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Lille
The Belfry of the Chamber of commerce and the Vieille Bourse from the Place du Général de Gaulle, also known as Grand'Place
The Belfry of the Chamber of commerce and the Vieille Bourse from the Place du Général de Gaulle, also known as Grand'Place
Flag of Lille
Flag
Coat of arms of Lille
Coat of arms
Location of Lille
Map
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
DepartmentNord
ArrondissementLille
IntercommunalityLille Métropole
Government
 • Mayor (2008–2014) Martine Aubry (PS)
Area
1
39.51 km2 (15.25 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (1999)
450 km2 (170 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (1999)
975 km2 (376 sq mi)
Population
 (2006)
226,014
 • Rank10th in France
 • Density5,700/km2 (15,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (1999)
1,000,900
 • Urban density2,200/km2 (5,800/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2007)
1,164,716
 • Metro density1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
59350 /59000, 59800
Websitehttp://www.mairie-lille.fr/en
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ⓘ; Dutch: Rijsel) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.

The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census.[1] Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents. [citation needed]

History

Origin of the city

The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC[citation needed], most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.

The original inhabitants of this region were the Gauls, such as the Menapians, the Morins, the Atrebates, and the Nervians, who were followed by Germanic peoples, the Saxons and the Frisians, and the Franks later.

From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. After the destruction caused by Norman and Magyar invasion, the eastern part of the region fell under the eyes of the area's princes.

The name Lille comes from insula or l'Isla, i. "the island", since the area was at one time marshy. This name was used for the castle of the Counts of Flanders, built on dry land in the middle of the marsh. The Dutch name for the town, Rijsel, has the same meaning ("Ryssel" in French Flemish, from "ter Yssel" meaning "to/at the island").

The Count of Flanders controlled a number of old Roman cities (Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai) as well as some founded by the Carolingians (Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Ghent, Bruges).

The County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe.

Middle Ages

A local notable in this period was Évrard, who lived in the 9th century and participated in many of the day's political and military affairs.

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and declared war on France and Philip II of France, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. She was said to be well-loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000.

In 1224, the monk Bertrand of Rains, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared at the battle of Adrianople. He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226 the King agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital (L'hospice de la comtesse), which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. It was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margaret's son, Guy of Dampierre. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the Franco-Flemish War (1297-1305).

The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital.

On 17 February 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philip the Good organised a Pantagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Feast of the Pheasant". There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity.

In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders. At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain. The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of Philip IV of Spain.

The modern era

The façade of the 'Vieille Bourse' on the 'Grand Place'
1641 map of Lille (Rijssel) in Flandria Illustrata by Anton Sander (Sanderus)

The 16th century was marked by the outbreak of the Plague, a boom in the regional textile industry, and the Protestant revolts.

The first Calvinists appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 anti-Protestant oppression was taking place. In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. At the same time (1581), at the call of Elizabeth I of England, the north of the Seventeen Provinces, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces.

In 1667, Louis XIV of France (the Sun-King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gradually gain the confidence of his Lille subjects, some of whom continued to feel Flemish, though they had always spoken the Romance Picard language.

Entrance to the 'Vauban Citadel' (17th century)

For five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic. It took little part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches. In 1790, the city held its first municipal elections.

After the French Revolution

In 1792, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place" (officially named Place du Général-de-Gaulle), is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor André Bonte. Although Austrian artillery destroyed many houses and the main church of the city, the city did not surrender and the Austrian army left after eight days.

The black dots around the windows (not the decorative cartouches) are Austrian cannonballs lodged in the façade.

The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord départment in 1804. In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully. The city was known for its cotton, and the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool.

In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his famous lullaby P'tit quinquin. In 1858, an imperial decree led to the annexation of the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory.

By 1912, Lille's population was at 217,000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. The entire region had grown wealthy thanks to the mines and to the textile industry.

First World War

German military parade in Lille, 1915

Between 4–13 October 1914, the troops in Lille were able to trick the enemy by convincing them that Lille possessed more artillery than was the case; in reality, the city had only a single cannon. Despite the deception, the German bombardments destroyed over 2,200 buildings and homes. When the Germans realised they had been tricked, they burned down an entire section of town, subsequently occupying the city. Lille was liberated by the British on 17 October 1918, when General Sir William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. The general was made an honorary citizen of the city of Lille on 28 October of that year.

