Pahari-Pothwari

Pothohari
Pothohari
Potwari, Potowari
پوٹھوہاری
Native to	Pakistan
Region	Pothohar region, Azad Kashmir and Poonch (Jammu and Kashmir)
Native speakers	2.5 million including Dhundi-Kairali, Chibhali, & Punchhi, but perhaps not 1.04 million Mirpuri (2007)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan North-Western Zone Western Punjabi (Lahnda) Pothohari; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	phr (includes other dialects)
Glottolog	paha1251 Pahari Potwari; mirp1238 Mirpur Panjabi
	Punjabi–Lahnda dialects. Pothohari is center-north.

Pothohari (پوٹھوہاری), Pahari-Potowari, or Potwari is a dialect of Western Punjabi (Lahnda)^[2] spoken by inhabitants of the Pothohar Plateau in northern Punjab and in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Poonch of Jammu and Kashmir.

Classification

Since Sindhi, Punjabi, Urdu/Hindi are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the dialect versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations.^[3]

It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In the 1920s, Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified into Northern cluster of Western Punjabi (Northern Lahnda/Modern Panjistani). Recently Potowari is standardized as language contrasting the view of being a dialect of Punjabi, However this standardization is controversial to date. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947.^[4]^: 838 The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Potowari speakers since 1981.^[5]^: 46

References

^ Pothohari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Colin P. Masica, 1991, The Indo-Aryan Languages
^ Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.
^ Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.
^ Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab. Journal of Research (Humanities), 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)

External links

Miki Kharo England - GeoPakistani
Pahari.org
Jumtree.co.uk, examples of Potwari Sher (sung poetry)

[e18-1] Pothohari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Colin P. Masica, 1991, The Indo-Aryan Languages

[3] Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.

[rahman1997-4] Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.

[Javaid-5] Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab. Journal of Research (Humanities), 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)

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