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Indian Railways
Company typeDepartmental Undertaking of The Ministry of Railways, Government of India
IndustryRailways and Locomotives
Founded26 April 1853
Headquarters
New Delhi
,
India
Area served
India
Key people
Union Railway Minister:
Laloo Prasad Yadav
Minister of State for Railways (V):
R. Velu
Minister of State for Railways (R):
Naranbhai J. Rathwa
Chairman, Railway Board:
K C Jena.
ProductsRail transport, cargo transport, services
RevenueIncrease INR Rs 72,655 Crores (2008) (~18.16BUSD)[1]
Number of employees
1,406,430 (as on March 31, 2007)[2]
ParentMinistry of Railways, Government of India
Divisions16 Railway Zones (excluding Konkan Railway)
Websitewww.indianrailways.gov.in

Indian Railways (Hindi: भारतीय रेल Bhāratīya Rail), abbreviated as IR (भारे), is the state-owned railway company of India, which owns and operates most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India.

Indian Railways has one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world, transporting over 18 million passengers and more than 2 million tonnes of freight daily.[3][4] It is the world's largest commercial or utility employer, with more than 1.4 million employees.[5][3] The railways traverse the length and breadth of the country, covering 6,909 stations over a total route length of more than 63,327 kilometres (39,350 mi). IR owns over 200,000 wagons, 50,000 coaches and 8,000 locomotives of rolling stock.[3]

Railways were first introduced to India in 1853. By 1947, the year of India's independence, there were forty-two rail systems. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit, becoming one of the largest networks in the world. IR operates both long distance and suburban rail systems on a multi-gauge network of broad, metre and narrow gauges. It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities.

History

Main article: History of rail transport in India

A plan for a rail system in India was first put forward in 1832, but no further steps were taken for more than a decade. In 1844, the Governor-General of India Lord Hardinge allowed private entrepreneurs to set up a rail system in India. The East India Company (and later the British Government) encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to five percent during the initial years of operation. The companies were to build and operate the lines under a 99 year lease, with the government having the option to buy them earlier.[6]

Extent of Great Indian Peninsular Railway network in 1870. The GIPR was one of the largest rail companies at that time.
File:MSM map 1914.jpg
Map of the Madras and South Mahratta Railway lines

Two new railway companies, Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR) and East Indian Railway (EIR), were created in 1853-54 to construct and operate two 'experimental' lines near Bombay and Calcutta respectively.[6] The first train in India had become operational on 22 December 1851 for localised hauling of canal construction material in Roorkee.[7] A year and a half later, on 16 April 1853, the first passenger train service was inaugurated between Bori Bunder in Bombay and Thane. Covering a distance of 34 kilometres (21 mi), it was hauled by three locomotives, Sahib, Sindh, and Sultan.[8]

In 1854 Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India, formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies were established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India.[9] Soon various native states built their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of Assam, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. The route mileage of this network increased from 1,349 kilometres (838 mi) in 1860 to 25,495 kilometres (15,842 mi) in 1880 - mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.[10] By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives, and in 1896 sent engineers and locomotives to help build the Uganda Railway.[citation needed]

At the beginning of the twentieth century India had a multitude of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, metre and narrow gauge networks.[11] In 1900 the government took over the GIPR network, while the company continued to manage it. With the arrival of the First World War, the railways were used to transport troops and foodgrains to the port city of Bombay and Karachi en route to UK, Mesopotamia, East Africa etc. By the end of the First World War, the railways had suffered immensely and were in a poor state.[12] In 1923, both GIPR and EIR were nationalized with the state assuming both ownership and management control.[11]

The Second World War severely crippled the railways as rolling stock was diverted to the Middle East, and the railway workshops were converted into munitions workshops.[13] At the time of independence in 1947, about 40 per cent of the railways then went to newly-created nation of Pakistan.[citation needed] A total of forty-two separate railway systems, including thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian princely states, were amalgamated as a single unit which was christened as the Indian Railways. The existing rail networks were abandoned in favour of zones in 1951 and a total of six zones came into being in 1952.[11]

As the economy of India improved, almost all railway production units were 'indigenised' (produced in India). By 1985, steam locomotives were phased out in favour of diesel and electric locomotives. The entire railway reservation system was streamlined with computerisation between 1987 and 1995.