Lille was also the hunting ground of World War I German flying Ace Max Immelmann who was nicknamed "the Eagle of Lille".

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The Opéra de Lille, designed by Lille architect Louis M. Cordonnier, was dedicated in 1923.

From 1931 Lille felt the repercussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him.

Second World War

During the Battle of France, Lille was besieged by German forces for several days. Due to the prolonged French defense, many Allied troops were able to escape to Dunkirk. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still marked by the events of the First World War, began to flee the city in large numbers. Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, and was never controlled by the Vichy government in France. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkirk) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from the 1 to 5 September 1944 by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. On 3 September, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. Following this, the Lille resistance managed to retake part of the city before the British tanks arrived. Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, some normality had returned to Lille.

Post-war to the present

In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969 the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille.

Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector.

In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated rapid transit underground network, was opened. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. This, with the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 and the arrival of the Eurostar train, put Lille at the centre of a triangle connecting Paris, London and Brussels.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodelling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Centre was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops and apartments. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened.

Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004, along with the Italian city of Genoa

Climate

Grand Place

Lille can be described as having a temperate oceanic climate; summers do not reach high temperatures, but winters can fall below zero temperatures. Precipitation is above average year round.

The table below gives temperatures and precipitation levels for 2006 and also the record temperatures.

Climate data for Lille
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		33.8
(92.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		36.1
(97.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6
(43) 		6
(43) 		9
(48) 		12
(54) 		17
(63) 		19
(66) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		19
(66) 		14
(57) 		9
(48) 		7
(45) 		13.6
(56.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1
(30) 		−1
(30) 		2
(36) 		4
(39) 		8
(46) 		11
(52) 		13
(55) 		13
(55) 		11
(52) 		7
(45) 		4
(39) 		2
(36) 		6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −19.5
(−3.1) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−17.3
(0.9) 		−19.5
(−3.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48
(1.9) 		41
(1.6) 		43
(1.7) 		43
(1.7) 		51
(2.0) 		56
(2.2) 		61
(2.4) 		58
(2.3) 		56
(2.2) 		64
(2.5) 		61
(2.4) 		58
(2.3) 		640
(25.2)
Source: Météo France[2]

Economy

A former major mechanical, food industry and textile manufacturing centre as well as a retail and finance center, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve d'Ascq, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1.1 million.

Revenues and taxes

For centuries, Lille, a city of merchants, has displayed a wide range of incomes: great wealth and poverty have lived side by side, especially until the end of the 1800's. This contrast was noted by Victor Hugo in 1851 in his poem Les Châtiments: « Caves de Lille ! on meurt sous vos plafonds de pierre ! » (Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead. « Cellars of Lille: there is death below your stone roofs»)

  • Courée in Wazemmes area
    Courée in Wazemmes area
  • Hôtels particuliers rue Négrier, Vieux-Lille
    Hôtels particuliers rue Négrier, Vieux-Lille
  • Administrative city zone
    Administrative city zone

Employment

Employment in Lille has switched over half a century from a predominant industry to tertiary activities and services. Services account for 91% of employment in 2006.

Employment in Lille-Hellemmes-Lomme from 1968 to 2006

Business area 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006
Agriculture 340 240 144 116 175 216
Industry and engineering 51 900 43 500 34 588 22 406 15 351 13 958
Tertiary activities 91 992 103 790 107 916 114 992 122 736 136 881
Total 144 232 147 530 142 648 137 514 138 262 151 055
Sources of data : INSEE[3]

Employment per categories in 1968 and in 2006

  Farmers Businesspersons,
entrepreneurs 		Upper class Midlle class Employees Blue-collar worker
1968 2006 1968 2006 1968 2006 1968 2006 1968 2006 1968 2006
Lille 0,1 % 0,0 % 7,8 % 3,2 % 7,5 % 20,2 % 16,7 % 30,0 % 33,1 % 32,8 % 34,9 % 13,8 %
Greater Lille 1,3 % 0,3 % 9,0 % 3,8 % 5,3 % 17,5 % 14,6 % 27,7 % 24,4 % 29,6 % 45,4 % 21,1 %
France 12,5 % 2,2 % 9,9 % 6,0 % 5,2 % 15,4 % 12,4 % 24,6 % 22,5 % 28,7 % 37,6 % 23,2 %
Sources of data : INSEE[4]

Unemployment in active population from 1968 to 2006

1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006
Lille 2,9 % 4,6 % 10,3 % 14,6 % 16,9 % 15,2 %
Greater Lille 2,4 % 3,8 % 8,8 % 12,4 % 14,3 % 13,2 %
France 2,1 % 3,8 % 7,4 % 10,1 % 11,7 % 10,6 %
Sources of data : INSEE[5]

Enterprises

In 2007, Lille hosts around 21,000 industry or service sites.

