: Tourism in Bahrain

Bahrain is a popular tourist destination with over eight million tourists a year. Most of the visitors are from the surrounding Arab states but there is an increasing number of tourists from outside the region due to a growing awareness of the kingdom’s heritage and its higher profile with regards to the Bahrain International F1 Ciruit. The Lonely Planet describes Bahrain as "an excellent introduction to the Persian Gulf[82]", because of its authentic Arab heritage and reputation as relatively liberal and modern. The kingdom combines Arab culture, Gulf glitz and the archaeological legacy of five thousand years of civilization. The island is home to castles including Qalat Al Bahrain which has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The Bahrain National Museum has artifacts from the country's history dating back to the island's first human inhabitation 9000 years ago. Some of the major projects underway are:

See also

  • Kingdom of Bahrain (eGovernment Portal)
  • Bahrain Tourism
  • BBC Country profile: Bahrain
  • "Bahrain". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
  • Lonely Planet Destination Guide
  • Bahrain Guide
  • A Guide to Bahrain for Visitors and Expatriates
  • Bahrain Brief
  • Bahrain Expatriate Community
  • Bahrain Wiki

References

  1. ^ Embassy of the Kingdom of Bahrain to the United States
  2. ^ CIA World Factbook, "Bahrain" [1]
  3. ^ " Bahrain ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 2008 [2]
  4. ^ Danes behind the world's longest fixed link COWI, 25 September 2001
  5. ^ History of Bahrain History of Nations website
  6. ^ Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography By Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, page 119
  7. ^ Bahrain By Federal Research Division, page 7
  8. ^ Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam, Routledge 2001p28
  9. ^ Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in ... By Jamsheed K. Choksy, 1997, page 75
  10. ^ Yoma 77a and Rosh Hashbanah, 23a
  11. ^ Curtis E. Larsen. Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University Of Chicago Press, 1984
  12. ^ a b Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007
  13. ^ Smith, G.R. "Uyūnids." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 16 March 2008 [3]
  14. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Baḥrayn." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 15 March 2008 [4]
  15. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2. (May, 1987), pp. 177-203, at p. 179, through JSTOR. [5]
  16. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Baḥrayn."
  17. ^ a b c Rentz, "al- Baḥrayn."
  18. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 186, through JSTOR. [6]
  19. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 187
  20. ^ X. De Planhol, "Bahrain", Encyclopedia Iranica (online version) [7]
  21. ^ X. De Planhol
  22. ^ a b Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 194
  23. ^ a b J. A. Kechichian, "Bahrain", Encyclopedia Iranica (online version) [8]
  24. ^ Burrell, R.M. "al- Manāma." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 11 April 2008 [9]
  25. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Dawāsir." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman ، Th. Bianquis ، C.E. Bosworth ، E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 19 December 2007 [10]
  26. ^ Momen, Moojan, Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p.145
  27. ^ Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia, London, UK: Al Saqi Books, 1998, p. 91.
  28. ^ a b Vassiliev, p. 186
  29. ^ Vassiliev, p. 107
  30. ^ J. A. Kechichian
  31. ^ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800", p. 199
  32. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Dawāsir."
  33. ^ Belgrave of Bahrain: The Life of Charles Dalrymple Belgrave, Emirates Natural History Group, 2007
  34. ^ The Uncontrollable Genie Time Magazine, 27 August 1956
  35. ^ a b http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/817505.stm Bahrain Timeline] BBC
  36. ^ Bahrain Profile National Post 7 April 2007
  37. ^ Stay just over the horizon this time, Time Magazine, 25 October 1982
  38. ^ Rebellion in Bahrain, Middle East Review of International Affairs, March 1999
  39. ^ Bahrain: Promising Human Rights Reforms Must Continue, Amnesty International, 13 March 2001
  40. ^ http://www.tradearabia.com/tanews/newsdetails_snLAW_article116035_cnt.html
  41. ^ Islamists hail huge election victory, Gulf News, 27 November 2006
  42. ^ Mannequins ban councillor up in arms Gulf Daily News, April 11 2005
  43. ^ Drying underwear in public 'offensive', Gulf Daily News, 11 March 2005
  44. ^ Peeping clamp Gulf Daily News, 25 January 2006
  45. ^ The International Convention on Civil and Political Rights Human Rights Web
  46. ^ Rights push by Bahrain, Gulf Daily News, 14 June 2006
  47. ^ Councillors 'missing' in Bangkok, Gulf Daily News, 15 March 2006
  48. ^ Councillors face the music after Bangkok jaunt, Gulf Daily News (via Bahrain.tv) 16 March 2006
  49. ^ Bahraini woman becomes UN General Assembly president. Zee News. June 8, 2006
  50. ^ 'UN General Assembly to be headed by its third-ever woman president', United Nations, June 8, 2006
  51. ^ Bahrain Law on Judicial Authority Published by the Arab Judicial Forum 15-17 September 2003
  52. ^ Bahrain sets up institute to train judges and prosecutors Gulf News, 15 November 2005
  53. ^ Forum for the Future Factsheet US State Department, 2005
  54. ^ Voices in Parliament, Debates in Majalis, Banners on the Street: Avenues of Political Participation in Bahrain, Katja Niethammar, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, 2006
  55. ^ Bahrain ministries' probe to continue Gulf News, 25 September 2007
  56. ^ Bahrain expected to bustle Arabian Business, 1 February 2007
  57. ^ Bahrain Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation
  58. ^ Hedge Funds Review 18 March 2008
  59. ^ http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/Story.asp?Article=211833&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=30364 Gulf Daily News] 18 March 2008
  60. ^ http://www.arabianbusiness.com/517455-bahrain-calling
  61. ^ http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/Story.asp?Article=225349&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=31137
  62. ^ http://www.khaleejtimes.com/darticlen.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2008/August/middleeast_August80.xml&section=middleeast&col=
  63. ^ Minister lashes out at parties opposed to unemployment benefit scheme Gulf News, 22 June 2007
  64. ^ CIA World Factbook - Bahrain, CIA, 2005
  65. ^ http://www.bahrainweather.com/BahClimatelog.aspx
  66. ^ Bahrain's crown prince to visit India Overseas Indian, 8 March 2007
  67. ^ Bahrain Country Study Library of Congress
  68. ^ Young in the Arab world: Bahrain, BBC, 25 February 2005
  69. ^ In Tiny Arab state, web takes on ruling elite New York Times, 15 January 2006
  70. ^ Rentz, "al- Baḥrayn.": "A good number of the Sunnīs of Baḥrayn are Arabs or the descendants of Arabs onze resident on the Persian coast; such are known as Huwala."
  71. ^ Rentz, G. "al- Kawāsim." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 15 March 2008 [11]
  72. ^ «البونيان» تاريخ طويل يمتد في وسط المنامة باسم «ليتل إنديا», Alwasat Newspaper
  73. ^ Scholarly 'lacking sexual awareness' Gulf Daily News, 22 January 2006
  74. ^ Gulf Daily News
  75. ^ Bahrain tops publishing sector among Arab states Gulf News, 4 January 2006
  76. ^ Jackson settles down to his new life in the Gulf Gulf News, 23 January 2006
  77. ^ Bahrain International Circuit
  78. ^ Eurodragster.com
  79. ^ Eurodragster.com
  80. ^ Also known as the Big Feast
  81. ^ United States Navy Central Command web site
  82. ^ Bahrain, Destination Guide Lonely Planet


26°01′39″N 50°33′00″E / 26.02750°N 50.55000°E / 26.02750; 50.55000

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