Organisational Structure

A schematic map of the Indian Railways network, showing the various zones.

Indian Railways is a department owned and controlled by the Government of India, via the Ministry of Railways rather than a private company. As of 2008, the Railway Ministry is headed by Laloo Prasad Yadav, the Union Minister for Railways and assisted by two Ministers of State for Railways, R. Velu and Naranbhai J. Rathwa. Indian Railways is administered by the Railway Board, which has six members and a chairman.

Railway Zones

File:DSC00088.JPG
The headquarters of the Indian Railways in New Delhi

Indian Railways is divided into zones, which are further sub-divided into divisions. The number of zones in Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1952, and finally 16 in 2002-03. Each zonal railway is made up of a certain number of divisions, each having a divisional headquarters. There are a total of sixty-seven divisions.[11][14]

The Calcutta Metro is owned and operated by Indian Railways, but is not a part of any of the zones. It is administratively considered to have the status of a zonal railway.[14]

Each of the sixteen zones, as well as the Calcutta Metro, is headed by a General Manager (GM) who reports directly to the Railway Board. The zones are further divided into divisions under the control of Divisional Railway Managers (DRM). The divisional officers of engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal & telecommunication, accounts, personnel, operating, commercial and safety branches report to the respective Divisional Manager and are in charge of operation and maintenance of assets. Further down the hierarchy tree are the Station Masters who control individual stations and the train movement through the track territory under their stations' administration.

Sl. No Name Abbr. Date Established Headquarters Divisions
1. Central CR November 5, 1951 Mumbai Mumbai, Bhusawal, Pune, Solapur, Nagpur
2. East Central ECR October 1, 2002 Hajipur Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur, Sonpur
3. East Coast ECoR April 1, 2003 Bhubaneswar Khurda Road, Sambalpur, Visakhapatnam
4. Eastern ER April, 1952 Kolkata Howrah, Sealdah, Asansol, Malda
5. North Central NCR April 1, 2003 Allahabad Allahabad, Agra, Jhansi
6. North Eastern NER 1952 Gorakhpur Izzatnagar, Lucknow, Varanasi
7. North Western NWR October 1, 2002 Jaipur Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur
8. Northeast Frontier NFR 1958 Guwahati Alipurduar, Katihar, Lumding, Rangia, Tinsukia
9. Northern NR April 14, 1952 Delhi Delhi, Ambala, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad
10. South Central SCR October 2, 1966 Secunderabad Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Guntakal, Guntur, Nanded, Vijayawada
11. South East Central SECR April 1, 2003 Bilaspur, CG Bilaspur, Raipur, Nagpur
12. South Eastern SER 1955 Kolkata Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, Ranchi
13. South Western SWR April 1, 2003 Hubli Hubli, Bangalore, Mysore
14. Southern SR April 14, 1951 Chennai Chennai, Madurai, Palakkad, Salem, Tiruchchirapalli, Thiruvanathapuram
15. West Central WCR April 1, 2003 Jabalpur Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota
16. Western WR November 5, 1951 Mumbai Mumbai Central, Baroda, Ratlam, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Bhavnagar


Railway Production Units

A WAP5 locomotive
A diesel locomotive of Indian Railways powering Express train, that runs in Assam

The Indian Railways manufactures a lot of its rolling stock and heavy engineering components. This is largely due to historical reasons. As with most developing economies, the main reason is import substitution of expensive technology related products. This was relevant when the general state of the national engineering industry was immature.

Production Units, the manufacturing plants of the Indian Railways, are managed directly by the ministry. The General Managers of the PUs report to the Railway Board. The Production Units are:

These six production units (PUs) are each headed by a General Manager (GM), who also reports directly to the Railway Board.

Other independent units of Indian Railways are:

Important maintenance workshops on IR are:

Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML), Bangalore is an organization unrelated to the Indian Railways, however it manufactures coaches for both the Indian Railways and the Delhi Metro system.

In addition to this the Central Organisation for Railway Electrification (CORE), Metro Railway, Calcutta and construction organisation of NFR are also headed by a General Manager.

