Pahari-Pothwari
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Pothohari | |
---|---|
Potwari, Potowari | |
پوٹھوہاری | |
Native to | Pakistan |
Region | Pothohar region, Azad Kashmir and Poonch (Jammu and Kashmir) |
Native speakers | 2.5 million including Dhundi-Kairali, Chibhali, & Punchhi, but perhaps not 1.04 million Mirpuri (2007)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | phr (includes other dialects) |
Glottolog | paha1251 Pahari Potwarimirp1238 Mirpur Panjabi |
![]() Punjabi–Lahnda dialects. Pothohari is center-north. |
Pothohari (پوٹھوہاری), Pahari-Potowari, or Potwari is a dialect of Western Punjabi (Lahnda)[2] spoken by inhabitants of the Pothohar Plateau in northern Punjab and in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Poonch of Jammu and Kashmir.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tilla_Jogian.jpg/250px-Tilla_Jogian.jpg)
Classification
Since Sindhi, Punjabi, Urdu/Hindi are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the dialect versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations.[3]
It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In the 1920s, Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified into Northern cluster of Western Punjabi (Northern Lahnda/Modern Panjistani). Recently Potowari is standardized as language contrasting the view of being a dialect of Punjabi, However this standardization is controversial to date. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947.[4]: 838 The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Potowari speakers since 1981.[5]: 46
References
- ^ Pothohari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Colin P. Masica, 1991, The Indo-Aryan Languages
- ^ Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.
- ^ Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.
- ^ Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab. Journal of Research (Humanities), 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
External links
- Miki Kharo England - GeoPakistani
- Pahari.org
- Jumtree.co.uk, examples of Potwari Sher (sung poetry)