Enterprises as per 31 December 2007

  Number Size category Mean number of employees
Greater Lille Lille % Lille None 1 to 19 20 to 99 100 to 499 500+ Lille Greater
Industries 3 774 819 22 % 404 361 40 12 2 17 22
Construction 4 030 758 19 % 364 360 32 2 0 8 11
Commerce 13 578 4 265 31 % 2 243 1 926 83 13 0 7 11
Transports 1 649 407 25 % 196 182 23 5 1 32 26
Finance 2 144 692 32 % 282 340 51 17 2 21 18
Real property 5 123 1 771 35 % 1 159 587 23 2 0 5 4
Business services 12 519 4 087 33 % 2 656 1 249 149 27 6 15 17
Services to consummers 8 916 3 075 34 % 1 636 1 347 86 6 0 7 6
Education and health 11 311 3 217 28 % 2 184 765 195 58 15 43 31
Administration 4 404 1 770 40 % 1 187 456 80 34 13 59 48
Total 67 468 20 861 31 % 12 311 7 573 762 176 39 18 17
Sources of data : INSEE[6]
Euratechnologies.
Port de Lille
Lille chamber of commerce

Main sights

Lille features an array of architectural styles with various amounts of Flemish influence, including the use of brown and red brick. In addition, many residential neighborhoods, especially in Greater Lille, consist of attached 2–3 story houses aligned in a row, with narrow gardens in the back. These architectural attributes, many uncommon in France, help make Lille a transition in France to neighboring Belgium, as well as nearby Netherlands and England, where the presence of brick, as well as row houses or the Terraced house is much more prominent.

Points of interest include

Transport

Public transport

A tram in Lille.
Main article: Transpole

The Lille Métropole has a mixed mode public transport system, which is considered one of the most modern in the whole of France. It comprises buses, trams and a driverless metro system, all of which are operated under the Transpole name. The Lille Metro is a VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) that opened on 16 May 1983, becoming the first automatic metro line in the world. The metro system has two lines, with a total length of 45 km and 60 stations. The tram system consists of two interurban tram lines, connecting central Lille to the nearby communities of Roubaix and Tourcoing, and has 45 stops. 68 urban bus routes cover the metropolis, 8 of which reach into Belgium.[7]

Railways

Lille is an important crossroads in the European high-speed rail network. It lies on the Eurostar line to London (1:20 hour journey). The French TGV network also puts it only 1 hour from Paris, 35 mn from Brussels and other major centres in France such as Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse further away. It has two railway stations, which stand next door to one another: Lille-Europe station (Gare de Lille-Europe), which primarily serves high-speed trains and international services (Eurostar), and Lille-Flandres station (Gare de Lille-Flandres), which primarily serves lower speed regional trains and regional Belgian railways.

Highways

Lille: motorway network.

No fewer than five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:

A sixth one – the proposed A24 – will link Amiens to Lille if built, but there is opposition to its route.

Air traffic

Lille Lesquin International Airport is 15 minutes from the city centre by car (11 km). In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year. [citation needed] Its passenger trafic, around 1,2 millions a year in 2010, is modest due to the proximity to Brussels and Paris-CDG airports. The airport mostly connects other French and European cities (some with low cost companies) as well as Mediterranean destinations.

Waterways

Lille Gare De Flandres

Lille is the third largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km of navigable waters. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Scheldt (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys River (to Dunkerque and Calais).

Shipping statistics

Year 1997 2000 2003
Millions of tonnes 5.56 6.68 7.30
By river or sea 8.00% 8.25% 13.33%
By rail 6.28% 4.13% 2.89%
By road 85.72% 87.62% 83.78%

Education

EuroLille Shopping Plaza

With over 110 000 students, the metropolitan area of Lille is one France's top student cities.

The Institut supérieur européen de gestion group (ISEG Group) established in Lille in 1988. The ESA – École Supérieure des Affaires is a Business Management school established in Lille in 1990. IEP Sciences-Po Lille political studies institute was established in Lille in 1992.