Railway PSU's

Apart from these zones and production units, a number of Public Sector Undertakings are under the administrative control of the ministry of railways. These units are:

  1. Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India
  2. Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation
  3. Konkan Railway Corporation
  4. Indian Railway Finance Corporation
  5. Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation
  6. Railtel Corporation of India – Telecommunication Networks
  7. RITES Ltd. – Consulting Division of Indian Railways
  8. IRCON International Ltd. – Construction Division
  9. Rail Vikas Nigam Limited
  10. Container Corporation of India
  11. Rail Land Development Authority is a statutory authority formed through an amendment of the Railways' Act, 1989 for commercial development of vacant railway land/
  12. Centre for Railway Information Systems is an autonomous organisation under the Railway Board, which is responsible for developing the major software required by Indian Railways.

Passenger Services

A DMU Train

Indian Railways operates about 9,000 passenger trains and transports 18 million passengers daily across twenty-eight states and one union territory, Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry) and . Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya are the only states not connected by rail. The passenger division is the most preferred form of long distance transport in most of the country. A standard passenger train consists of eighteen coaches, but some popular trains can have up to 24 coaches. Coaches are designed to accommodate anywhere from 18 to 81 passengers, but during the holiday seasons or when on busy routes, more passengers may travel in a coach. Most regular trains have coaches connected through vestibules. However, 'unreserved coaches' are not connected with the rest of the train via any vestibule.

Reservation against cancellation service is a provision for shared berth in case the travel ticket is not confirmed. It is a way of maximizing the number of wait-listed passengers to be accommodated in case of a cancellation.[15]

Suburban Rail

The Delhi Metro railway
Mumbai's suburban trains handle 6.3 million commuters daily.[16]

Many cities have their own dedicated suburban networks to cater to commuters. Currently, suburban networks operate in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata , Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune and Lucknow. Hyderabad, Pune and Lucknow do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share the tracks with long distance trains. New Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai have their own metro networks, namely the New Delhi Metro, the Kolkata Metro,and the Chennai MRTS, with dedicated tracks mostly laid on a flyover.

Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are mostly electric multiple units. They usually have nine coaches or sometimes twelve to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in Mumbai run on direct current, while those elsewhere use alternating current.[17] A standard coach is designed to accommodate 96 seated passengers, but the actual number of passengers can easily double or triple with standees during rush hour.

Notable Trains and Achievements

A train on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway

There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on IR — the Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus[18] and the Mountain railways of India. The latter is not contiguous, but actually consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India:[19]

The Palace on Wheels is a specially designed train, frequently hauled by a steam locomotive, for promoting tourism in Rajasthan. On the same lines, the Maharashtra government introduced the Deccan Odyssey covering various tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa, and was followed by the Government of Karnataka which introduced the Golden Chariot train connecting popular tourist destinations in Karnataka and Goa. However, neither of them has been able to enjoy the popular success of the Palace on Wheels.

The Samjhauta Express is a train that runs between India and Pakistan. However, hostilities between the two nations in 2001 saw the line being closed. It was reopened when the hostilities subsided in 2004. Another train connecting Khokhrapar (Pakistan) and Munabao (India) is the Thar Express that restarted operations on February 18, 2006; it was earlier closed down after the 1965 Indo-Pak war. The Kalka Shimla Railway till recently featured in the Guinness Book of World Records for offering the steepest rise in altitude in the space of 96 kilometres.[20]

A Beyer Garrett 6594 Engine seen at the National Rail Museum

The Lifeline Express is a special train popularly known as the "Hospital-on-Wheels" which provides healthcare to the rural areas. This train has a carriage that serves as an operating room, a second one which serves as a storeroom and an additional two that serve as a patient ward. The train travels around the country, staying at a location for about two months before moving elsewhere.

Among the famous locomotives, the Fairy Queen is the oldest running locomotive on the mainline (though only for specials) in the world today, though the distinction of the oldest surviving locomotive that has recently seen service belongs to John Bull. Kharagpur railway station also has the distinction of being the world's longest railway platform at 1072 m (3,517 ft). The Ghum station along the Darjeeling Toy Train route is the second highest railway station in the world to be reached by a steam locomotive.[21] The Mumbai–Pune Deccan Queen has the oldest running dining car in IR.

The Himsagar Express, between Kanyakumari and Jammu Tawi, has the longest run in terms of distance and time on Indian Railways network. It covers 3,745 km (2,327 miles) in about 74 hours and 55 minutes. The Bhopal Shatabdi Express is the fastest train in India today having a maximum speed of 150 km/h (93.7 mph) on the Faridabad–Agra section. The fastest speed attained by any train is 184 km/h (114 mph) in 2000 during test runs.

Freight

A single line rail bridge

IR carries a huge variety of goods ranging from mineral ores, fertilizers and petrochemicals, agricultural produce, iron & steel, multimodal traffic and others. Ports and major urban areas have their own dedicated freight lines and yards. Many important freight stops have dedicated platforms and independent lines.

Indian Railways makes 70% of its revenues and most of its profits from the freight sector, and uses these profits to cross-subsidise the loss-making passenger sector. However, competition from trucks which offer cheaper rates has seen a decrease in freight traffic in recent years. Since the 1990s, Indian Railways has switched from small consignments to larger container movement which has helped speed up its operations. Most of its freight earnings come from such rakes carrying bulk goods such as coal, cement, food grains and iron ore.

Indian Railways also transports vehicles over long distances. Trucks that carry goods to a particular location are hauled back by trains saving the trucking company on unnecessary fuel expenses. Refrigerated vans are also available in many areas. The "Green Van" is a special type used to transport fresh food and vegetables. Recently Indian Railways introduced the special 'Container Rajdhani' or CONRAJ, for high priority freight. The highest speed notched up for a freight train is 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) for a 4,700 metric tonne load.

Recent changes have sought to boost the earnings from freight. A privatization scheme was introduced recently to improve the performance of freight trains. Companies are being allowed to run their own container trains. The first length of an 11,000-kilometre (6,800 mi) freight corridor linking India's biggest cities has recently been approved. The railways has increased load limits for the system's 225,000 freight wagons by 11%, legalizing something that was already happening. Due to increase in manufacturing transport in India that was augmented by the increase in fuel cost, transportation by rail became advantageous financially. New measures such as speeding up the turnaround times have added some 24% to freight revenues.

Dedicated Freight Corridor

Ministry of Railways have planned to construct a new Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) covering about 2762 route kms on two corridors, Eastern Corridor from Ludhiana to Sone Nagar and Western Corridor from Jawahar Lal Nehru Port Mumbai to Tughlakabad/Dadri along with interlinking of two corridors at Khurja. Upgradation of transportation technology, increase in productivity and reduction in unit transportation cost are the focus areas for the project.

“Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCC)” is a special purpose vehicle created to undertake planning & development, mobilization of financial resources and construction, maintenance and operation of the Dedicated Freight Corridors. DFCC has been registered as a company under the Companies Act 1956 on 30th October 2006.

Rail Budget and Finances

A sample ticket; fares on this largest computer system network are quite reasonable.

The Railway Budget deals with planned infrastructure expenditure on the railways as well as with the operating revenue and expenditure for the upcoming fiscal years, the public elements of which are usually the induction and improvement of existing trains and routes, planned investment in new and existing infrastructure elements, and the tariff for freight and passenger travel. The Parliament discusses the policies and allocations proposed in the budget. The budget needs to be passed by a simple majority in the Lok Sabha (Lower House). The comments of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) are non-binding. Indian Railways is subject to the same audit control as other government revenue and expenditures. Based on anticipated traffic and the projected tariff, requirement of resources for capital and revenue expenditure of railways is worked out. While the revenue expenditure is met entirely by railways itself, the shortfall in the capital (plan) expenditure is met partly from borrowings (raised by Indian Railway Finance Corporation) and the rest from Budgetary support from the Central Government. Indian Railways pays dividend to the Central Government for the capital invested by the Central Government.

As per the Separation Convention (on the recommendations of the Acworth Committee), 1924, the Railway Budget is presented to the Parliament by the Union Railway Minister, two days prior to the General Budget, usually around 26th February. Though the Railway Budget is separately presented to the Parliament, the figures relating to the receipt and expenditure of the Railways are also shown in the General Budget, since they are a part and parcel of the total receipts and expenditure of the Government of India. This document serves as a balance sheet of operations of the Railways during the previous year and lists out plans for expansion for the current year.