The European Doctoral College Lille Nord-Pas de Calais is headquartered in Lille metropole and includes 3,000 PhD Doctorate students supported by university research laboratories.

Notable people from Lille

Scientists and entrepreneurs

Artists

Politicians, professionals and military

Charles De Gaulle is very popular in Lille

Sportspeople

Sports

The city's most major association football club, Lille OSC, currently plays in Ligue 1, the highest level of football in France. The club has won eight major national trophies and regularly feature in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. In the 2010–11 season, Lille won the league and cup double.

Christ Church Lille

Christchurch Lille is an English speaking church that is part of the Anglican Church.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Lille is twinned with:

References

  1. ^ INSEE: 2006 Census
  2. ^ "Weather Information for Lille". World Weather Information Service. Retrieved 1 January 2009.[dead link]
  3. ^ INSEE (2006). "SecteurEmpLT-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99". statistiques-locales.insee.fr. Retrieved 11 October 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |month=, |separator=, and |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ INSEE (2006). "CS-EmploisLT-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99". statistiques-locales.insee.fr. Retrieved 11 octobre 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |month=, |separator=, and |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ INSEE (2006). "CS-ActivitéLR-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99". statistiques-locales.insee.fr. Retrieved 11 octobre 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |month=, |separator=, and |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ INSEE (2007). "Caractéristiques des entreprises et établissements". statistiques-locales.insee.fr. Retrieved 11 octobre 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |month=, |separator=, and |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ "Travel & Transport". La mairie de Lille. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  8. ^ Rapport L’Optimisation du réseau de formation initiale d'enseignement supérieur en région, rapport de M. Alain Lottin Au Conseil Economique et Social Régional Présenté lors de la séance plénière du 7 novembre 2006.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Lile Facts & Figures". Mairie-Lille.fr. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
  10. ^ Turin City Hall – International Affairs Template:En icon Retrieved on 26 January 2008.
  11. ^ "Lille, France – City of Buffalo". Ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved 1 June 2011.

Sources

  • Codaccioni, Félix-Paul (1976). De l'inégalité sociale dans une grande ville industrielle, le drame de Lille de 1850 à 1914. Lille: Éditions Universitaires, Université de Lille 3. ISBN 2-85939-041-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  • Collectif (1999). Lille, d'un millénaire à l'autre (Fayard ed.). ISBN 2213604568. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |trans_chapter=, and |month= (help)
  • Despature, Perrine (2001). Le Patrimoine des Communes du Nord (Flohic ed.). ISBN 2-84234-119-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |trans_title=, |month=, |trans_chapter=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, and |lastauthoramp= (help)
  • Duhamel, Jean-Marie (2004). Lille, Traces d'histoire. Les patrimoines. La Voix du Nord. ISBN 2-84393-079-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |trans_chapter=, and |month= (help)
  • Gérard, Alain (1991). Les grandes heures de Lille. Perrin. ISBN 2-262-00743-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |trans_title=, |month=, |trans_chapter=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, and |lastauthoramp= (help)
  • Legillon, Paulette; Dion, Jacqueline (1975). Lille : portrait d'une cité. Axial. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |trans_chapter=, and |month= (help)
  • Lottin, Alain (2003). Lille – D'Isla à Lille-Métropole. Histoire des villes du Nord. La Voix du Nord. ISBN 2-84393-072-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |trans_title=, |month=, |trans_chapter=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, and |lastauthoramp= (help)
  • Maitrot, Eric; Cary, Sylvie (2007). Lille secret et insolite. Les Beaux Jours. ISBN 2351790111. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl=, |trans_title=, |trans_chapter=, and |month= (help)
  • Marchand, Philippe (2003). Histoire de Lille. Jean-Paul Gisserot. ISBN 2-87747-645-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title= and |month= (help)
  • Catherine, Monnet (2004). Lille : portrait d'une ville. Jacques Marseille. ISBN 2914967020. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title= and |month= (help)
  • Paris, Didier; Mons, Dominique (2009). Lille Métropole, Laboratoire du renouveau urbain. Parenthèses. ISBN 978-2863642238. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |trans_title=, |month=, |trans_chapter=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, and |lastauthoramp= (help)
  • Pierrard, Pierre (1979). Lille, dix siècles d'histoire. Stock. ISBN 2-234-01135-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |trans_chapter=, and |month= (help)
  • Versmée, Gwenaelle (2009). Lille méconnu. Jonglez. ISBN 2915807566. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |trans_chapter=, and |month= (help)
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