The formation of policy and overall control of the railways is vested in Railway Board, comprising the Chairman, the Financial Commissioner and other functional members of Traffic, Engineering, Mechanical, Electrical and Staff departments.

Indian Railways, which a few years ago was operating at a loss, has, in recent years, been generating positive cash flows and been meeting its dividend obligations to the government. The railway reported a cash surplus of Rs 9000 cr in 2005, Rs 14000 cr in 2006, Rs 20,000 cr in 2007 and Rs.25,000 cr for the 2007-2008 fiscal year. Its operating ratio improved to 76% while, in the last four years, its plan size increased from Rs. 13,000 cr to Rs. 30,000 cr. The proposed investment for the 2008-2009 fiscal year is Rs. 37,500 cr, 21% more than for the previous fiscal year.[1] Budget Estimates-2008 for Freight, Passenger, Sundry other Earnings and other Coaching Earnings have been kept at Rs. 52,700 cr, Rs 21,681 cr, Rs. 5,000 cr and Rs 2,420 cr respectively. Maintaining an overall double digit growth, Gross Traffic Earnings have been projected as Rs 81,801 cr.[1] Around 20% of the passenger revenue is earned from the upper class segments of the passenger segment (the air-conditioned classes).[22]

Current Issues and Upgrades

Although accidents such as derailment and collisions are less common in recent times, many are run over by trains, especially in crowded areas. Indian Railways have accepted the fact that given the size of operations, eliminating accidents is an unrealistic goal, and at best they can only minimize the accident rate. Human error is the primary cause, leading to 83% of all train accidents in India.[23] of mishaps. In the past, the Konkan Railway route has suffered from landslides in the monsoon season, causing fatal accidents.

Outdated communication, safety and signaling equipment, which used to contribute to failures in the system, is being updated with the latest technology. A number of train accidents happened on account of a system of manual signals between stations, so automated signaling is getting a boost at considerable expense. It is felt that this would be required given the gradual increase in train speeds and lengths, that would tend to make accidents more dangerous. In the latest instances of signaling control by means of interlinked stations, failure-detection circuits are provided for each track circuit and signal circuit with notification to the signal control centres in case of problems.[24] Though currently available only in a small subset of the overall IR system, anti-collision devices are to be extended to the entire system.[25] Aging colonial-era bridges and century-old tracks also require regular maintenance and upgrading.

In recent years Indian Railways has laid claim to a financial turnaround, with (unaudited) operating profits going up substantially.[26] Credit for this achievement has been claimed by current Indian Railway Minister, Mr. Lalu Prasad Yadav, who asserts that he made significant improvements in the operating efficiency of goods traffic after he took over as Railway Minister in May 2004.[27]

Comparison of different gauges common in India with the standard one, which is not common in India

The Sixth Pay Commission has been constituted in India to review the pay structure of Government employees, and its recommendations are expected by the end of 2008. Based on its recommendations, the salaries of all Railways officers and staff are expected to be revised with retrospective effect (w.e.f. January 1, 2006). If previous Pay Commissions are taken as an indicator, this revision could be 50%, thus having an impact on present and future Railway budgets.

The Rajdhani Express and Shatabadi Express are the fastest trains of Indian Railways, though they face competition from low-cost airlines since they run at a maximum speed of only 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph).[28] At least five corridors are under consideration for the introduction of high speed bullet trains to India with expert assistance from France. It is estimated that to modernise Indian Rail and bring it up to international standards, would require over US$200 billion in new and upgrade investments.[29]

IR is in the process of upgrading stations, coaches, tracks, services, safety, and security.[30] Initially, various upgrade and overhaul work will be performed at more than fifty stations, some of it by private contract. All meter gauge lines in the country will be converted to broad gauge (see Project Unigauge). New LHB stainless steel coaches, manufactured in India, are due to be introduced on all Rajdhani and Shatabdi trains by 2011.[25] These coaches will enhance the safety and riding comfort of passengers besides having more carrying capacity, and in time will replace thousands of old model coaches throughout Indian Railways. More durable and conforming polyurethane paint is now being used to enhance the quality of rakes and significantly reduce the cost of repainting. Improved ventilation and illumination are part of the new scheme of things, along with the decision to install air brake systems on all coaches. New manufacturing units are being set up to produce state-of-the-art locomotives and coaches.[25] IR is also expanding its telemedicine network facilities to further give its employees in far-flung and remote areas access to specialized medicine. IR has also piloted Internet connectivity on the Mumbai-Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express [31], powered by Techno Sat Communications

Sanitation in trains and stations throughout the system is getting more attention with the introduction of eco-friendly, discharge-free, green (or bio-) toilets developed by IIT Kanpur. Updated eco-friendly refrigerant is being used in AC systems while fire detection systems will be installed on trains in a phased manner. New rodent-control and cleanliness procedures are working their way into the many zones of IR. Central Railway's 'Operation Saturday' is gradually making progress, station by station, in the cleanup of its Mumbai division.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Budget Highlights" (PDF). Official webpage of Indian Railways.
  2. ^ "Personnel" (PDF). Indian Railways Yearbook 2006-2007. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  3. ^ a b c Indian Railways Year Book (2006-2007). Ministry of Railways, Government of India. 2007. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 23-12-2008. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ Indian Railways Year Book (2006-2007). Ministry of Railways, Government of India. 2007. p. 53. Retrieved 23-12-2008. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ Guinness Book of World Records. Guinness World Records, Ltd. 2005. p. 93. ISBN 1892051222.
  6. ^ a b R.R. Bhandari (2005). Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 1–19. ISBN 81-230-1254-3.
  7. ^ "First train ran between Roorkee and Piran Kaliyar". National News. The Hindu. 2002-08-10. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  8. ^ Babu, T. Stanley (2004). "A shining testimony of progress". Indian Railway Board. p. 101. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |book= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Thorner, Daniel (2005). "The pattern of railway development in India". In Kerr, Ian J. (ed.). Railways in Modern India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 80–96. ISBN 0195672925.
  10. ^ Hurd, John (2005). "Railways". In Kerr, Ian J. (ed.). Railways in Modern India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 147–172–96. ISBN 0195672925.
  11. ^ a b c d R.R. Bhandari (2005). Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 44–52. ISBN 81-230-1254-3.
  12. ^ Awasthi, Aruna (1994). History and development of railways in India. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 181–246.
  13. ^ Wainwright, A. Marin (1994). Inheritance of Empire. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 48. ISBN 9780275947330.
  14. ^ a b "Geography: Railway zones". Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 23-12-2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  15. ^ "Reservation Rules". Indian Railways. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  16. ^ "Overview Of the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway". Official webpage of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  17. ^ "[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Electric Traction — I". Irfca.org. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  18. ^ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)". World Heritage List. World Heritage Committee. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  19. ^ "Mountain Railways of India". World Heritage List. World Heritage Committee. 1999. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  20. ^ Article in The Tribune
  21. ^ Indian Railways Site
  22. ^ Arun Kumar Das. "Indian Railway takes the E-route". Online edition of the Times of India, dated 2005-06-19. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  23. ^ Amulya Gopalakrishnan. "A poor track record". Online edition of Frontline magazine, dated 2003-07-19. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  24. ^ Indian Railways Signaling System, Indian Railways Signaling Systems
  25. ^ a b c "HIGHLIGHTS OF RAILWAY BUDGET 2008-09" (PDF). Official webpage of Indian Railways. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
  26. ^ "Statistical Summary-Indian Railways". 2006-02-23. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  27. ^ "Indian Railways runs right under Yadav's leadership". Archived from the original on 2007-06-05.
  28. ^ "Business Travel Still On Track - Cover Story - FE Business Traveller". Businesstravellerindia.com. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  29. ^ "The Telegraph - Calcutta : Business". Telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  30. ^ "Railways to modernise six stations- Railways-Transportation-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  31. ^ "WiFi In Trains Piloted On Shatabdi Express; Music Downloads, Movies On Demand?". MediaNama.com. Retrieved 2009-11-13.

References

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